Anton-Haro / Dohler Machine-to-machine (M2M) Communications

Architecture, Performance and Applications
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-78242-110-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 0, 426 Seiten

Reihe: Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials

Part one of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communications covers machine-to-machine systems, architecture and components. Part two assesses performance management techniques for M2M communications. Part three looks at M2M applications, services, and standardization. Machine-to-machine communications refers to autonomous communication between devices or machines. This book serves as a key resource in M2M, which is set to grow significantly and is expected to generate a huge amount of additional data traffic and new revenue streams, underpinning key areas of the economy such as the smart grid, networked homes, healthcare and transportation. - Examines the opportunities in M2M for businesses - Analyses the optimisation and development of M2M communications - Chapters cover aspects of access, scheduling, mobility and security protocols within M2M communications

Autoren/Hrsg.

Anton-Haro, Carles

Dohler, Mischa

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Machine-to-machine (M2M) Communications: Achitecture, PerformanceandApplications;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;List of contributors;12
6;Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials;14
7;Chapter 1: Introduction to machine-to-machine (M2M) communications;18
7.1;1.1. Introducing machine-to-machine;18
7.1.1;1.1.1. Machine-to-machine and the big data opportunity;18
7.1.2;1.1.2. Machine-to-machine technology landscape;21
7.1.3;1.1.3. Cellular M2M requirements;22
7.2;1.2. The machine-to-machine market opportunity;22
7.2.1;1.2.1. Return-of-investment (ROI) argumentation;22
7.2.2;1.2.2. Market overview;24
7.2.3;1.2.3. Market challenges and opportunities;27
7.3;1.3. Examples of commercial and experimental M2M network rollouts;28
7.3.1;1.3.1. Commercial rollouts;28
7.3.2;1.3.2. Pilots and field trials;30
7.4;1.4. Machine-to-machine standards and initiatives;31
7.4.1;1.4.1. Standards development organizations;31
7.4.2;1.4.2. Industrial associations and special interest groups (SIGs);34
7.4.3;1.4.3. Global industrial M2M initiatives;35
7.4.4;1.4.4. International innovation projects on M2M;35
7.5;1.5. Book rationale and overview;37
8;Part One: Architectures and standards;42
8.1;Chapter 2: Overview of ETSI machine-to-machine and oneM2M architectures;44
8.1.1;2.1. Introduction;44
8.1.2;2.2. Need and rationale for M2M standards;44
8.1.3;2.3. Standardized M2M architecture;48
8.1.4;2.4. Using M2M standards for ``vertical´´ domains, the example of the smart home;53
8.1.5;2.5. Conclusions and future trends for M2M standardization;60
8.1.6;References;62
8.2;Chapter 3: Overview of 3GPP machine-type communication standardization;64
8.2.1;3.1. Introduction;64
8.2.2;3.2. Pros and cons of M2M over cellular;65
8.2.2.1;3.2.1. Advantages of using cellular M2M;65
8.2.2.2;3.2.2. Challenges to facilitate cellular M2M;66
8.2.2.3;3.2.3. Suitability of current cellular solutions;67
8.2.3;3.3. MTC standardization in 3GPP;68
