Arndt History by Design

Calendar Eras and the Fabrication of Chronology
1. Auflage 2025
ISBN: 978-3-6951-4100-5
Verlag: BoD - Books on Demand
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 204 Seiten

History analyst Mario Arndt, author of "History's Hidden Blueprint", unveils another sensational discovery: The chronologies of antiquity were invented - all at the same time and meticulously coordinated. At the heart of this construction lies the number 529, which is only three years less than the great 532-year Easter cycle. This book takes you deep inside the architecture of our timeline. Following a concise introduction to chronology and calendar eras, Arndt reveals the structural formulas used to engineer the past. He demonstrates, with clear examples, how historical data was systematically constructed to create duplicates in the timeline - phantom events and figures that, once furnished with written sources, entered the canon as "history." Prepare to see the past not as it was, but as it was built. This is the story of how chronology itself was fabricated. www.HistoryHacking.net

History analyst and author Mario Arndt writes about topics you won't find in traditional history books. He's from Germany (* 1963) and now lives in Thailand. His analyses of official history reveal how the Middle Ages, the ancient world, and the associated chronologies were fabricated and forged. His professional background in IT as a software developer enables him to develop a completely new understanding of the official version of history and to discover what really happened in the past. He has published eight books since 2012. Website: www.HistoryHacking.net

Autoren/Hrsg.

Arndt, Mario

Leseproben

Historical chronology – calendars

Today’s Christian year count

A basic understanding of historical chronology (from the Greek ??????, "time," and ?????, "teaching" = the study of time) is necessary for a deeper understanding of this book. This introductory chapter therefore provides an overview of historical chronology, without claiming to be exhaustive.

We begin with the current Christian era, as it is widely used throughout the world today and familiar to everyone. The starting point is the date established in the Middle Ages for the presumed birth of the founder of Christianity, Jesus Christ. Even though historical research has now determined other dates for Christ's birth, the current year count will remain unchanged. The question of whether such a person ever existed is not the subject of this book.

This is a year count that does not exist on the basis of proven facts (such as the daily counting of hours since sunrise), but on the basis of a common acceptance as a construction of "social reality" in the sense of the American philosopher John R. Searle (born 1932):

puzzling phenomenon of social reality is the fact that it only exists because we think it exists. it is an objective fact that the piece of paper in my hand is a $20 bill, that I am a citizen of the United States, or that the Giants beat the Athletics 3-2 in yesterday's baseball game. All of these are objective facts in the sense that they do not depend on my opinion. If I believe the opposite, I am simply wrong. But these objective facts exist only through common acceptance or recognition." (Searle 2006]

Fig. 26: Jesus Christ in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople)

This determines the ontological status of today's Christian year count – as a construction of "social reality." This book shows that the same applies to other calendars used throughout history.

The monk Dionysius Exiguus (c. 470 – c. 540) is considered the founder of the Christian era. He lived in Rome from around the year 500. He calculated future dates for Easter and created a table with Easter dates, continuing the Easter tables of his predecessors (more on the Easter calculation from p. 69). In it, he designated the years from 248 of the era of the martyrs (the Diocletian era, named after the Roman emperor Diocletian, see p. 85) as "Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi" (years of our Lord Jesus Christ). According to him, the year 248 of the Diocletian era corresponds to the year 532 Anno Domini, the Christian calendar.

The connection to other calendars was only established later. Around 600, when Boniface IV was pope, it was determined that the year 754 after the founding of Rome (ab urbe condita) corresponded to the year 1 AD (anno domini).

So when did the official counting of years since the birth of Christ begin?

The authors who used the new era in the following centuries are few and far between. The Anglo-Saxon monk Bede the Venerable (672/673-735) used the Anno Domini year count in his writings. Other authors followed suit around the turn of the first millennium and later.

Fig. 27: Dionysius Exiguus, the founder of the Christian year count

Charlemagne is said to have preferred the Christian year count to other eras and was then crowned emperor by the Pope in Rome exactly 800 years after the birth of Jesus Christ, on December 25, 800—at least according to the official history.

Surprisingly, the Roman Catholic Church only began dating documents according to the Christian era in the late 14th century. In the Christian Byzantine Empire, the years after the birth of Christ were never counted until its fall in 1453. There, the years from the creation of the world {5508 BC) was the official era.

