Akkar / Gülkan / Eck Earthquake Data in Engineering Seismology

Predictive Models, Data Management and Networks
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-94-007-0152-6
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 14, 276 Seiten

Reihe: Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering

 This book addresses current activities in strong-motion networks around the globe, covering issues related to designing, maintaining and disseminating information from these arrays.  The book is divided into three principal sections.  The first section includes recent developments in regional and global ground-motion predictive models.
It presents discussions on the similarities and differences of ground motion estimations from these models and their application to design spectra as well as other novel procedures for predicting engineering parameters in seismic regions with sparse data. The second section introduces topics about the particular methodologies being implemented in the recently established global and regional strong-motion databanks in Europe to maintain and disseminate the archived accelerometric data.  The final section describes major strong-motion arrays around the world and their historical developments.  The last three chapters of this section introduce projects carried out within the context of arrays deployed for seismic risk studies in metropolitan areas.
Audience: This timely book will be of particular interest for researchers who use accelerometric data extensively to conduct studies in earthquake engineering and engineering seismology.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Gülkan, Polat

Akkar, Sinan

Eck, Torild van

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface and Acknowledgements;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Principal Contributors;14
5;Co-Contributors;15
6;Part I Ground-Motion Predictive Models;17
6.1;1 Ground-Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs) from a Global Dataset: The PEER NGA Equations;18
6.1.1;1.1 Introduction;18
6.1.2;1.2 The NGA-Empirical Project;19
6.1.2.1;1.2.1 Personnel;19
6.1.2.2;1.2.2 Scope;19
6.1.2.3;1.2.3 Database;19
6.1.3;1.3 Model Development;19
6.1.3.1;1.3.1 Dataset Selection;19
6.1.3.2;1.3.2 Functional Forms;20
6.1.4;1.4 Results;24
6.1.5;1.5 Comparisons with Other Studies;27
6.1.6;1.6 Conclusions;29
6.1.7;References;29
6.2;2 Ground-Motion Models for Defining Seismic Actions in Eurocode 8;31
6.2.1;2.1 Harmonization of Seismic Hazard Assessment in Europe;31
6.2.2;2.2 Current Status of Ground-Motion Prediction in Europe;34
6.2.3;2.3 Current Definition of Seismic Actions in Eurocode 8;35
6.2.4;2.4 A New Formulation for Seismic Actions in Eurocode 8;37
6.2.5;References;39
6.3;3 Investigating Possible Regional Dependence in Strong Ground Motions;43
6.3.1;3.1 Introduction;43
6.3.2;3.2 Pseudo-Regional Differences;44
6.3.3;3.3 Previous Studies;45
6.3.3.1;3.3.1 Evidence from Physical Reasoning or Macroseismic Intensities;45
6.3.3.2;3.3.2 Evidence from Weak-Motion Data;46
6.3.3.3;3.3.3 Evidence from Strong-Motion Data;49
6.3.4;3.4 Discussion and Conclusions;50
6.3.5;References;50
6.4;4 A Predictive Ground-Motion Model for Turkey and Its Comparison with Recent Local and Global GMPEs;53
6.4.1;4.1 Introduction;53
6.4.2;4.2 Database;55
6.4.3;4.3 Developed Local GMPE;56
6.4.4;4.4 Inter-event and Inter-station Distribution of Residuals;58
6.4.5;4.5 Quantitative Comparison of Developed GMPE with Other Local and Global GMPEs;60
6.4.6;4.6 Conclusions;63
6.4.7;References;64
6.5;5 Strong-Motion Networks in Italy and Their Efficient Use in the Derivation of Regional and Global Predictive Models;67
