Advances in Agronomy

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-046327-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 89, 360 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Advances in Agronomy

Advances in Agronomy continues to be recognized as a leading reference and a first-rate source for the latest research in agronomy. As always, the subjects covered are varied and exemplary of the myraid of subject matter dealt with by this long-running serial. Volume 89 contains six comprehensive and timely reviews. Chapter 1 presents a thorough coverage of wet chemistry and state-of-the art molecular scale techniques, such as x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, that can be used to characterize phosphorus in organic wastes. Chapter 2 discusses the Wheat Genetics Resource Center that has served the scientific community for 25 years. These resources have been useful to scientists in 45 countries and 39 of the states in the U.S. Chapter 3 covers various aspects of the biology and management of Stevia, a sweet herb of Paraguay. Chapter 4 is a timely review of aspects of soil fertility decline in the tropics as assessed by soil chemical measurements. Chapter 5 covers nematode interactions and assessment of models for their control on crop plants. Chapter 6 presents data and algorithms on ammonia emission form animal operations, a current area of much interest in the area of environmental quality. - Over 40 figures and 32 tables - Presents a review of the present and future status of soil science - Offers an analysis of biodiversity in agronomy

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover Page;1
2;Contents;6
3;Contributors;12
4;Preface;16
5;Chapter 1: Advances in the Characterization of Phosphorus in Organic Wastes: Environmental and Agronomic Applications;17
5.1;I. Introduction;18
5.2;II. Types of Organic Wastes;21
5.2.1;A. Agricultural Wastes;21
5.2.2;B. Municipal Wastes;24
5.3;III. Factors Affecting Phosphorus Composition in Organic Wastes;25
5.3.1;A. Dietary Effects;25
5.3.2;B. Organic Wastes Handling Effects;29
5.4;IV. Methods for Characterizing Phosphorus in Organic Wastes;32
5.4.1;A. Total Phosphorus;32
5.4.2;B. Water Extractable Phosphorus;34
5.4.3;C. Physicochemical Fractionation;37
5.4.4;D. Sequential Phosphorus Fractionation;40
5.4.5;E. Enzyme Hydrolysis;46
5.4.6;F. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy;51
5.4.7;G. X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectroscopy;62
5.5;V. Summary;77
5.6;References;79
6;Chapter 2: Wheat Genetics Resource Center: The First 25 Years;89
6.1;I. Introduction;90
6.2;II. Wheat Genetic Resources;92
6.2.1;A. Taxonomic Considerations;92
6.2.2;B. Collection and Maintenance;93
6.2.3;C. Evaluation and Genetic Diversity Analysis of the WGRC Collection;97
6.2.4;D. Distribution of the Collection;97
6.3;III. Advances in Molecular Cytogenetics of Wheat and Triticeae Species;98
6.4;IV. Genomic Breeding and Intergenomic Transfers by Chromosome Engineering;100
6.4.1;A. The Journey from Genome Sharing to Gene Donors;100
6.4.2;B. Intergenomic Transfers by Chromosome Engineering;116
6.5;V. Documentation of Genetic Novelty;122
6.6;VI. Germplasm for Wheat-Breeding Programs;131
6.7;VII. The Next 25 Years;132
6.8;Acknowledgments;134
6.9;References;134
7;Chapter 3: Cultivation of Stevia [Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni]: A Comprehensive Review;153
7.1;I. Introduction;154
7.2;II. Agricultural History;155
7.3;III. Agricultural Impact and Use;156
7.4;IV. Botanical Description;158
7.4.1;A. Growth Pattern;158
7.4.2;B. Plant Morphological Variation;159
7.4.3;C. Root System;159
7.4.4;D. Stem;159
7.4.5;E. Leaves;159
7.4.6;F. Flowers;160
7.4.7;G. Seeds;160
7.4.8;H. Sweet Glycoside Content in Plant Parts;161
7.5;V. Environmental Versatility;162
7.5.1;A. Geographic Distribution;165
7.5.2;B. Day Length/Photoperiod;166
7.5.3;C. Temperature;168
7.5.4;D. Light;168
7.6;VI. Cultivation;169
7.6.1;A. Seed Germination, Nursery, and Crop Establishment;169
7.6.2;B. Spacing/Crop Density;170
7.6.3;C. Vegetative Propagation;172
7.6.4;D. Nutrient Management;174
7.6.5;E. Crop-Weed Competition and Weed Management;176
7.6.6;F. Water Requirement;177
7.6.7;G. Soil Requirement;178