8.2.3.1;3.3.1. Technical requirements;68
8.2.3.1.1;3.3.1.1. The need for MTC user identification;68
8.2.3.1.2;3.3.1.2. The need for coverage improvement;69
8.2.3.1.3;3.3.1.3. Service exposure and enablement support;70
8.2.3.2;3.3.2. 3GPP MTC-related releases;70
8.2.3.3;3.3.3. MTC feature enhancements;72
8.2.3.3.1;3.3.3.1. Overload and congestion control at core network and RAN;72
8.2.3.3.2;3.3.3.2. Low-cost and enhanced coverage MTC UE for LTE;73
8.2.3.3.3;3.3.3.3. Other enhancements;73
8.2.4;3.4. Concluding remarks;74
8.2.5;References;76
8.3;Chapter 4: Lower-power wireless mesh networks for machine-to-machine communications using the IEEE802.15.4 standard;80
8.3.1;4.1. Introduction;80
8.3.2;4.2. The origins;80
8.3.2.1;4.2.1. Early low-power technologies;80
8.3.2.2;4.2.2. First demonstrations;81
8.3.2.3;4.2.3. IEEE802.15.4, the foundation;82
8.3.3;4.3. Challenges of low-power mesh networking;83
8.3.3.1;4.3.1. The unreliable nature of wireless;83
8.3.3.2;4.3.2. Low-power operation;85
8.3.3.3;4.3.3. Protocol considerations;85
8.3.4;4.4. The past;86
8.3.4.1;4.4.1. Proprietary solutions;86
8.3.4.2;4.4.2. ZigBee;86
8.3.4.3;4.4.3. Time synchronized mesh protocol;86
8.3.5;4.5. The present;87
8.3.5.1;4.5.1. Reliability, reliability, reliability;87
8.3.5.2;4.5.2. Industrial-grade standards;88
8.3.5.3;4.5.3. Internet integration;90
8.3.6;4.6. The future;91
8.3.6.1;4.6.1. Today's challenges;91
8.3.6.2;4.6.2. IETF 6TiSCH: combining IPv6 connectivity with industrial performance;91
8.3.6.3;4.6.3. Toward hybrid systems;92
8.3.7;4.7. Conclusion;92
8.3.8;Acknowledgments;93
8.3.9;References;93
8.4;Chapter 5: M2M interworking technologies and underlying market considerations;96
8.4.1;5.1. Interworking technologies for M2M communication networks: introduction;96
8.4.2;5.2. A panorama of heterogeneous technologies;96
8.4.2.1;5.2.1. Three-level architecture with non-IP devices;97
8.4.2.2;5.2.2. Two-level architecture with IP-enabled devices;98
8.4.2.3;5.2.3. Two-level architecture with non-IP devices;99
8.4.3;5.3. From capillary to IP networks;99
8.4.3.1;5.3.1. The gap between IP and capillary networks;99
8.4.3.2;5.3.2. The big IP funnel;100
8.4.4;5.4. Going up to the M2M cloud;101
8.4.4.1;5.4.1. Enabling M2M data exchange with web services;101
8.4.4.2;5.4.2. RESTful web services;101
8.4.4.3;5.4.3. MQTT;102
8.4.4.4;5.4.4. CoAP;103
8.4.4.5;5.4.5. XMPP;103
8.4.5;5.5. M2M market as internetworking enabler;104
8.4.5.1;5.5.1. Market actors;104
8.4.5.2;5.5.2. Preliminary CAPEX and OPEX considerations;105
8.4.5.3;5.5.3. The role of traditional operators;105
8.4.5.4;5.5.4. New M2M operators;105
8.4.5.5;5.5.5. M2M hardware vendors;106
8.4.5.6;5.5.6. M2M cloud/middleware and software application providers;107
8.4.6;5.6. Future trends;108
8.4.7;References;109
8.5;Chapter 6: Weightless machine-to-machine (M2M) wireless technology using TV white space: developing a standard;110
8.5.1;6.1. Why a new standard is needed;110
8.5.2;6.2. The need for spectrum;111
8.5.3;6.3. TV white space as a solution;112
8.5.4;6.4. Designing a new technology to fit M2M and white space;114
8.5.5;6.5. Weightless: the standard designed for M2M in shared spectrum;117
8.5.5.1;6.5.1. Applications;118
8.5.5.2;6.5.2. Security;119
8.5.5.3;6.5.3. MAC;119
