Allmen Laser-Beam Interactions with Materials

Physical Principles and Applications
1987
ISBN: 978-3-642-97007-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 2, 327 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Springer Series in Materials Science

Lasers, having proven useful in such diverse areas as high resolution spectroscopy and the guiding of ferryboats, are cur rently enjoying great popularity among materials scientists and engineers. As versatile sources of "pure" energy in a highly concentrated form, lasers have become attractive tools and re search instruments in metallurgy, semiconductor technology and engineering. This text treats, from a physicist's point of view, some of the processes that lasers can induce in materials. The field of laser-material interactions is inherently mul tidisciplinary. Upon impact of a laser beam on a material, electromagnetic energy is converted first into electronic exci tation and then into thermal, chemical and mechanical energy. In the whole process the molecular structure as well as the shape of the material are changed in various ways. Understand ing this sequence of events requires knowledge from several branches of physics. A unified presentation of the subject, for the benefit of the materials researcher as well as the advanced student, is attempted here. In order to keep the book reason ably trim, I have focused on laser effects in solids such as thin films and technological materials. Related topiCS not cov ered are laser-induced chemical reactions in gases and liquids and laser effects in organic or biological materials.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Allmen, Martin v.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Experimental Aspects.- 1.2 Outline.- 2. Absorption of Laser Light.- 2.1 Fundamental Optical Properties.- 2.1.1 Plane-Wave Propagation.- 2.1.2 Macroscopic Material Properties.- 2.1.3 Nonmetals.- 2.1.4 Metals.- 2.2 Modified Optical Properties.- 2.2.1 Self-Focusing.- 2.2.2 Free-Carrier Effects.- 2.2.3 Semiconductors.- 2.2.4 Insulators.- 2.2.5 Reflection by Hot Metals.- 2.3 Phase Transitions and Shape Effects.- 2.3.1 Surface Corrugation.- 2.3.2 Hole Drilling.- 2.3.3 Evaporation and Plasma Effects.- 3. Heating by Laser Light.- 3.1 Temperature Distributions.- 3.1.1 Thermalization and Heat Transport.- 3.1.2 Solution of the Heat-Flow Equation.- 3.1.3 Cooling.- 3.1.4 Moving Sources.- 3.1.5 Variable Parameters.- 3.1.6 Impact of Absorption Phenomena on Temperature.- 3.2 Heat Treatment Processes.- 3.2.1 Annealing with Laser Beams.- 3.2.2 Thermal Stress.- 3.2.3 Crystallization of Amorphous Semiconductor Layers.- 3.2.4 Compound Synthesis.- 3.2.5 Transformation Hardening.- 4. Melting and Solidification.- 4.1 Fundamentals.- 4.1.1 Regimes of Laser Remelting.- 4.1.2 Heat Flow and Latent Heat.- 4.1.3 Thermodynamics.- 4.1.4 Interface Kinetics.- 4.1.5 Nucleation.- 4.2 Regrowth of Ion-Implanted Substrates.- 4.2.1 Semiconductor Substrates.- 4.2.2 Segregation and Trapping.- 4.2.3 Metallic Substrates.- 4.3 Surface Alloying.- 4.3.1 Semiconductor Substrates.- 4.3.2 Constitutional Supercooling.- 4.3.3 Metallic Substrates.- 4.4 Melt Quenching.- 4.4.1 Glass Formation.- 4.4.2 Silicon-Based Systems.- 4.4.3 Metal-Based Systems.- 5. Evaporation and Plasma Formation.- 5.1 Fundamentals.- 5.1.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Evaporation.- 5.1.2 Hydrodynamics.- 5.1.3 Ionization of the Vapor.- 5.1.4 Gas Breakdown.- 5.2 Evaporation at Moderate Irradiance.- 5.2.1 Beam Heating and Evaporation.- 5.2.2 Vapor Expansion and Recoil.- 5.2.3 Drilling, Welding, Cutting.- Hole Drilling.- Penetration Welding.- Cutting.- 5.3 Absorption Waves.- 5.3.1 Laser-Supported Combustion Waves.- 5.3.2 Plasma-Enhanced Coupling.- 5.3.3 Laser-Supported Detonation Waves.- 5.3.4 Effects of LSDWs on the Beam-Material Interaction.- 5.4 Phenomena at Very High Irradiance.- 5.4.1 The Self-Regulating Plasma.- 5.4.2 Laser-Driven Deflagration Wave.- 5.4.3 Inertial Confinement.- 5.4.4 Absorption at the Cutoff Density.- A. Appendix.- A.1 Selected Material Data.- A.2 Green’s Functions for Solving the Heat-Flow Equation.- A.3 Numerical Solution of the Heat-Flow Equation.- A.4 Units and Symbols.- A.4.1 Constants.- A.4.2 Variables.- A.4.3 Subscripts.- References.