7.6.8;H. Harvest;178
7.6.9;I. Growth Regulators;178
7.6.10;J. Seed Production;180
7.6.11;K. Correlation Studies;180
7.6.12;L. Biotic Stresses;182
7.6.13;M. Crop Productivity;182
7.7;VII. Chemistry and Quality;183
7.8;VIII. Research Needs;184
7.9;Acknowledgments;185
7.10;References;185
8;Chapter 4: Assessing Soil Fertility Decline in the Tropics Using Soil Chemical Data;195
8.1;I. Introduction;196
8.2;II. Changes in Soil Chemical Properties;198
8.2.1;A. Additions, Removals, Transformations, and Transfers;199
8.2.2;B. Spatial Boundaries;200
8.2.3;C. Temporal Boundaries;201
8.3;III. Data Types;202
8.3.1;A. Expert Knowledge;202
8.3.2;B. The Nutrient Balance;203
8.3.3;C. Measured Change in Soil Chemical Properties: Type I Data;206
8.3.4;D. Measured Change in Soil Chemical Properties: Type II Data;207
8.3.5;E. Minimum Data Sets;207
8.4;IV. Soil Sampling, Soil Analysis, and Errors;209
8.4.1;A. Errors in Soil Sampling;209
8.4.2;B. Errors in Soil Handling and Storage;210
8.4.3;C. Errors in Soil Analysis;212
8.4.4;D. Soil Variation;213
8.5;V. Soil Chemical Changes and Nutrient Removal;216
8.5.1;A. Annual and Perennial Crops;216
8.5.2;B. Nutrients in the Roots and Crop Residues;218
8.6;VI. Presentations of Results;219
8.6.1;A. Rates of Change;222
8.6.2;B. Paired Sequential Samples;223
8.6.3;C. Bulk Density;224
8.6.4;D. Bulk Density Effects on Nutrient Stocks;225
8.7;VII. Interpretation of Results;227
8.7.1;A. Resilience and Reversibility;227
8.7.2;B. The Time-Lag Effect;229
8.7.3;C. Frequency, Period, and Time of Observation;230
8.8;VIII. Summary and Conclusions;232
8.9;Acknowledgments;233
8.10;References;233
9;Chapter 5: Nematode Interactions in Nature: Models for Sustainable Control of Nematode Pests of Crop Plants?;243
9.1;I. Introduction;244
9.2;II. Current Practices and Options in Nematode Control in Agriculture;246
9.2.1;A. Cropping Practices: Intercropping and Crop Rotation;246
9.2.2;B. Chemical Control;248
9.2.3;C. Biological Control;249
9.2.4;D. Organic Amendments and Suppressive Soils;252
9.2.5;E. Physical Control: Distance and Treatments;253
9.2.6;F. Genetically Resistant Crops;254
9.3;III. Nematodes in Natural Systems;255
9.3.1;A. Vegetation Processes: Succession, Diversity, and Invasiveness;256
9.3.2;B. Nematode Diversity, Abundance, and Dynamics in Nature: Food Web Interactions and Controls;257
9.3.3;C. From Resistance Genes to Red Queen Processes;258
9.3.4;D. Origin of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes; Impact of Agriculture and Intensification Processes;260
9.4;IV. Lessons from Looking Across the Fence;261
9.4.1;A. Theory-Driven Research Approach;261
9.4.2;B. Comparing Natural Systems, Tropical/Original Agriculture, and Intensive Agriculture;263
9.4.3;C. Biodiversity and Crop Protection;263
9.5;V. Discussions;264
9.6;VI. Conclusions;266
9.7;Acknowledgments;266
9.8;References;266
10;Chapter 6: Algorithms Determining Ammonia Emission from Buildings Housing Cattle and Pigs and from Manure Stores;277
10.1;Abbreviations;279
10.2;I. Introduction;280
10.3;II. Livestock Farming Practices;282
10.3.1;A. Housing;283
10.3.2;B. Manure Stores;284
10.3.3;C. Feedlots and Exercise Area;286
10.4;III. System Analysis;287
10.4.1;A. Nitrogen Flow;287
10.4.2;B. Ammonia and Manure;288
10.4.3;C. Concepts of Ammonia Release, Emission, and Dispersion;288
10.5;IV. Release and Transport Model;291
10.5.1;A. Sources;292
10.5.2;B. Transport of NH3 in Animal Houses;295
10.5.3;C. Transport from Unconfined Sources;300
10.5.4;D. Simple Gradient Approach;302
10.6;V. Manure Chemistry;303
10.6.1;A. Excretion;304
10.6.2;B. Urea Transformation to Ammonium;308
10.6.3;C. Transformation of N Between Inorganic and Organic Pools;309
10.6.4;D. Nitrification and Denitrification;311
10.6.5;E. pH Buffer System;313
10.6.6;F. Cation Exchange Capacity of Solid Matter in Manure;318
10.7;VI. Emission from Livestock Housing;319
10.7.1;A. Cattle Housing;319
10.7.2;B. Pig Housing;323
10.8;VII. Ammonia Emission from Outdoor Areas;329
10.8.1;A. Cattle Feedlots;329
10.8.2;B. Hardstandings;330
10.9;VIII. Emission from Outdoor Manure Stores;332
10.9.1;A. Slurry Stores;332
10.9.2;B. Solid Manure Stores;335
10.10;IX. Perspectives;337
10.11;Acknowledgments;279
10.12;References;339
11;Index;353