8.5.5.4;6.5.4. PHY;120
8.5.6;6.6. Establishing a standards body;121
8.5.7;6.7. Conclusions;124
8.5.8;References;124
8.6;Chapter 7: Supporting machine-to-machine communications in long-term evolution networks;126
8.6.1;7.1. Introduction to M2M in LTE;126
8.6.2;7.2. Main technical challenges and existing solutions;127
8.6.2.1;7.2.1. Handling a very large number of devices;127
8.6.2.2;7.2.2. Low-energy-consumption solutions for MTC;129
8.6.2.3;7.2.3. Supporting low-cost MTC UEs;129
8.6.2.4;7.2.4. Providing extended coverage for MTC devices;131
8.6.3;7.3. Integrating MTC traffic into a human-centric system: a techno-economic perspective;132
8.6.3.1;7.3.1. The impact of a larger number of devices;133
8.6.3.2;7.3.2. The integration of LTE and capillary networks as a scalable solution;133
8.6.3.2.1;7.3.2.1. Overview of capillary networks;134
8.6.3.2.2;7.3.2.2. Techno-economic view on capillary networks;136
8.6.3.3;7.3.3. Technology migration and deployment strategies;136
8.6.4;7.4. Business implications for MTC in LTE;138
8.6.4.1;7.4.1. Is there a need for a change in operators' mindset?;139
8.6.4.2;7.4.2. The relationship between business challenges and engineers;139
8.6.4.3;7.4.3. Business models for M2M;141
8.6.5;7.5. Conclusions;143
8.6.6;Acknowledgments;144
8.6.7;References;144
9;Part Two: Access, scheduling, mobility and security protocols;148
9.1;Chapter 8: Traffic models for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications;150
9.1.1;8.1. Introduction;150
9.1.2;8.2. Generic methodology for traffic modeling;152
9.1.2.1;8.2.1. Trace recording;153
9.1.2.2;8.2.2. Traffic modeling;154
9.1.3;8.3. M2M traffic modeling;155
9.1.3.1;8.3.1. Use case: fleet management;156
9.1.3.2;8.3.2. Source traffic modeling;157
9.1.3.2.1;8.3.2.1. M2M traffic states;157
9.1.3.2.2;8.3.2.2. Source modeling via semi-Markov models;158
9.1.3.3;8.3.3. Aggregated traffic modeling;159
9.1.3.4;8.3.4. Source modeling for coordinated traffic via Markov-modulated Poisson processes;161
9.1.3.4.1;8.3.4.1. MMPPs: the basics;162
9.1.3.4.2;8.3.4.2. Coupling multiple MMPP processes;162
9.1.4;8.4. Model fitting from recorded traffic;164
9.1.4.1;8.4.1. B1: modeling individual devices as Markov chains;164
9.1.4.2;8.4.2. B2: modeling aggregated traffic;166
9.1.4.3;8.4.3. B3: modeling single Markov states;168
9.1.5;8.5. Conclusions;169
9.1.6;References;170
9.2;Chapter 9: Random access procedures and radio access network (RAN) overload control in standard and advanced long-term ev...;172
9.2.1;9.1. Introduction;172
9.2.2;9.2. E-UTRAN access reservation protocol;175
9.2.2.1;9.2.1. Random access preamble;175
9.2.2.2;9.2.2. Random access response;177
9.2.2.3;9.2.3. RRC connection request;178
9.2.2.4;9.2.4. Contention resolution;179
9.2.3;9.3. Extended access barring protocol;179
9.2.4;9.4. Alternative E-UTRAN load control principles;180
9.2.5;9.5. Overview of core network challenges and solutions for load control;181
9.2.6;9.6. Ongoing 3GPP work on load control;183
9.2.7;9.7. Resilience to overload through protocol re-engineering;184
9.2.8;9.8. Conclusion;187
9.2.9;Acknowledgments;187
9.2.10;References;187
9.3;Chapter 10: Packet scheduling strategies for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications over long-term evolution (LTE) cellu...;190
