Ahmad Principles of Corrosion Engineering and Corrosion Control

1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-0-08-048033-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 672 Seiten

Corrosion is a huge issue for materials, mechanical, civil and petrochemical engineers. With comprehensive coverage of the principles of corrosion engineering, this book is a one-stop text and reference for students and practicing corrosion engineers. Highly illustrated, with worked examples and definitions, it covers basic corrosion principles, and more advanced information for postgraduate students and professionals. Basic principles of electrochemistry and chemical thermodynamics are incorporated to make the book accessible for students and engineers who do not have prior knowledge of this area. Each form of corrosion covered in the book has a definition, description, mechanism, examples and preventative methods. Case histories of failure are cited for each form. End of chapter questions are accompanied by an online solutions manual.
* Comprehensively covers the principles of corrosion engineering, methods of corrosion protection and corrosion processes and control in selected engineering environments
* Structured for corrosion science and engineering classes at senior undergraduate and graduate level, and is an ideal reference that readers will want to use in their professional work
* Worked examples, extensive end of chapter exercises and accompanying online solutions and written by an expert from a key pretochemical university

Zielgruppe

Academic/professional/technical: Undergraduate. Academic/professional/technical: Postgraduate. Academic/professional/technical: Research and professional

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ahmad, Zaki

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Title Page;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;7
5;Preface;15
6;Acknowledgments;17
7;Chapter 1 - Introduction to Corrosion;18
7.1;1.1 Historical Background;18
7.2;1.2 Definitions;19
7.3;1.3 Corrosive Environment;20
7.4;1.4 Consequences of Corrosion;20
7.5;1.5 Cost of Corrosion;20
7.6;1.6 Breakdown of Spending on Corrosion;21
7.7;1.7 Corrosion Science and Corrosion Engineering;21
7.8;1.8 Inter-disciplinary Nature of Corrosion;22
7.9;1.9 Corrosion Education;22
7.10;1.10 Functional Aspects of Corrosion;22
7.11;1.11 Five Good Reasons to Study Corrosion;23
7.12;Questions;24
7.13;References;24
7.14;General References;25
7.15;Websites;25
7.16;Software;25
8;Chapter 2 - Basic Concepts in Corrosion;26
8.1;2.1 Anodic and Cathodic Reactions;27
8.2;2.2 Anodic Reactions Characteristics;28
8.3;2.3 Cathodic Reactions Characteristics;29
8.4;2.4 Types of Corrosion Cells;29
8.5;2.5 Mechanism of Corrosion of Iron;30
8.6;2.6 Concept of Free Energy;31
8.7;2.7 Reversible Electrode Potential;35
8.8;2.8 Concentration Cell;39
8.9;2.9 Liquid Junction Potential;40
8.10;2.10 Application of Free Energy to Corrosion Cells;40
8.11;2.11 Nernst Equation;41
8.12;2.12 Sign Convention;43
8.13;2.13 Reference Electrodes;50
8.14;2.14 Pourbaix Diagrams (Stability Diagrams);62
8.15;Questions;69
8.16;Suggested Books For Reading;72
8.17;Keywords;72
9;Chapter 3 - Corrosion Kinetics;74
9.1;Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis and its Application in Determining the Corrosion Rate;74
9.2;3.1 The Laws;74
9.3;3.2 Corrosion Kinetics;78
9.4;3.3 Helmholtz Double Layer;81
9.5;3.4 Reverse Reaction (Cathodic Reaction);85
9.6;3.5 Departure from Equilibrium [Activation Over-potential (n)];86
9.7;3.6 Tafel Equation;90
9.8;3.7 Mixed Potential Theory and its Application;92
9.9;3.8 Evans Diagrams;94
9.10;3.9 Prediction of Corrosion Tendency on the Basis of Mixed Potential Theory;95
9.11;3.10 Application of Mixed Potential Theory;96
9.12;3.11 Concentration Polarization;101
9.13;3.12 Effect of Various Factors on Concentration Polarization;103
9.14;3.13 Resistance Polarization (Ohmic Polarization);104
9.15;3.14 Measurement of Corrosion;104
9.16;3.15 Determination of Corrosion Rates by Electrochemical Measurements;107
9.17;3.16 Polarization Resistance (Linear Polarization);107
9.18;3.17 Theoretical Background (Electrochemical Measurements);108
9.19;3.18 Modern Developments;109
