Theoretical Fundamentals, Algorithms and Applications
E-Book, Englisch, 840 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-4665-7867-8
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Standards bodies are already developing standards for energy-efficient protocols. However, research in green communications is still at an early stage, and the space of potential solutions is far from being fully explored. This book provides a comprehensive discussion of academic research and relevant applications in green communications. It aims to increase understanding of relevant issues and further the development of strategies and techniques.
Gathering efforts from world-leading experts on green topics with different focuses, such as mobile communications, wireless networks, ad hoc and sensor networks, cloud computing, optical networking, smart grids, network devices, even FPGA and terminal devices, combined with the best practices from the largest telecommunication operator, China Mobile Corporation, this book covers key features such as:
- Not only focuses on energy saving of ICT industry, but also figures out its role to help other industries reduce energy consumption
- Comprehensively covers almost all main aspects in green communications
- Includes recent advances in theoretical analysis, algorithms, and practical applications for green wired and wireless communications
- Readers do not have to be professionals in communications to understand the basic ideas in the book
This book brings green wired and wireless communications, as well as other general green topics, in one book, which will give readers a panoramic view in the relevant green fields.
Zielgruppe
Researchers and engineers in the fields of communications and electronics, postgraduate students majored in electrical engineering and other information science and technology related majors, governmental decision makers in the fields of Information and Communications Technologies.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
Runtime-Controlled Energy Reduction Techniques for FPGAs; Assem A. M. Bsoul, Stuart Dueck, and Steven J. E. Wilton
Introduction
Island-Style Field-Programmable Gate Arrays
Architecture
CAD Flow for FPGAs
Power Dissipation in VLSI
Dynamic Power
Static
Energy Reduction Techniques for FPGAs
Clock Gating
Controlled Body Biasing
Dynamic Reconfiguration
Multiple Supply Voltages
CAD Techniques
Other Techniques
Runtime-Controlled Power-Gated FPGAs
Architecture Description
Evaluation
Architecture Evaluation
Example Application
Conclusion
Smart Grid and ICT's Role in Its Evolution; Hassan Farhangi
Climate Change
Conventional Electricity Grid
Overview of Smart Grid
Smart Grid Applications
Command and Control Strategies
Smart Grid Building Blocks
Smart Grid Network Topologies
Smart Grid Communication Systems
Smart Grid ICT Future Developments
Suggested Readings
Energy Saving Solutions and Practices of China Mobile; Sen Bian, Huabin Tang, Xidong Wang, Jinsong Wu, and Zhihong Zhang, Chih-Lin I, and Bill Huang
Introduction
Energy Consumption Status and Objective of CMCC
Views on Energy Saving of Wireless Communication Devices and Systems from CMCC
Energy Saving Solutions for Wireless Networks
The High-Energy-Efficient Hardware Platform
RRUs in Distributed Base Stations
Distributed RRU Networking
Multi-Carrier Distributed Base Station
Energy Saving Advantages
Software Power-Saving Features
Intelligent Power-Saving Technology
GSM Intelligent Power-Saving System Based on Base Station Sector Switching
System Overview
Typical Power-Saving Proposals
Highly Energy-Efficient RAN Network Architecture
Energy Saving Proposals for Core Networks and Data Centers
Energy Saving of Data Center Facilities
Data Center Energy Efficiency Assessment and Optimization
The Analysis of the Main Factors Affecting Energy Efficiency
Technologies and Measures for Optimizing Energy Efficiency
The Construction of the New Generation of Green Data Center
Energy Saving of IT Equipment
Improve Equipment Efficiency Requirements
Applications of Server Virtualization
Power Management for Cloud Computing
Energy-Saving Solutions for Accessory Equipments
Energy-Saving Solutions for the Refrigeration System
Smart Ventilation System
Heat-Pipe Heat-Exchanger Unit