9.3.1;10.1. State of the art in M2M multiple access in legacy cellular systems;190
9.3.2;10.2. Signaling and scheduling limitations for M2M over LTE;191
9.3.2.1;10.2.1. Signaling in LTE scheduling;192
9.3.2.2;10.2.2. The LTE scheduling framework;193
9.3.3;10.3. Existing approaches for M2M scheduling over LTE;195
9.3.3.1;10.3.1. Group-based scheduling;195
9.3.3.2;10.3.2. Time granularity of scheduling;195
9.3.4;10.4. Novel approaches for M2M scheduling over LTE;196
9.3.4.1;10.4.1. QoS classes and LTE scheduling;196
9.3.4.2;10.4.2. Low-complexity scheduling and M2M bandwidth estimation;198
9.3.5;10.5. Technology innovations and challenges for M2M scheduling over wireless networks beyond 2020;200
9.3.5.1;10.5.1. Hybrid contention/reservation multiple access protocol for future M2M over cellular systems;201
9.3.6;10.6. Conclusions;202
9.3.7;References;202
9.4;Chapter 11: Mobility management for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications;204
9.4.1;11.1. Introduction;204
9.4.2;11.2. Use cases for M2M mobility;206
9.4.2.1;11.2.1. eHealth;207
9.4.2.2;11.2.2. Transportation;208
9.4.2.3;11.2.3. Smart buildings;208
9.4.3;11.3. Challenges of M2M mobility;209
9.4.4;11.4. Infrastructure considerations for mobility in M2M;210
9.4.4.1;11.4.1. Overview of M2M network reference architecture by standard organizations;210
9.4.4.1.1;11.4.1.1. IEEE 802 LAN/MAN standards;211
9.4.4.1.2;11.4.1.2. 3GPP MTC reference architecture;211
9.4.4.1.3;11.4.1.3. ETSI M2M reference architecture;211
9.4.4.1.4;11.4.1.4. oneM2M;212
9.4.4.2;11.4.2. Managing mobility with 3GPP EPC;213
9.4.4.3;11.4.3. Software-defined networks;215
9.4.4.4;11.4.4. Management and control of M2M devices;216
9.4.5;11.5. State-of-the-art solutions;217
9.4.5.1;11.5.1. Mobility support for IPv6;217
9.4.5.2;11.5.2. Cognitive M2M communication;218
9.4.5.3;11.5.3. Delay-tolerant networking;219
9.4.6;11.6. Summary and conclusions;219
9.4.7;Acknowledgments;220
9.4.8;References;220
9.5;Chapter 12: Advanced security taxonomy for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications in 5G capillary networks;224
9.5.1;12.1. Introduction;224
9.5.2;12.2. System architecture;226
9.5.2.1;12.2.1. Centralized architecture;227
9.5.2.2;12.2.2. Hierarchical architecture;227
9.5.2.3;12.2.3. Flat architecture;227
9.5.2.4;12.2.4. Security analysis;228
9.5.3;12.3. System assets;228
9.5.3.1;12.3.1. Binary data;229
9.5.3.2;12.3.2. Logical infrastructure;229
9.5.3.3;12.3.3. Device components;229
9.5.3.4;12.3.4. Security analysis;229
9.5.4;12.4. Security threats;229
9.5.4.1;12.4.1. Leak of service;230
9.5.4.2;12.4.2. Falsification of service;230
9.5.4.3;12.4.3. Denial of service;231
9.5.4.4;12.4.4. Time of service;231
9.5.4.5;12.4.5. Security analysis;231
9.5.5;12.5. Types of attacks;232
9.5.5.1;12.5.1. Ability;232
9.5.5.2;12.5.2. Activity;232
9.5.5.3;12.5.3. Class;232
9.5.5.4;12.5.4. Security analysis;233
9.5.6;12.6. Layers under attack;233
9.5.6.1;12.6.1. L0 hardware;233
9.5.6.2;12.6.2. L1 PHY layer;234
9.5.6.3;12.6.3. L2 MAC layer;235
9.5.6.4;12.6.4. L3 NTW layer;235
9.5.6.5;12.6.5. Security analysis;236
9.5.7;12.7. Security services;236
9.5.7.1;12.7.1. Confidentiality;236
9.5.7.2;12.7.2. Integrity;236
9.5.7.3;12.7.3. Availability;237
