Abercrombie / Brachet / King Advances in Morphogenesis

Volume 9
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-1560-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 340 Seiten

Advances in Morphogenesis, Volume 9, provides an overview of the state of knowledge in morphogenesis. The book contains seven chapters and begins with a study of the interactions that occur in the morphogenesis of higher plants. This is followed by separate chapters on the regulatory mechanisms and cellular interactions in the development of annelids and mollusks; morphogenetic factors in limb ontogeny and limb regeneration; primary induction in birds; and the organogenesis and arrangement of cutaneous appendages in birds. Subsequent chapters deal with avian gastrulation and macromolecular syntheses and nucleocytoplasmic interactions in early development.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Abercrombie, M.

Brachet, Jean

King, Thomas J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Advances in Morphogenesis;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Contributors to Volume 9;10
6;CHAPTER 1. INTERVENTION OF INTERNAI CORRELATIONS IN THE MORPHOGENESIS OF HIGHER PLANTS;14
6.1;I. Introduction;15
6.2;II. The Analysis of Morphogenesis;16
6.3;III. The Organ Determination and the Organizational Role of Various Parts of the Plant;26
6.4;IV. The Morphogenetic Role of Established Organs;40
6.5;V. Correlations and Control of Integration at the Level of Terminal Meristems;57
6.6;VI. Concerning Variations in Expression of Genotypic Functions;61
6.7;VII. By Way of Conclusion;73
6.8;Acknowledgments;76
6.9;References;76
7;CHAPTER 2. CELLULAR INTERACTIONS IN THE REGULATION OF DEVELOPMENT IN ANNELIDS AND MOLLUSCS;80
7.1;I. Introduction;80
7.2;II. Descriptive Analysis;81
7.3;III. Morphogenetic Regulation;97
7.4;IV. Cellular Interactions in Mosaic Eggs;108
7.5;V. Regulation of Cephalopod Development;119
7.6;VI. Biochemical Regulation;121
7.7;VII. Evolution of Spiralian Development;126
7.8;VIII. Conclusions;130
7.9;Acknowledgments;133
7.10;References;133
8;CHAPTER 3. VERTEBRATE LIMB ONTOGENY AND LIMB REGENERATION: MORPHOGENETIC PARALLELS;140
8.1;I. Introduction;140
8.2;II. Synopsis of Morphogenetic Factors in Limb Ontogeny;141
8.3;III. Morphogenetic Factors in Limb Regeneration;145
8.4;References;159
9;CHAPTER 4. PRIMARY INDUCTION IN BIRDS;162
9.1;I. Introduction;162
9.2;II. Experimental Methods;164
9.3;III. The Topography and Chronology of Invagination of the Embryonic Endoblast and the Chordamesoblast;167
9.4;IV. Competences of the Ectoblast;170
9.5;V. Inducing Capacities of the Primitive Streak and Its Derivatives;174
9.6;VI. The Effect of Various Chemical Substances on the Inducing Capacity and the Neural Competence;178
9.7;VII. The Main Characteristics of Primary Induction;179
9.8;VIII. The Problem of Heteroinduction;184
9.9;IX. Biochemical and Ultrastructural Aspects of the Primary Induction;185
9.10;X. Concluding Remarks;188
9.11;Acknowledgments;190
9.12;References;190
10;CHAPTER 5. THE ORGANOGENESIS AND ARRANGEMENT OF CUTANEOUS APPENDAGES IN BIRDS;194
10.1;I. Introduction;194
10.2;II. Terminology;196
10.3;III. Pterylae and Apteria;197
10.4;IV. Morphogenesis of a Feather Tract: the Spinal Pteryla;210
10.5;V. Chick versus Duck and Feathers versus Scales;228
10.6;VI. Conclusion;237
10.7;VII. Summary;238
10.8;References;240
11;CHAPTER 6. AVIAN GASTRULATION;244
11.1;I. Introduction;244
11.2;II. Brief Survey of Methods;245
11.3;III. Study of the Morphogenetic Movements;247
11.4;IV. Origin, Fate, and Movements in the Lower Layer;257
11.5;V. Origin, Fate, and Movements in the Mesoblastic Layer;260
11.6;VI. Localization and Elongation of the Medullary Plate;265
11.7;VII. Progressive Stabilization of the Presumptive Fate of the Various Primordia during Gastrulation;267
11.8;VIII. Summary and Conclusions;271
11.9;Acknowledgments;273
11.10;References;273
12;CHAPTER 7. MACROMOLECULAR SYNTHESES AND NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC INTERACTIONS IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT;276
12.1;I. Introduction;276
12.2;II. Oogenesis and Maturation;280
12.3;III. Fertilization;298
12.4;IV. Cleavage;301
12.5;V. Gastrulation and Primary Induction;306
12.6;VI. The Biochemistry of Hybrids and Early Lethal Mutants;311
12.7;VII. Cytochemical Analysis of the Activity of the Chromatin during Embryonic Differentiation;314
12.8;VIII. Future Research;316
12.9;References;323
13;AUTHOR INDEX;330
14;TOPICAL INDEX;339

Leseproben

Intervention of Internal Correlations in the Morphogenesis of Higher Plants

René Nozeran

Line Bancilhon

Pierre Neville*,     Laboratoire de Morphologie Végétale Expérimentale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté des Sciences, Orsay, France

Publisher Summary

This chapter discusses the intervention of internal correlations in the morphogenesis of higher plants. A higher plant is composed of cells of various types—singly or grouped in tissues—that form the organs of the plant. At a cellular level, this implies a varied and far from random functioning of the genetic information. Each cell tends to take part in the realization of the whole through the influence of qualitative and quantitative effects from other cells, while itself influencing the direction taken by other cells. The effects of external factors on plant function affect some parts of the plant; they modify morphogenesis in an indirect manner. The existence of gradients—visible or which can be made visible at all stages and levels of organization—indicates that, in some cases at least, quantitative phenomena intervene. The life cycle of a species implies that after the phenomena of differentiation, there follow processes of dedifferentiation. The results are evident at the level of the embryo in the seed, but diverse observations and experiments show that they appear before the formation of the seed.