The Energy Saving Solutions for Backup Power Systems
Lithium Iron-Phosphate Battery
The Thermostat for Rechargeable Battery
Energy Saving Solutions Using Renewable Energy
Solar Energy Utilization for Base Stations
Base Stations Powered by Wind Energy Technologies
Standard Methodologies for Energy Efficiency Assessment; Raffaele Bolla, Roberto Bruschi, and Chiara Lombardo
Introduction
An Overview on Novel Green Network Technologies
Internet Evolution and Concern over Energy Wastes
Current Approaches and Concepts for Low-Energy Networking
Benchmarking Methodologies
ECR 3.0.1
ATIS 060015.03.2009
RFC 2544
Other Upcoming Propositions
Comparison among the Standards
Performance Evaluation
Extending Current Evaluation Methodologies
Test Results
Conclusions
Reciprocal Learning for Energy-Efficient Opportunistic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks; Xianfu Chen, Zhifeng Zhao, Honggang Zhang, Jinsong Wu, and Tao Chen
Introduction
Network Model and Problem Formulation
Distributed Learning Algorithms with Dynamic Conjectures
A Best Response Learning Method for OSA
The Best Response Strategies
Global Convergence of the Dynamic Network
OSA by Gradient Ascent Algorithms
Numerical Results
Conclusion
Green Communications for Carbon Emission Reductions: Architectures and Standards; Charles Despins, Fabrice Labeau, Richard Labelle, Mohamed Cheriet, Alberto Leon-Garcia,
and Omar Cherkaoui
Introduction
Network Architectures and Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions
Networks and Protocols
Integrated Optical-Wireless Access
Data Centers
Testbeds
Greenstar
NetVirt
SAVI
Carbon Standards for Communications Technologies
Power and Performance Measurement Challenges
Network and System Operation Challenges
The Need for Carbon Standards Adapted to Communications Technologies
Standards Development in the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Conclusion
The Role of ICT in the Evolution Towards Smart Grids; Raffaele Bolla, Flavio Cucchietti, and Matteo Repetto
Introduction
Legacy Energy Grids
The Concept of Smart Grid
Hot Topics for Smart Grids
Load Management
Wide Area Situation Awareness
Distributed Generation
Microgrids
Energy Storage
AMI Systems
Electric Vehicles
Energy Gateways
Man-Machine Interfaces
Network Management
Grid Management
Market Operations
Political and Standardization Initiatives
Policies and Directives
Europe
North America
Asia
Research Projects in Europe
Standardization Efforts
Architectures for Smart Grids
Conceptual Models of Smart Grids
Layout of the Communication System
Distributed Services and Applications
Data Models and Information Exchange
Networking
Communication Media and Technologies
Network Architectures
Local Area Networks
Home Area Networks
Access Networks
Neighborhood Area Networks
Wide Area Networks
Research Issues and Challenges for ICT
Moving a Processing Element from Hot to Cool Spots: Is This an Efficient Method to Decrease Leakage Power Consumption in FPGAs?; Amor Nafkha, Pierre Leray, Yves Louet, and Jacques Palicot
Introduction
Power Consumption Sources
Static Power
Short-Circuit Power
Dynamic Power
Dynamic Versus Static Power
Digital Thermal Sensor
Ring Oscillator vs. System Monitor
Ring Oscillator vs. FPGA VCCINT Voltage Supply
Experimental Setup
Processing Element Number 1: Random Number Generator
Processing Element Number 2: MicroBlaze
Experiments and Results
Temperature vs. Leakage Current Consumption
FPGA Temperature Analysis
Conclusion
Cloud Computing - A Greener Future for IT; Jinzy Zhu and Xing Fang
Introduction
Why IT Needs to be Green
Cloud Computing, the Future of IT
What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud Computing Classification
Cloud Computing Characteristics
Why does Cloud Computing Make IT Green?
Cloud Foundation: Green Data Center
Green Measurement, PUE
Data Center Site Selection
Datacenter Construction
Power Conversion and UPS
Cooling
Cloud Building Block: Green Hardware
Energy Saving Chip
Energy Saving Hardware
Cloud Core: Intelligent Management Software
Virtualization
Automation
Autonomic Management
Outlook to a Green Cloud Future
Energy-Effcient Management of Campus PCs; Luca Chiaraviglio and Marco Mellia
Introduction
Motivations
Reducing PCs Power Consumption: Why Now?