9.5.7.4;12.7.4. Freshness;237
9.5.8;12.8. Security protocols and algorithms;237
9.5.8.1;12.8.1. Security services;237
9.5.8.2;12.8.2. Security analysis;238
9.5.9;12.9. Concluding remarks;241
9.5.10;References;242
9.6;Chapter 13: Establishing security in machine-to-machine (M2M) communication devices and services;244
9.6.1;13.1. Introduction;244
9.6.2;13.2. Requirements and constraints for establishing security in M2M communications;245
9.6.2.1;13.2.1. Unattended devices;245
9.6.2.2;13.2.2. Impact of multitude;245
9.6.2.3;13.2.3. Communication overhead;245
9.6.2.4;13.2.4. Computation overhead;246
9.6.2.5;13.2.5. Spatial considerations;246
9.6.2.6;13.2.6. Many-to-many communications;247
9.6.2.7;13.2.7. Ecosystem liability considerations;247
9.6.2.8;13.2.8. Privacy aspects;247
9.6.3;13.3. Trust models in M2M ecosystems;248
9.6.3.1;13.3.1. Ad hoc application level security;248
9.6.3.2;13.3.2. M2M service provider-managed model;248
9.6.3.3;13.3.3. Trust manager security model;250
9.6.4;13.4. Protecting credentials through their lifetime in M2M systems;251
9.6.4.1;13.4.1. Security fundamentals;251
9.6.4.2;13.4.2. Protecting secrets in exposed equipment;251
9.6.4.3;13.4.3. Efficient security approach;252
9.6.4.4;13.4.4. Emerging alternative: physically unclonable functions;253
9.6.5;13.5. Security bootstrap in the M2M system;254
9.6.5.1;13.5.1. Preprovisioning of credentials and physical binding;254
9.6.5.2;13.5.2. Need for late-stage personalization, dynamic provisioning, and security administration;255
9.6.5.3;13.5.3. Remote bootstrapping of prepersonalized secure elements: late-stage personalization;255
9.6.5.4;13.5.4. Dynamic bootstrapping;256
9.6.5.5;13.5.5. Bootstrapping by derivation from pre-existing credentials;257
9.6.5.6;13.5.6. Out-of-band-assisted bootstrapping;257
9.6.5.7;13.5.7. Key pair generation in communicating objects;257
9.6.6;13.6. Bridging M2M security to the last mile: from WAN to LAN;259
9.6.6.1;13.6.1. Gateway security models;261
9.6.6.1.1;13.6.1.1. Security model with a gateway ending the IP communication path;261
9.6.6.1.2;13.6.1.2. Security model with a gateway using NAT;262
9.6.6.1.3;13.6.1.3. Security model with a border router device;262
9.6.6.2;13.6.2. Specific case: multihop capillary networks;262
9.6.6.3;13.6.3. Bridging different security layers;263
9.6.7;13.7. Conclusion;263
9.6.7.1;13.7.1. Further sources of information/advice;263
9.6.7.2;13.7.2. Future trends;264
10;Part Three: Network optimization for M2M communications;266
10.1;Chapter 14: Group-based optimization of large groups of devices in machine-to-machine (M2M) communications networks;268
10.1.1;14.1. Introduction;268
10.1.2;14.2. Mobile network optimizations for groups of M2M devices;269
10.1.3;14.3. Managing large groups of M2M subscriptions;271
10.1.4;14.4. Group-based messaging;274
10.1.5;14.5. Policy control for groups of M2M devices;278
10.1.6;14.6. Groups and group identifiers;282
10.1.7;14.7. Conclusions;283
10.1.8;References;283
10.2;Chapter 15: Optimizing power saving in cellular networks for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications;286
10.2.1;15.1. Introduction;286
10.2.2;15.2. Extended idle mode for M2M devices;287
10.2.2.1;15.2.1. Requirements;287
