Al-Ali AlMa'adeed / Krupa Polyolefin Compounds and Materials

Fundamentals and Industrial Applications
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-3-319-25982-6
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 354 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials

This book describes industrial applications of polyolefins from the researchers' perspective. Polyolefins constitute today arguably the most important class of polymers and polymeric materials for widespread industrial applications. This book summarizes the present state of the art. Starting from fundamental aspects, such as the polymerization techniques to synthesize polyolefins, the book introduces the topic. Basic knowledge about polyolefin composites and blends is explained, before applications aspects in different industry sectors are discussed.
The spectrum comprises a wide range of applications and industry sectors, such as the packaging and food industry, the textile industry, automotive and buildings, and even biomedical applications. Topics, which are addressed in the various chapters, comprise synthesis and processing of the materials; their classification; mechanical, physical and technical requirements and properties; their characterization; and many more. In the end of the book, even the disposal, degradation and recycling of polyolefins are addressed, and light is shed on their commercial significance and economic value.
In this way, the book follows the entire 'lifetime' of polyolefin compounds and materials: from their synthesis and processing, over applications, to the recycling and reuse of disposed or degraded polyolefin substrates.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Al-Ali AlMa'adeed, Mariam

Krupa, Igor

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;1 Introduction;8
2.1;1.1 What Are Polyolefins?;8
2.2;1.2 General Information;9
2.3;1.3 Importance of Research in the Production and Modifications of Polyolefins;9
2.4;1.4 Why Polyolefins?;12
2.5;1.5 Polyolefin Blends and Composites;12
2.6;1.6 Packaging and Food Industry;13
2.7;1.7 Adhesion;13
2.8;1.8 Polyolefins in Textiles and Nonwovens;14
2.9;1.9 Biomedical Applications;15
2.10;1.10 Automotive Industry;15
2.11;1.11 Stabilizing Polyolefin and Protection Against Ignitability;16
2.12;1.12 Recycling and Oxo-Biodegradation;16
2.13;1.13 Conclusion;18
3;2 Polyolefins---The History and Economic Impact;19
3.1;2.1 Introduction;19
3.1.1;2.1.1 Definition;19
3.1.2;2.1.2 Scope;20
3.2;2.2 Polyolefins: The History and Economic Impact;20
3.2.1;2.2.1 Polyolefin Elastomer;20
3.2.2;2.2.2 Polyethylene (PE);21
3.2.2.1;2.2.2.1 ``Exceptional Invention'';24
3.2.2.2;2.2.2.2 Linear Polyethylene;25
3.3;2.3 Inorganic and Organo-Metallic Catalysts;25
3.3.1;2.3.1 DuPont ``on the Brink of a Tremendously Interesting Field of Polymer Chemistry'';26
3.3.2;2.3.2 Standard Oil of Indiana (Later, Amoco);26
3.3.3;2.3.3 Phillips Petroleum Company;27
3.3.4;2.3.4 Prof. Karl Ziegler;28
3.3.5;2.3.5 Hercules Powder Company;29
3.4;2.4 New Entrants;30
3.5;2.5 LLDPE;30
3.6;2.6 Progress in Catalyst Chemistries;31
3.7;2.7 The Progress of Polyethylene;32
3.8;2.8 Polypropylene (PP);33
3.8.1;2.8.1 Standard Oil of Indiana;34
3.8.2;2.8.2 Phillips Petroleum;34
3.8.3;2.8.3 Natta;35
3.8.4;2.8.4 Hoechst;35
3.8.5;2.8.5 Ziegler;35
3.8.6;2.8.6 PCL;35
3.8.7;2.8.7 DuPont;36
3.8.8;2.8.8 Hercules;36
3.8.9;2.8.9 ``Interference'';37
3.9;2.9 Other Polyolefins;38
3.9.1;2.9.1 UHMWPE;39
3.9.2;2.9.2 Polybutene-1;39
3.9.3;2.9.3 TPX;41