9.20;3.19 Kinetics of Passivity;111
9.21;3.20 Definition of Important Electrochemical Parameters for Active–Passive Metals;115
9.22;3.21 Measured vs Actual Polarization Behavior of Active–Passive Metals;116
9.23;3.22 Control of Passivity;118
9.24;3.23 Effect of Environment;121
9.25;3.24 Conversion Factors;123
9.26;3.25 Illustrative Problems;124
9.27;Questions;130
9.28;Suggested Reading;135
9.29;Keywords;135
10;Chapter 4 - Types of Corrosion: Materials and Environments;137
10.1;4.1 Introduction;137
10.2;4.2 Uniform Corrosion;138
10.3;4.3 Galvanic Corrosion;143
10.4;4.4 Dezincification;151
10.5;4.5 Crevice Corrosion;156
10.6;4.6 Pitting Corrosion;166
10.7;4.7 Intergranular Corrosion;179
10.8;4.8 Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Damage;200
10.9;4.9 Corrosion Fatigue;238
10.10;4.10 Fretting Corrosion;258
10.11;4.11 Erosion–Corrosion and Cavitation Damage;263
10.12;Questions;269
10.13;References;280
10.14;Keywords;283
11;Chapter 5 - Cathodic Protection;288
11.1;5.1 Introduction;288
11.2;5.2 Basis of Cathodic Protection;288
11.3;5.3 Working of Cathodic Protection System;289
11.4;5.4 Factors Leading to Corrosion of Underground Metallic Structures;289
11.5;5.5 Electrical Basis of Cathodic Protection;294
11.6;5.6 Electrochemical Theory of Cathodic Protection;297
11.7;5.7 Anodic Polarization;300
11.8;5.8 Cathodic Protection Systems;300
11.9;5.9 Components of Galvanic Systems;304
11.10;5.10 Impressed Current System;310
11.11;5.11 Components of Impressed Current Systems and AC/DC Systems;312
11.12;5.12 Types of Ground-beds;316
11.13;5.13 Major Impressed Current Anodes;320
11.14;5.14 Protection of Submarine Pipelines;321
11.15;5.15 Design Parameters in Cathodic Protection;322
11.16;5.16 Current Requirements;323
11.17;5.17 Backfill;323
11.18;5.18 Measurements in Cathodic Protection;324
11.19;5.19 Pipe-to-Soil Potential;327
11.20;5.20 Factors Affecting Pipe-to-Soil Potential;329
11.21;5.21 Potential Survey;329
11.22;5.22 Measurement of Current Flow;331
11.23;5.23 Reference Electrode;333
11.24;5.24 Coating Resistance Tests;334
11.25;5.25 Current Requirement Tests;336
11.26;5.26 Current Density Requirement for a Bare Structure;338
11.27;5.27 Stray Current Corrosion;342
11.28;5.28 Cathodic Protection Interferences;343
11.29;5.29 Design Charts;346
11.30;5.30 Ground-bed Design;347
11.31;5.31 Soil Resistivity and Pipe-to-Soil Potential Survey;348
11.32;5.32 Calculations in Cathodic Protection Design;350
11.33;5.33 Important Formulae in Cathodic Protection Calculations;359
11.34;Questions;362
11.35;Recommended Literature on Cathodic Protection;366
11.36;Keywords;367
12;Chapter 6 - Corrosion Control by Inhibition;369
12.1;6.1 Introduction;369
12.2;6.2 Scope of Inhibitor;369
12.3;6.3 Examples of Application of Inhibitors;369
12.4;6.4 Important Consideration in Selection of Inhibitors;370
12.5;6.5 Important Terms Related to Inhibitors;370
12.6;6.6 Classification of Inhibitors;371
12.7;6.7 Description of Inhibitors;371
12.8;6.8 Inorganic Anodic Inhibitors;383
12.9;6.9 Organic Inhibitors;384
12.10;6.10 Synergistic Inhibitors;386
12.11;6.11 Scavengers;386
12.12;6.12 Neutralizers;388
12.13;6.13 Scale Inhibitors;388
12.14;6.14 Rebar Inhibitors;390
12.15;6.15 Biocides;391
12.16;6.16 Inhibitor Application Techniques;392
12.17;6.17 Vapor Phase Inhibitors;393
12.18;6.18 Inhibitor Efficiency and Inhibitor Concentration;394
12.19;Questions;394
12.20;Suggested Reading;396
12.21;Keywords;397
13;Chapter 7 - Coatings;399
13.1;7.1 Introduction;399
13.2;7.2 Objectives;400
13.3;7.3 Classification of Coatings;400
13.4;7.4 Scope of Coatings;401
13.5;7.5 Painting, Coating and Lining;401
13.6;7.6 Paint Coating System;402
13.7;7.7 Paint Coating Components;402
13.8;7.8 Composition and Functions of Paint Coating Components;403
13.9;7.9 Classification of Binders;411
13.10;7.10 Pigments;413
13.11;7.11 Solvent;415
13.12;7.12 Thinners (Diluents);418
13.13;7.13 Additives;418
13.14;7.14 Metallic Coatings;422
13.15;7.15 Aluminum Coatings;428
13.16;7.16 Tin Coatings;430
13.17;7.17 Nickel Coatings;431
13.18;7.18 Cadmium Coating;433
13.19;7.19 Conversion Coatings;433
13.20;7.20 Anodized Coatings;436
13.21;7.21 Glass Flake Coatings;437
13.22;7.22 Failure of Paints and Coatings;437