10.2.2.2;15.2.2. Optimizations in the non-access stratum;288
10.2.2.2.1;15.2.2.1. Extended periodic updating timers;288
10.2.2.2.2;15.2.2.2. Power-saving state;289
10.2.2.3;15.2.3. Optimizations in the access stratum;291
10.2.2.3.1;15.2.3.1. Extended DRX in idle mode;291
10.2.2.3.2;15.2.3.2. Power-saving state;292
10.2.2.4;15.2.4. Performances;295
10.2.3;15.3. Paging idle-mode M2M device in a power-efficient manner;296
10.2.3.1;15.3.1. Challenges;296
10.2.3.1.1;15.3.1.1. Requirements for paging M2M devices in a group manner;296
10.2.3.1.2;15.3.1.2. Limitation of current H2H paging mechanism;297
10.2.3.2;15.3.2. Group-based paging for MTC;298
10.2.3.2.1;15.3.2.1. Location-based paging in the NAS level;298
10.2.3.2.2;15.3.2.2. Three-layer paging in the AS level;300
10.2.3.3;15.3.3. Performance;301
10.2.4;15.4. Power saving for uplink data transmission;303
10.2.4.1;15.4.1. Requirements for signaling optimization;303
10.2.4.1.1;15.4.1.1. Analysis on M2M applications;303
10.2.4.1.2;15.4.1.2. Available application-based method;303
10.2.4.2;15.4.2. On-demand uplink transmission;304
10.2.4.3;15.4.3. Performances;305
10.2.5;15.5. Conclusions;306
10.2.6;References;306
10.3;Chapter 16: Increasing power efficiency in long-term evolution (LTE) networks for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications;308
10.3.1;16.1. Introduction;308
10.3.2;16.2. M2M scenarios;309
10.3.3;16.3. 3GPP status and work;311
10.3.3.1;16.3.1. LTE power consumption-related work in 3GPP;311
10.3.4;16.4. Introduction to basic LTE procedures;312
10.3.4.1;16.4.1. Initial access procedures;312
10.3.4.2;16.4.2. Idle and connected mode;313
10.3.4.3;16.4.3. UE mobility;314
10.3.4.3.1;16.4.3.1. Mobility in idle mode;314
10.3.4.3.2;16.4.3.2. Mobility in connected mode;314
10.3.4.4;16.4.4. Discontinuous reception (DRX);314
10.3.5;16.5. UE power consumption in LTE;315
10.3.5.1;16.5.1. Example power consumption model;316
10.3.5.1.1;16.5.1.1. Hardware model;316
10.3.5.1.2;16.5.1.2. State model;317
10.3.5.2;16.5.2. Way forward toward reduced power consumption;320
10.3.5.3;16.5.3. Reducing tail energy consumption;320
10.3.5.4;16.5.4. Extending the DRX cycle lengths;321
10.3.5.4.1;16.5.4.1. Results: aggressive optimization assumptions;321
10.3.5.4.2;16.5.4.2. Results: more realistic assumptions;322
10.3.5.5;16.5.5. Power-saving mode;325
10.3.5.6;16.5.6. Attach/detach;327
10.3.5.7;16.5.7. Other methods improving power efficiency;328
10.3.6;16.6. Discussion and conclusion;328
10.3.6.1;16.6.1. Discussion;328
10.3.6.2;16.6.2. Conclusion;329
10.3.6.3;References;330
10.4;Chapter 17: Energy and delay performance of machine-type communications (MTC) in long-term evolution-advanced (LTE-A);332
10.4.1;17.1. Introduction;332
10.4.1.1;17.1.1. Motivation and scope;332
10.4.1.2;17.1.2. Research background;332
10.4.2;17.2. Technology background;333
10.4.2.1;17.2.1. Review of LTE-A signaling;333
10.4.2.2;17.2.2. 3GPP evaluation methodology and system assumptions;335
10.4.3;17.3. Analytic performance assessment;337
10.4.3.1;17.3.1. Delay analysis;337
10.4.3.1.1;17.3.1.1. Expected delay of Msg3 and Msg4;338
10.4.3.1.2;17.3.1.2. Expected delay of Msg1 and Msg2 without collisions;338
10.4.3.1.3;17.3.1.3. Expected delay of Msg1 and Msg2 with collisions;339