Impact of PCs Power in Campus Environments
Monitoring PC Usage
Methodology
Results
Active Devices vs. Energy Consumption
Device Classification
Energy Consumption of Networked Devices
Characterization of Users' Habit
Discussion
Reducing PC Energy Consumption
PoliSave Architecture
Client Architecture
Server Architecture
Communication Protocols
Discussion and Implementation Issues
Results
Testbed Description
Minimizing the Number of PCs On
Automatic vs. Manual Operations
Different Users' Profiles
Users' Characterization
Discussion
Related Work
Conclusion
FOCUS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
C-RAN: A Green RAN Framework; Kuilin (Clark) Chen, Chunfeng Cui, Yuhong Huang, and Bill Huang
Introduction
Challenges of Today's RAN
Explosive Network Data Traffic
Large Number of BS and High Power Consumption
Rapid Increasing CAPEX and OPEX
Dynamic Mobile Network Load
Growing Internet Service Pressure on the Core Network
Architecture of C-RAN
Overall Concept
Different Technical Approaches
Advantages of C-RAN
Energy Efficient Perspective
RAN Cost Structure Optimization Perspective
Enhanced Network Performance Perspective
Service on the Edge
Challenges of C-RAN
Efficient Transmission of Radio over Optical Transport Networks
Cooperative Transmission and Reception on C-RAN
Real-time Cloud and BS Virtualization
Performance and Power Challenge of SDR on General Purpose Processor
China Mobile's View on RAN Evolution Path
Trials on GSM/TD-SCDMA Network
Overall Situation
Field Trial Area
Overall Solution
Progress in C-RAN PoC system
Potential Evolution Path
C-RAN Centralized Base Station Deployment
Multi-Standard SDR and Joint Signal Processing
Virtual BS on Real-time Cloud Infrastructure
Conclusions
Green Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks; Ting Zhu, Abedelaziz Mohaisen, Ping Yi, and Jianqing Ma
Introduction
Energy Harvesting Techniques
Energy Conservation Techniques
Energy Synchronization Techniques
A Feedback-Based Energy Synchronization Control
An Energy Synchronized Communication Protocol
Green Wireless Communications under Quality of Service Constraints; Deli Qiao, Mustafa Cenk Gursoy, and Senem Velipasalar
Introduction
Preliminaries - Effective Capacity and Energy Per Information Bit
Effective Capacity
Spectral Efficiency vs. Bit Energy
Variable-Rate/Variable-Power and Variable-Rate/Fixed-Power Transmissions
Channel Model
Energy Efficiency in the Low-Power Regime
CSI at the Receiver Only
CSI at Both the Transmitter and Receiver
Energy Efficiency in the Wideband Regime
CSI at the Receiver Only
CSI at Both the Transmitter and Receiver
Fixed-Rate/Fixed-Power Transmissions
Channel Model
Energy Efficiency in the Wideband Regime
Energy Efficiency In The Low-Power Regime
Transmissions over Imperfectly-Known Wireless Channels
Training and Data Transmission Phases
Training Phase
Data Transmission Phase and Capacity Lower Bound
Fixed-Rate Transmission and ON-OFF Model
Optimal Training Power
Energy Efficiency in the Low-Power Regime
Energy Efficiency in the Wideband Regime
Decomposing the Wideband Channel into Narrowband Subchannels
Rich and Sparse Multipath Fading Scenarios
Conclusion
On the Energy Efficiency-Spectral Efficiency Trade-off in Cellular Systems; Fabien Heliot, Efstathios Katranaras, Oluwakayode Onireti, and Muhammad Ali Imran
Introduction
Background Literature
Spectral Efficiency
Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficiency-Spectral Efficiency Trade-Off
Explicit Formulation vs. Approximation
Low-Power Approximation Approach
EE-SE Closed-Form Approximation
Idealistic vs. Realistic Power Consumption Model
Limitations on the Idealistic Power Model
Realistic Power Model Perspective
Power Model Mathematical Framework
EE-SE Trade-Off on a Link
AWGN Channel
Deterministic Channel with Colored Gaussian Noise
Ergodic Rayleigh Fading Channel
Channel Capacity: CFE vs. CFA
CFA of the MIMO EE-SE Trade-Off
CFA of the SISO EE-SE Trade-Off
Accuracy of the CFAs: Numerical Results
MIMO vs. SISO: An Energy Efficiency Analysis
MIMO vs. SISO EE Gain: Idealistic PCM
MIMO vs. SISO EE Gain: Realistic PCM
EE-SE Trade-Off in a Cell
SISO Orthogonal Multi-User Channel
SISO Multi-User Channel with Residual Interference
EE-Based Resource Allocation
Single User Optimal EE
EE vs. SE Resource Allocation
EE-SE Trade-Off in Cellular Systems
The Key Role of CoMP in Cellular Systems
Relevant Background on CoMP
Power Model Implications
Backhaul
Signal Processing
Global Cooperation: CFA of EE-SE Trade-Off
EE-SE Analysis of the Symmetrical Cellular Model
Clustered CoMP: The Transmit EE-SE Relationship
Conclusion and Outlook
Energy Savings for Mobile Communication Networks through Dynamic Spectrum and Traffic Load Management; Adnan Aijaz, Oliver Holland, Paul Pangalos, Hamid Aghvami, and Hanna Bogucka
Background
Dynamic Spectrum and Traffic Load Management