6.5.1;5.1 Strong Motion Networks in Italy and the Italian Strong Motion Data Set;67
6.5.2;5.2 Fit of the LAquila Data Set to ITA08;70
6.5.3;5.3 Derivation of Regional GMPEs;72
6.5.4;5.4 Conclusions;77
6.5.5;References;82
6.6;6 Strong-Motion Networks in Greece and Their Efficient Use in the Derivation of Regional Ground-Motion Prediction Models;84
6.6.1;6.1 Introduction;84
6.6.2;6.2 Greek Strong-Motion Network and Data Processing;85
6.6.3;6.3 Greek Ground Motion Prediction Equations;88
6.6.4;6.4 Conclusions;92
6.6.5;References;92
6.7;7 Ground Motion Simulation Using the Hybrid Empirical Method: Issues and Insights;94
6.7.1;7.1 Introduction;94
6.7.2;7.2 Example Application to ENA;95
6.7.2.1;7.2.1 WNA Empirical Ground Motion Estimates;96
6.7.2.2;7.2.2 WNA-to-ENA Regional Adjustment Factors;96
6.7.2.3;7.2.3 ENA Hybrid Empirical Ground Motion Estimates;97
6.7.3;7.3 Application Issues;98
6.7.3.1;7.3.1 Source Spectrum;98
6.7.3.2;7.3.2 Stress Drop;99
6.7.3.3;7.3.3 Near-Source Geometrical Spreading;101
6.7.3.4;7.3.4 Small-Magnitude Scaling;103
6.7.3.5;7.3.5 Large-Magnitude Scaling;104
6.7.4;7.4 Conclusions;104
6.7.5;References;105
7;Part II Accelerometric Data Repositories;109
7.1;8 Record Processing in ITACA, the New Italian Strong-Motion Database;110
7.1.1;8.1 Introduction;110
7.1.2;8.2 Characteristics of the ITACA Dataset;112
7.1.3;8.3 Record Processing;114
7.1.3.1;8.3.1 ITACA Processing Scheme;115
7.1.3.2;8.3.2 Comparison with Records from Other Sources;117
7.1.3.3;8.3.3 Processing of Late-Triggered Records ;120
7.1.4;8.4 Conclusions;123
7.1.5;References;123
7.2;9 The European-Mediterranean Distributed Accelerometric Data-Base;125
7.2.1;9.1 Introduction;125
7.2.2;9.2 State of Strong Motion Instrumentation in European-Mediterranean Region;126
7.2.3;9.3 Standard Processing Procedures: Parameter Definition and Software Description;127
7.2.4;9.4 Assembled Core Contributor Dataset;130
7.2.5;9.5 Technical Description of the Database;131
7.2.5.1;9.5.1 Waveform Data;132
7.2.5.2;9.5.2 Data Access;133
7.2.5.3;9.5.3 Data Server;133
7.2.6;9.6 Long Term Vision;133
7.2.7;9.7 Conclusions;136
7.2.8;References;136
7.3;10 Distributed Archive and Single Access System for Accelerometric Event Data: A NERIES Initiative;139
7.3.1;10.1 Introduction;139
7.3.2;10.2 Distributed System;140
7.3.2.1;10.2.1 Specific ASCII Format for Accelerometric Data;140
7.3.2.2;10.2.2 Main Nodes;141
7.3.2.3;10.2.3 Metadata Stream Between the Accelerometric Data Explorer, Data Provider and Data Server;142
7.3.3;10.3 Detailed Data server Description;144
7.3.3.1;10.3.1 Structure of the Request;144
7.3.3.2;10.3.2 Local Database;146
7.3.3.3;10.3.3 Application Architecture;147
7.3.4;10.4 The Accelerometric Data Explorer;150
7.3.5;10.5 Conclusion;152
7.3.6;References;152
8;Part III Arrays and Networks;153
8.1;11 Euroseistest 3D Array for the Study of Complex Site Effects;154
8.1.1;11.1 Introduction;154
8.1.2;11.2 Definition of a Complex Geologic Structure;156
8.1.2.1;11.2.1 Background, Aims and Workplan;156
8.1.2.2;11.2.2 3D Model Configuration;157
8.1.3;11.3 Strong Motion Array and Site Effect Studies in Complex Media;162
8.1.3.1;11.3.1 Strong Motion Array;162
8.1.3.2;11.3.2 Empirical and Theoretical Site Response Along 2D Cross-Sections;163
8.1.3.3;11.3.3 Empirical and Theoretical Site Response in the Whole Basin;168
8.1.3.4;11.3.4 Engineering Implications of Complex Site Effects ;169
8.1.4;11.4 Conclusions -- Discussion;172
8.1.5;References;173
8.2;12 Deployment of New Strong Motion Seismographs of K-NET and KiK-net;176
8.2.1;12.1 Introduction;176
8.2.1.1;12.1.1 K-NET (Kyoshin NETwork) ;177