10.4.3.2;17.3.2. Discussion;340
10.4.3.3;17.3.3. Energy consumption analysis;340
10.4.4;17.4. Performance assessment via simulation;342
10.4.4.1;17.4.1. Calibration of the simulator;343
10.4.5;17.5. Numerical results;345
10.4.6;17.6. Conclusion and further research directions;345
10.4.7;Appendix;348
10.4.7.1;A.1. Calculation of the average number of Msg3 and Msg4 transmissions;349
10.4.7.2;A.2. Calculation of the average number of Msg1/Msg2 transmissions (system without collisions);349
10.4.7.3;A.3. Calculation of the average time that the preamble is waiting for retransmission;350
10.4.7.4;A.4. Calculation of the average number of Msg1/Msg2 transmissions (system with collisions);350
11;Part Four: Business models and applications;354
11.1;Chapter 18: Business models for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications;356
11.1.1;18.1. Introduction;356
11.1.2;18.2. An overview of M2M from a commercial perspective;356
11.1.3;18.3. A brief history of M2M;357
11.1.3.1;18.3.1. The roots of M2M;357
11.1.3.2;18.3.2. The present;359
11.1.3.3;18.3.3. The future;360
11.1.4;18.4. The potential for M2M;361
11.1.5;18.5. The benefits of M2M;365
11.1.6;18.6. Business models for M2M;367
11.1.7;18.7. The return on investment;369
11.2;Chapter 19: Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications for smart cities;372
11.2.1;19.1. Introduction;372
11.2.2;19.2. Smart city technologies;373
11.2.2.1;19.2.1. M2M technology in the field;374
11.2.2.2;19.2.2. Big data back-end platform;375
11.2.2.3;19.2.3. Client interfaces;376
11.2.3;19.3. M2M smart city platform;377
11.2.3.1;19.3.1. Platform architecture;377
11.2.3.2;19.3.2. Open data APIs and app stores;377
11.2.3.3;19.3.3. Interaction with stakeholders;379
11.2.4;19.4. Financing M2M deployments in smart cities;380
11.2.4.1;19.4.1. Smart city rollout phases;380
11.2.4.2;19.4.2. Barriers of entry;381
11.2.4.3;19.4.3. Bootstrapping the smart city market;382
11.2.4.4;19.4.4. Smart city value chain;383
11.2.5;19.5. The ten smart city challenges;384
11.2.5.1;19.5.1. Political cycles and decision taking;385
11.2.5.2;19.5.2. Procurement and finances;386
11.2.5.3;19.5.3. Established and complex stakeholder system;386
11.2.5.4;19.5.4. Urban fab labs, data, and citizens;387
11.2.6;19.6. Conclusions;388
11.3;Chapter 20: Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications for e-health applications;392
11.3.1;20.1. Introduction;392
11.3.2;20.2. M2M network architecture;394
11.3.3;20.3. Enabling wireless technologies: standards and proprietary solutions;395
11.3.3.1;20.3.1. M2M area network;396
11.3.3.1.1;20.3.1.1. Open standards;396
11.3.3.1.2;20.3.1.2. Proprietary solutions;399
11.3.3.2;20.3.2. M2M access communication network;399
11.3.4;20.4. End-to-end solutions for M2M communication: connectivity and security;400
11.3.4.1;20.4.1. Technology integration for M2M communications;401
11.3.4.2;20.4.2. Test bed implementation of M2M solutions;402
11.3.4.3;20.4.3. Security and privacy issues;404
11.3.4.3.1;20.4.3.1. Challenges;404
11.3.4.3.2;20.4.3.2. Approaches;406
11.3.5;20.5. Existing projects;407
11.3.6;20.6. Concluding remarks;411
11.3.7;Acknowledgments;411
11.3.8;References;411
12;Index;416

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