3.9.4;2.9.4 PolyDCPD;41
3.10;2.10 The Development of the Polyolefin Industry;42
3.10.1;2.10.1 The Development of the Polyolefin Industry in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC);46
3.10.2;2.10.2 Qatar;47
3.10.2.1;2.10.2.1 The United Arab Emirates (UAE);47
3.11;2.11 Industrial Economic Impact;48
3.12;2.12 Globalization, Feedstocks, and Feedstock Availability;49
3.13;2.13 The Future of the Polyolefin Industry;51
3.14;2.14 Concluding Remarks;52
3.15;List of Patents Referenced in the Chapter;53
3.16;References;55
4;3 Olefin Polymerization;57
4.1;3.1 Introduction;57
4.2;3.2 Principles of Polymerization;57
4.2.1;3.2.1 Free Radical Mechanism;58
4.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Mechanism of Conventional Free Radical Polymerization;58
4.2.2;3.2.2 Ionic Polymerization;61
4.2.3;3.2.3 Cationic Polymerization Mechanism [6, 7];62
4.2.4;3.2.4 Anionic Polymerization;63
4.3;3.3 Stereochemical Implications and Tacticity;64
4.4;3.4 Stereo Chemistry of Conjugate Diene Polymerization;66
4.5;3.5 Coordination Polymerization;67
4.6;3.6 Development of Polymerization Catalysts;69
4.6.1;3.6.1 alpha -Diimine-Based Catalysts;69
4.6.2;3.6.2 2,6-Bis(Imino)Pyridine-Based Catalysts;70
4.6.3;3.6.3 Salicyldimine-Based Complexes;74
4.6.4;3.6.4 Early Transition Metal-Based Phenoxy-Imines;74
4.6.4.1;3.6.4.1 Late Transition Metal Salicyldimine Complexes;75
4.6.5;3.6.5 Quinaldimine-Based Complexes;76
4.6.6;3.6.6 Ruthenium-Based Polymerization Catalysts;78
4.7;3.7 Remarks and Outlook;79
4.8;3.8 Conclusion;80
4.9;References;80
5;4 Processing Techniques for Polyolefins;84
5.1;4.1 Introduction;84
5.2;4.2 Principle of Processing;85
5.3;4.3 Employment and Role of Polymer Melt Rheology;86
5.3.1;4.3.1 Viscoelasticity;87
5.3.2;4.3.2 Shear Viscosity;88
5.3.3;4.3.3 Extensional Viscosity;89
5.4;4.4 Polyolefin Processing Technologies;90
5.5;4.5 Blown Film;91
5.6;4.6 Cast Film Extrusion, Extrusion Coating and Lamination;97
5.7;4.7 Sheets, Pipes, and Other Profile Extrusion;102
5.8;4.8 Foam Extrusion;104
5.9;4.9 Fibre Production;106
5.10;References;108
6;5 Polyolefin Blends;111
6.1;5.1 Introduction;111
6.2;5.2 Polyolefin/Polyolefin Blends;112
6.2.1;5.2.1 Blends with Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE);112
6.2.2;5.2.2 Shape Memory Applications;115
6.2.3;5.2.3 Compatibilization;117
6.2.4;5.2.4 Epitaxial Crystallization;117
6.2.5;5.2.5 Other Crystallization Phenomena;119
6.2.6;5.2.6 Waste and Recycling;122
6.2.7;5.2.7 Rheological Properties;123
6.2.8;5.2.8 Barrier Properties;124
6.2.9;5.2.9 Polyolefin Blends as Models for High-Impact Polypropylene Co-polymers (HIPCs);125
6.3;5.3 Polyolefin/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Blends;125
6.4;5.4 Polyolefin/Paraffin Blends;129
6.5;5.5 Polyolefin/Polyamide Blends;130
6.6;5.6 Polyolefin/Rubber Blends;136
6.7;5.7 Polyolefin/Natural Polymer Blends;138
6.7.1;5.7.1 Starch;138
6.7.2;5.7.2 Chitosan;141
6.7.3;5.7.3 Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA);142
6.7.4;5.7.4 Other Biodegradable Polymers;144
6.8;5.8 Polyolefins Blended with Other Polymers;146
6.8.1;5.8.1 Polyaniline (PANI);146
6.8.2;5.8.2 Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU);147
6.8.3;5.8.3 Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET);147
6.8.4;5.8.4 Polyethylene Acrylic Acid (PEA);148
6.8.5;5.8.5 Liquid-Crystalline Polymers (LCP);148
6.8.6;5.8.6 Fluorothermoplastics;149
6.8.7;5.8.7 Poly(3-Alkylthiophenes) (P3ATs);149
6.8.8;5.8.8 Speciality Blends for Membranes and Foams;149