8.2.1.2;12.1.2 KiK-net (Kiban Kyoshin network) ;179
8.2.2;12.2 New Instruments of K-NET and KiK-net;180
8.2.2.1;12.2.1 Sensor Module;181
8.2.2.2;12.2.2 Acquisition System;182
8.2.2.3;12.2.3 Performances of New Instruments;183
8.2.3;12.3 Continuous Observations;184
8.2.4;12.4 Data Flow and Data Release;186
8.2.5;12.5 Summary;187
8.2.6;References;195
8.3;13 Integrating the European Observational Seismology Infrastructure: NERIES Developments;196
8.3.1;13.1 Introduction;196
8.3.2;13.2 Current Seismological Monitoring Networks;197
8.3.3;13.3 Network Funding and Data Exchange;199
8.3.4;13.4 European Scale Open Rapid Data Exchange;200
8.3.5;13.5 Observational Networks and Research Tools;202
8.3.6;13.6 Digital Waveform Data Archives;203
8.3.7;13.7 Waveform Data for Research;204
8.3.8;13.8 Accelerometer Networks;204
8.3.9;13.9 Acceleration Data Exchange;205
8.3.10;13.10 Discussion and Conclusions;206
8.3.11;References;206
8.4;14 The Turkish National Accelerometric Network: 1973--2010;208
8.4.1;14.1 Setting the Stage: The 1939--1973 Period;208
8.4.2;14.2 The First Vernacular Accelerogram: The 1976 Denizli Record;210
8.4.3;14.3 Expansion of the National Network Until 1996;210
8.4.4;14.4 Post-1999 Status;211
8.4.5;14.5 Current Status;214
8.4.6;References;227
8.5;15 The Current State of Strong Motion Monitoring in Switzerland;228
8.5.1;15.1 Introduction;228
8.5.2;15.2 Seismic Monitoring in Switzerland;230
8.5.2.1;15.2.1 Dial-Up Strong Motion Network;231
8.5.2.2;15.2.2 Broadband Seismic Network;231
8.5.2.3;15.2.3 Modern Strong Motion Network;232
8.5.2.4;15.2.4 Planned Strong Motion Network Upgrade;233
8.5.3;15.3 Strong Motion Data Archival, Dissemination and Storage Considerations;233
8.5.4;15.4 Use of Strong Motion Data at the SED: Network Products and Research;236
8.5.4.1;15.4.1 Earthquake Detection;237
8.5.4.2;15.4.2 Earthquake Locations and Local Magnitudes;237
8.5.4.3;15.4.3 ShakeMaps;237
8.5.4.4;15.4.4 Moment Magnitude Estimates;238
8.5.4.5;15.4.5 Ground Motion Prediction Equations;238
8.5.4.6;15.4.6 Site Effects;238
8.5.4.7;15.4.7 Monitoring of Geothermal Exploration;239
8.5.4.8;15.4.8 Early Warning;239
8.5.5;15.5 Conclusions;239
8.5.6;References;240
8.6;16 Real-Time Seismic Monitoring of Structures: Data Handling and Case Studies;243
8.6.1;16.1 Introduction;244
8.6.1.1;16.1.1 The "Why" of Real-Time Seismic Monitoring of Structures;244
8.6.1.2;16.1.2 Justification for Real-Time Data from Buildings or Lifelines;244
8.6.1.3;16.1.3 Data, Hardware and Scope;245
8.6.2;16.2 Current Inventory of Real-Time Monitoring of Structures;246
8.6.2.1;16.2.1 Data Streaming and Storage Issues;246
8.6.3;16.3 Two Cases of Structures;249
8.6.3.1;16.3.1 FDIC Building, San Francisco, CA;249
8.6.3.2;16.3.2 Cape Girardeau (Bill Emerson) Bridge, MO;251
8.6.4;16.4 Conclusions;252
8.6.5;References;253
8.7;17 Strong-Motion Networks in Romania and Their Efficient Use in the Structural Engineering Applications;254
8.7.1;17.1 Introduction;254
8.7.2;17.2 Strong-Motion Networks in Romania;255
8.7.3;17.3 Recent Earthquake Engineering Research at INCERC;258
8.7.3.1;17.3.1Studies on Attenuation and Directivity Directivity;258
8.7.3.2;17.3.2 Mapping of Ground Motion Parameters and of Various Spectral Quantities;260
8.7.4;17.4 Final Remarks;265
8.7.5;References;265
8.8;18 Strong-Motion and Structural Monitoring Networks in Istanbul and Their Use for Risk Assessment;267
8.8.1;18.1 Introduction;268
8.8.2;18.2 Istanbul Rapid Response Network;268
8.8.3;18.3 Istanbul Early Warning Network;269
8.8.4;18.4 Vertical Ground Arrays;272
8.8.5;18.5 Structural Monitoring Arrays;273
8.8.6;References;275
8.9;Addresses of Principal Contributors;277
9;Index;279