I  Introduction

II  The Analysis of Morphogenesis

A  In Vascular Plants: Gradients Involving the Whole Plant

B  Gradients within Organs

C  The Expression of Gradients at the Tissue Level

D  The Temporal Evolution of Gradients in an Organism

E  Some Comparable Cases in the Thallophytes, Bryophytes, and Pteridophytes

F  The Role of External Factors

III  The Organ Determination and the Organizational Role of Various Parts of the Plant

A The Rhizophore of

B  The Determination of a Type of Polymorphism in the Aerial Axes of Higher Plants: Orthotropy and Plagiotropy

C  Comparable Phenomena in the Underground Systems

D  The Determination of Specialized Organs with Defined Growth

IV  The Morphogenetic Role of Established Organs

A  The Cumulative Influences Controlling, at a Distance, Morphogenesis in the Aerial System

B  More Restricted Influences, at Short Distance, of a Determined Organ

C  A Feedback Phenomenon: the Effects of Organs or Groups of Organs on the Meristems That Formed Them

D  Correlations in the Underground System

E  Various Interactions between the Aerial and Subterranean Systems

V  Correlations and Control of Integration at the Level of Terminal Meristems

VI  Concerning Variations in Expression of Genotypic Functions

A  Self-Maintaining Processes

B  “Normal” Morphogenesis as a Partial Expression of the Total Genotypic Potential

C  Possibilities of Reversal: Some Aspects of Dedifferentiation

VII  By Way of Conclusion

References

I Introduction

Let us begin with a general statement: a higher plant is composed of cells of various types, either singly or grouped in tissues, that, acting together, form the organs of the plant, i.e., stems, roots, or leaves. At a cellular level, this implies a varied and far from random functioning of the genetic information. Each cell tends to take part in the realization of the whole through the influence of qualitative and quantitative effects from other cells, while itself influencing the direction taken by other cells. We must assume that cells, or combinations of cells, must have, on one hand, the ability to be directed by other cells, or combinations of cells, towards one particular function and, on the other hand, the ability to convey to these or to further cells messages indicating the state which they themselves have achieved. As in all organized communities, to achieve the harmonious activities that characterize the various components of the higher plant it is necessary, at every moment, that cells or combinations of cells inform each other reciprocally concerning their various functions in the construction of the individual. All parts of an organism which is in process of formation must be in constant communication with each other.

We intend to explore certain aspects of the study of these correlations in morphogenesis of higher plants. In certain areas, at least, this work has been inspired by past work on animals, but it clearly must take into account the different organization and function of the plant.

Two main means of investigation have been favored by workers in the field of vegetal morphogenesis. One tests the long-term effects of various external influences, ecological, physical, and chemical; the other analyzes the mutual influences that the different parts of a plant may have on one another in a stable environment.

Though both avenues of research may often be simultaneously exploited by an investigator, for example, by substituting a chemical substance for an excised organ, they remain clearly different directions of investigation. In one case, the reactions of the plant are studied with regard to a change which is basically foreign to it, and in the other, one approaches the interrelations between the actual parts of the plant.

Clearly, the effects of external factors on plant function must not be neglected, but, nonetheless, it is useful to emphasize that they affect some parts of the plant more than others; by this means (in disturbing the existing system of interactions) they modify morphogenesis in an indirect manner. Once this is realized, it is possible to understand the comparative lack of specificity of these factors.

The investigation and determination of these interrelating mechanisms within a plant placed in constant ecological conditions seems, at least in the present state of knowledge, the most rational approach to the problem of morphogenesis. In any event, work of this nature appears to us to be essential to open the door to more detailed investigations, particularly at a biochemical level.

II The Analysis of Morphogenesis

It goes without saying that the first step necessary toward an understanding of morphogenesis is a detailed analysis of the concept.

A In Vascular Plants: Gradients Involving the Whole Plant

Let us take the example (Fig. 1) of an intertropical herbaceous plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae, Schum. and Thonn. (Bancilhon, 1966). The formation of the young plant results from the activity of the axial meristem, which started its development within the seed. After the development of the two cotyledons, the erect orthotropic* stem generally gives rise to four assimilatory leaves with well-developed laminae, then to leaves reduced to scales. All these lateral appendages are distributed according to a phyllotaxy of 2/5 (Fig. 1B). In the axils of the cotyledons and of the first two leaves a small bud, which remains latent, develops. However, two buds form in the axils of the two last assimilatory leaves and of the scale leaves; the upper one is latent but the lower, the first to be formed, develops immediately. This development can result in quite a major growth until slowed and even halted by inhibitory factors. Apart from their difference in reaction to these factors, the latent buds and those which develop immediately have very different morphogenetic destinies. When one suppresses the inhibitory correlations (e.g., by cutting the principal axis above the point of their insertion), an upright orthotropic axis results from the latent buds, of the same type as that which formed them. In particular its phyllotaxy is 2/5. On the other hand, the buds that develop immediately have a horizontal direction of growth and their leaves, all chlorophyllous, and looking very much like the primary leaves of the erect axis, follow two orthostichies (Fig. 1C). These are the plagiotropic axes. Their growth is limited (Fig. 2A).

Fig. 1 (A) General plan of a young individual; (B) diagram of an orthotopic axis (); (C) diagram of a...