6.8.9;5.8.9 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE);152
6.9;5.9 Conclusions;153
6.10;References;153
7;6 Polyolefin Composites and Nanocomposites;161
7.1;6.1 Introduction;161
7.2;6.2 Definition and Classification;163
7.2.1;6.2.1 Particulate Composite;163
7.2.2;6.2.2 Fiber Composite;165
7.2.3;6.2.3 Structural Composite;166
7.3;6.3 Applications;166
7.3.1;6.3.1 Consumers;167
7.3.2;6.3.2 Medical;169
7.3.3;6.3.3 Agriculture;171
7.3.4;6.3.4 Packaging;172
7.3.5;6.3.5 Transportation;173
7.3.6;6.3.6 Electrical;174
7.3.7;6.3.7 Construction;176
7.3.8;6.3.8 Textiles;177
7.4;6.4 Conclusions;178
7.5;References;179
8;7 Polyolefin in Packaging and Food Industry;184
8.1;7.1 Introduction;184
8.2;7.2 Processing;186
8.3;7.3 Mechanical, Physical, and Technical Requirements;189
8.4;7.4 Mechanical, Physical, and Technical Properties;192
8.4.1;7.4.1 Polyethylene;193
8.4.2;7.4.2 Polypropylene;195
8.5;7.5 Design Requirements;198
8.6;7.6 Conclusions and Future Trends;199
8.7;Acknowledgements;200
8.8;References;200
9;8 Polyolefin Adhesion Modifications;203
9.1;8.1 Introduction;203
9.2;8.2 Definition/Classification;204
9.3;8.3 Pretreatment of Polyolefin;205
9.3.1;8.3.1 Chemical Treatment;206
9.3.2;8.3.2 Ultraviolet Light Treatment;209
9.3.3;8.3.3 Flame Treatment;211
9.3.4;8.3.4 Plasma Treatment;214
9.4;8.4 Characterization;218
9.4.1;8.4.1 Surface Characterization;219
9.4.2;8.4.2 Characterization of Adhesion;221
9.5;8.5 Applications;223
9.6;8.6 Conclusions;226
9.7;References;227
10;9 Polyolefins in Textiles and Nonwovens;233
10.1;9.1 Introduction;233
10.2;9.2 Textiles;234
10.3;9.3 Nonwovens;236
10.3.1;9.3.1 Nonwoven Processing;237
10.3.1.1;9.3.1.1 Spunbond Nonwovens;237
10.3.1.2;9.3.1.2 Melting Blown Nonwovens (MB);238
10.4;9.4 Properties of Polyolefin Fibers;239
10.5;9.5 Characterization and Testing of Polyolefin Fibers;240
10.6;9.6 Polypropylene in Nonwoven Applications;243
10.7;9.7 Polyethylene in High-Strength Fiber Applications;244
10.8;9.8 Polyolefins in Thermal Bonding Applications;246
10.9;References;246
11;10 Biomedical Applications of Polyolefins;248
11.1;10.1 Introduction;248
11.2;10.2 Biocompatibility;250
11.2.1;10.2.1 Biocompatibility and Toxicity;251
11.3;10.3 Polymers for Medical Device Applications;252
11.4;10.4 Mechanism of Degradation of Medical Polymers;253
11.5;10.5 Degradation of Polyolefins;254
11.5.1;10.5.1 Oxo-biodegradation;254
11.5.2;10.5.2 Photodegradation;254
11.5.3;10.5.3 Degradation from Mechanical Stress;254
11.5.4;10.5.4 Processing Methods of Polyolefins;254
11.5.5;10.5.5 Other Processing Methods of Polyolefins for Biomedical Applications Involves;255
11.6;10.6 Polyolefins for Cardiovascular Applications;256
11.6.1;10.6.1 Polyethylene;257
11.6.2;10.6.2 Polypropylene;257
11.7;10.7 Current Biomedical Applications of Polyolefins;257
11.7.1;10.7.1 Al--Cu--Fe Quasicrystal/UHMWPE Composites as Biomaterials for Acetabular Cup Prosthetics;257
11.7.2;10.7.2 Bioglass/HDPE Composites for Soft Tissue Applications;258
11.7.3;10.7.3 Bone Replacement Application of Polyolefin Composites;258
11.7.4;10.7.4 Polyethylene for Bioactive Bone Substitution;258
11.7.5;10.7.5 Polyethylene Magnetic Nanoparticle for Biomedical Applications;259
11.7.6;10.7.6 Low-Temperature Plasma-Treated Ultra-High Molecular Weight PE (UHMWPE) for Biomedical Application;259
11.7.7;10.7.7 Polypropylene Monofilament for Biomedical Applications;260
11.7.8;10.7.8 Filament Wound Flat Strip Composites;260