Even in the Moscow Empire, which considered itself the Third Rome, the Christian era was not adopted until 1700. The other countries with Orthodox churches followed suit.

Fig. 28: The entry of Pop e Gregory XI into Rome in 1377 (fresco by Giorgio Vasari, ca. 15711574). From 1309 to 1377, Avignon in France was the seat of the Pope. It was also only from this time onwards that the list of popes lost its artificial character (see the author’s internet article and the book from p. 193).

It is therefore surprising that we have a whole host of royal charters and other documents dating from the time of Charlemagne, his successors, and the kings of the East Frankish and later Roman-German Empire, which are dated according to the Christian era.

Before delving into the main topic of this book, the calendar eras and their construction, here is a brief overview of the cyclical and linear structuring of time.

The structuring of time

The physical order of the universe is visible, for example, in the movements of the stars and planets, as well as in the orbit of the Earth around the Sun or the Sun around the Earth, as was previously thought—but this is not relevant for our purposes.

Humans now attempt to organize the passage of time from their perspective. This is done

1) linearly, e.g., by counting the years that have passed from a certain point in time, and

2) cyclically, by creating calendars with days, weeks, months, and years.

In the geocentric worldview of that time, the Earth is at the center of the universe. The moon, sun, and the five planets known at that time— Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn—orbit around it. On the outermost edge are the 12 constellations of the zodiac.

Fig. 29: The geocentric world view according to the ancient scholar Claudius Ptolemy

This ancient and medieval structuring of space—the 12 signs of the zodiac —corresponds to a structuring of time: the 12 months of a year, which correspond to the Earth’s orbit around the Sun or, according to earlier ideas, the Sun’s orbit around the Earth.

Another identity of the structuring of time can be found in the so-called seven-planet week, which is still in use today. In addition to Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, the planets also include the sun and moon, in deviation from our definition.

In English and German, not all days of the week correspond to their original planetary names.

In addition, there are identical twelve- and seven-part structures for the 2 x 12 hours of a day and the seven ages of the world.

Jesus Christ also embodies an identity of the structuring of space and time, because according to Christian understanding, Jesus Christ lived in the middle of time, and Jerusalem, where he died on the cross and where his tomb lies, is located in the middle of the world according to medieval understanding.

This position of Jesus Christ at the center of the world and at the center of time, as well as, in a figurative sense, at the center of every human being, is still relevant in Christianity today. In 1999, Pope John Paul II published a book entitled "Jesus Christ: The Center of Time."

Structuring of space

Structuring of time

12 constellations of the zodiac

12 months of a year 2 x 12 hours of a day

7 planets

7 world ages 7 days in a week

Jerusalem in the center of the world

Jesus Christ in the center of time

Table 3: Space and time in twelve- and seven-part structures

Calendars

Fig. 30: Calendar from Petaluma, California (USA), top: days of the week (Wednesday), middle: days (5), bottom: months (July)

Calendars structure the passage of time cyclically by dividing time into days, weeks, months, and years. The goal is always to align the structuring of time with certain astronomical events,

1) the Earth's orbit around the Sun – or vice versa, which is irrelevant here (solar calendars, such as the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the Mayan calendar),

2) the moon's orbit around the Earth (lunar calendars such as the Islamic calendar), or

3) a combination of both types (lunisolar calendars such as the Jewish calendar).

This is done either

1) by fixed algorithms that determine the repetition of certain elements of the calendar (practically all calendars today), or

2) by observing certain astronomical events (e.g., moon phases, as in the early Jewish calendar) and aligning the calendar with them.

In principle, the linear and cyclical structuring of time—types of year counting and calendars—can be combined in any way. In reality, however, only certain culturally determined combinations are common. For example, year counting from the birth of Jesus Christ is now firmly linked to the Gregorian calendar. And the Islamic year count, which counts the years since the exodus of the founder of the religion, Mohammed, from Mecca (in 622 AD), is linked to the Islamic calendar.

Fig. 31: Islamic calendar from 1863 (1280 according to the Islamic calendar)

The Gregorian calendar commonly used today is a further development of the Julian calendar,...