13.23;7.23 Selection of Coatings;447
13.24;Questions;448
13.25;Suggested Literature for Reading;452
13.26;Keywords;452
14;Chaper 8 - Corrosion Prevention by Design;455
14.1;8.1 Introduction;455
14.2;8.2 Service Life of Equipment;455
14.3;8.3 Causes of Failures in the Context of Design;455
14.4;8.4 Corrosive Environment;457
14.5;8.5 Stages in the Design Process;458
14.6;8.6 Consideration of Areas Requiring Attention at Design Stage;458
14.7;8.7 Soldering and Threading;470
14.8;8.8 Crevices;473
14.9;8.9 Design to Control Corrosion in Water Distribution, Oil and Gas Pipelines;474
14.10;8.10 Flowing Water Systems;475
14.11;8.11 Accessibility for Maintenance;480
14.12;8.12 Designs for Liquid Containers;481
14.13;8.13 Design in Packaging;483
14.14;8.14 Coating and Design;484
14.15;8.15 Storage of Combat Vehicles;488
14.16;Questions;493
14.17;Suggested Reading;495
14.18;Commercial Technical Information Sources:;495
14.19;Internet Sources;495
14.20;Keywords;495
15;Chapter 9 - Selection of Materials for Corrosive Environment;496
15.1;9.1 Introduction;496
15.2;9.2 Factors Affecting the Performance of Materials;497
15.3;9.3 The Material Selection Process;500
15.4;9.4 Materials Classification;501
15.5;9.5 Materials and Fluid Corrosivity;508
15.6;9.6 Ranking of Performance of Materials;511
15.7;9.7 Electrolyte Factors;513
15.8;9.8 Corrosion Indices;514
15.9;9.9 Iso-Corrosion Charts;518
15.10;9.10 Cost Effectiveness;519
15.11;9.11 Selection of Materials for Corrosive Environments;519
15.12;9.12 Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels;523
15.13;9.13 Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel in Seawater;526
15.14;9.14 Cast Irons;526
15.15;9.15 Ductile and Cast Iron Pipes;528
15.16;9.16 Stainless Steels;529
15.17;9.17 Corrosion Behavior of Copper and Copper Alloys;534
15.18;9.18 Corrosion Resistance of Copper-base Alloys in Seawater;537
15.19;9.19 Aluminum and its Alloys;540
15.20;9.20 Nickel and its Alloys;550
15.21;9.21 Titanium and its Alloys;554
15.22;Questions;562
15.23;References;564
15.24;Suggested Reading;565
15.25;Keywords;565
16;Chapter 10 - Atmospheric Corrosion;567
16.1;10.1 Introduction;567
16.2;10.2 Classification of Atmospheric Corrosion;567
16.3;10.3 Weather and Atmosphere;568
16.4;10.4 Major Factors Affecting Atmospheric Corrosion;570
16.5;10.5 Effect of Atmospheric Factors on Atmospheric Corrosion;570
16.6;10.6 Pollutants Chemistry and their Impact on Atmospheric Corrosion;572
16.7;10.7 Mechanism of Atmospheric Corrosion (Electrochemical Cycle);575
16.8;10.8 Potential–pH Diagram (Fe–H2O);578
16.9;10.9 Atmospheric Corrosion of Copper and its Alloys;578
16.10;10.10 Cracking of Copper Alloys;581
16.11;10.11 Aluminum and its Alloys;582
16.12;10.12 Potential–pH Diagram (Al–H2O);583
16.13;10.13 Atmospheric Corrosion of Zinc;586
16.14;Questions;588
16.15;References;591
16.16;Suggested Literature;592
16.17;Keywords;592
17;Chapter 11 - Boiler Corrosion;593
17.1;11.1 Definition;593
17.2;11.2 Introduction;593
17.3;11.3 Requirements of an Efficient Boiler;593
17.4;11.4 Classification of Boilers;593
17.5;11.5 Major Design;594
17.6;11.6 Circulation;597
17.7;11.7 Water Tube Circuit;597
17.8;11.8 Water Conditioning;603
17.9;11.9 Major Corrosion Problems in Boilers;615
17.10;Questions;622
17.11;Suggested Reading;624
17.12;Keywords;624
18;Chapter 12 - Concrete Corrosion;626
18.1;12.1 Introduction;626
18.2;12.2 Technical Terms;626
18.3;12.3 Production, Types and Curing of Cement;628
18.4;12.4 Engineering Properties of Concrete;629
18.5;12.5 Chemistry of Portland Cement;630
18.6;12.6 Concrete Chemistry, Hydration Reactions;630
18.7;12.7 Durability and Deterioration of Cement;631
18.8;12.8 Corrosion of Reinforcement (Rebar Corrosion);633
18.9;12.9 Factors Affecting Corrosion;634
18.10;12.10 Construction Practice;639
18.11;12.11 Summary of Principles Involved in Corrosion Reinforcement;639
18.12;12.12 Methods of Corrosion Control of Reinforcing Steel;641
18.13;12.13 Corrosion Protection of Reinforcement;646
18.14;12.14 Concrete Repairs and Rehabilitation;647
18.15;12.15 Electrochemical Methods of Evaluation of Reinforcement Corrosion;652
18.16;Questions;660
18.17;Suggested Reading;661
18.18;Keywords;662
19;Index;664