11.7.9;10.7.9 Newly Commercially Available Polyolefin-Based Biomedical Products;260
11.7.10;10.7.10 Advantages of Metallocene-Based Polyolefins;261
11.8;10.8 Future Challenges;261
11.9;10.9 Conclusion;262
11.10;References;262
12;11 Polyolefins in Automotive Industry;266
12.1;11.1 Introduction;266
12.2;11.2 Polyethylenes in Automotive Industry;268
12.3;11.3 Polypropylenes in Automotive Industry;270
12.4;11.4 Polypropylene Composites for Automobile Applications;272
12.5;11.5 Polyolefin--Natural Fiber Composites;274
12.6;11.6 Nanocomposites of Polyolefin in Automobiles, Current Opportunities, and Applications;279
12.7;11.7 Conclusions;281
12.8;References;282
13;12 Polyolefins: From Thermal and Oxidative Degradation to Ignition and Burning;285
13.1;12.1 Introduction;285
13.2;12.2 LT Degradation;285
13.2.1;12.2.1 Instrumentation in LT Degradation;290
13.2.1.1;12.2.1.1 Chemiluminescence [2--14];290
13.2.1.2;12.2.1.2 DSC;292
13.2.1.3;12.2.1.3 Thermogravimetry;292
13.2.1.4;12.2.1.4 Spectral Methods;293
13.2.1.5;12.2.1.5 Analytical Determination of Peroxides or Carbonyl Groups;294
13.2.2;12.2.2 The Protection of Polyolefins Against LT Degradation [15--19];294
13.2.2.1;12.2.2.1 Synergism and Antagonism in the Effect of Stabilizers Mixtures;296
13.2.2.2;12.2.2.2 Stabilization Against UV Light;297
13.2.2.3;12.2.2.3 Captodative Compounds in the Stabilization of Polyolefin's Melt and Their Potential Application in UV and Thermo-oxidation Stabilization [23--29];300
13.3;12.3 HT Degradation Leading to Ignition. Protection of Polyolefins Against Fire Risk and Accompanying Phenomena [26--41];301
13.3.1;12.3.1 The Evaluation of Non-isothermal Thermogravimetry Runs;306
13.3.2;12.3.2 Non-isothermal Thermogravimetry in Nitrogen, Time to Ignition, Oxygen Consumption and Polyolefins;306
13.3.3;12.3.3 Non-isothermal Thermogravimetry Runs and Polyolefins Ignitability;307
13.3.4;12.3.4 The Appearance of Smoke in the Burning Polyolefins;309
13.3.5;12.3.5 Mechanistic Linkage of LT and HT Degradation;311
13.4;12.4 Conclusions;312
13.5;Acknowledgements;312
13.6;References;312
14;13 Recycling of Polyolefin Materials;315
14.1;13.1 Introduction;315
14.2;13.2 Separation Techniques;316
14.3;13.3 Methods of Recycling;318
14.3.1;13.3.1 Re-Extrusion (Primary);318
14.3.2;13.3.2 Mechanical Recycling (Secondary);319
14.3.3;13.3.3 Chemical Recycling;319
14.3.3.1;13.3.3.1 Heterogeneous Process;320
14.3.3.2;13.3.3.2 Homogeneous Process;320
14.3.3.2.1;Gasification or Partial Oxidation;320
14.3.3.2.2;Cracking;322
14.3.4;13.3.4 Recycling of Polyolefins via Pyrolysis;327
14.3.4.1;13.3.4.1 Mechanism of Pyrolysis Process;328
14.3.4.2;13.3.4.2 Factors Influencing the Pyrolysis Products;329
14.3.4.3;13.3.4.3 Catalytic Pyrolysis;333
14.3.4.4;13.3.4.4 Microwave-Induced Pyrolysis;333
14.4;13.4 Recycling-Oriented Characterization of Polyolefin Waste;334
14.5;13.5 Applications of Recycled Polyolefin;335
14.6;13.6 Conclusions;336
14.7;References;337
15;14 Oxo-biodegradable Plastics: Who They Are and to What They Serve---Present Status and Future Perspectives;340
15.1;14.1 Conclusions;350
15.2;References;352
16;15 Erratum to: Chapters 2 and 9 of Polyolefin Compounds and Materials;354
16.1;Erratum to Chapter 2 in: M. Al-Ali AlMa’adeed and I. Krupa (eds.), Polyolefin Compounds and Materials, Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25982-6_2;354
16.2;Erratum to Chapter 9 in: M. Al-Ali AlMa’adeed and I. Krupa (eds.), Polyolefin Compounds and Materials, Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25982-6_9;354