Power Saving by Dynamically Powering Down Radio Network Equipment
Cellular - Cellular Offloading
Cellular - Wi-Fi Offloading
Cellular - White-Fi Offloading
Power Saving by Propagation Improvement
Power Saving by Channel Bandwidth Increase or Better Balancing
Performance Assessment
Power Saving by Dynamically Powering Down Radio Network Equipment
Cellular - Cellular Offloading
Cellular - Wi-Fi Offloading
Cellular - White-Fi Offloading
Power Saving by Propagation Improvement
Power Saving by Channel Bandwidth Increase or Better Balancing
Conclusion
Toward Energy-Efficient Operation of Base Stations in Cellular Wireless Networks; Kyuho Son, Hongseok Kim, Yung Yi, and Bhaskar Krishnamachari
Introduction
Overview of Green Cellular Network Design
Energy-Aware Heterogeneous Deployment
Micro Base Station Deployment Strategy
System Model
Problem Formulation
Key Observations and Algorithm
Numerical Results
Deployment Structure: Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous
System Model
Problem Formulation
Optimal Area Power Consumption vs. Target 10-Percentile Area Throughput
Base Station On/Off and User Association
A Quantitative Case Study
System Model and Formulation
Energy-Efficient User Association
Traffic-Driven Base Station On/Off
Greedy Turning on Algorithm
Design Rationale
Greedy Turning off Algorithm
Discussion: GON and GOFF
Interpretation
Other Heuristic Algorithms
Numerical Results
Energy-Delay Tradeoff for Energy-Proportional BSs
Energy-Delay Tradeoff for Non-Energy-Proportional BSs
Effect of BS Density on Energy Savings
Other Issues and Discussions
Open Problems and Other Directions Towards Green Cellular Networks
Ongoing Projects and Consortiums
Green Wireless Access Networks; Istvan Godor & Pal Frenger, Oliver Blume, Hauke Holtkamp, Muhammad Imran, Attila Vidacs & Peter Fazekas, Dario Sabella, Emilio Calvanese Strinati & Rohit Gupta, Pekka Pirinen, and Albrecht Fehske
Introduction
Motivation
Energy Efficiency and Network Technologies
Energy Efficiency Evaluation Framework
Cell Deployment Strategies
Macro Cell Deployment
Heterogeneous Cell Deployment
Relaying Techniques
Relaying Schemes
Two Hop vs. Multicast Cooperative Relaying
Hybrid Schemes for Two Hop Relaying
Multi-RAT Deployment
Aspects of LTE Roll-Out over Legacy Networks
Topology Planning In Multi-RAT Environment
Comparison of LTE and Legacy Networks
Base Station Coordination and Cooperation
Fractional Frequency Reuse
Cooperating Base Stations
Adaptive Network Reconfiguration
Bandwidth Adaptation
Multi-RAT Management
Radio Resource Management
Theoretical Considerations
High Load Scheduling
Low Load Scheduling
Hardware Optimal Scheduling
Complementary Research Activities for Access Networks
Operator Cooperation
Management of WLANs
Hardware Techniques
Future Architectures
De-coupling of System Information and User Data
Coverage Extension by Multihop Relaying
Network Coding
Summary and Outlook
Energy Efficient Communications in MIMO Wireless Channels; Vineeth S. Varma, E. Veronica Belmega, Samson Lasaulce and Merouane Debbah
Introduction
On the Design of Energy-Efficient MIMO Single-User Communications
General De nition of the Energy-Efficiency Performance Criterion
Optimizing the Total Transmit Power and Power Allocation in MIMO Channels with Perfect CSI
Static Links
Fast Fading Links
Slow Fading Links
Energy Efficient Communication in MIMO Channels with Imperfect CSI
Power Control
Optimizing Training Sequence Length
Optimizing the Number of Transmit Antennas
Cross Layer Design in Energy-Efficient Communications
On the Design of Energy-Efficient MIMO Multi-User Communications
A Discussion on the Performance Criterion
Power Control in Multi-Carrier CDMA Systems
The Case of Specific Transmitter and Receiver Structures, Multiplexing and Diversity Gain
Non-Cooperative Resource Allocation in Multi-User MIMO Systems
Optimizing Transmit Power with a Matched Filter
Optimizing the Choice of Linear Receiver
Optimizing the Beamforming Vector
Concluding Remarks and Open Issues
Glossary
Minimising Power Consumption to Achieve More Efficient Green Cellular Radio Base Station Designs; John S. Thompson, Peter M. Grant, Simon Fletcher, and Tim O'Farrell
Introduction
Explosive Traffic Growth
Cellular Scenarios
Energy Metrics
Energy Reduction Techniques for High Traffic Load Scenarios
Energy Reduction Techniques for Low Traffic Load Scenarios
Other Energy Reduction Techniques
Conclusion
Energy Conservation of Mobile Terminals in Multi-cell TDMA Networks; Liqun Fu, Hongseok Kim, Jianwei Huang, Soung Chang Liew, and Mung Chiang
Introduction
Challenges and Our Solution
Related Work
System Model
Power Consumption Model
Inter-Cell Interference
Dynamic User Sessions
Problem Formulation and Decoupling Property
Power Minimization in Multi-Cell Networks
Intra-Cell Average Power Minimization
Decoupling Property
The DSP Algorithm
DSP Algorithm When d = 0
DSP Algorithm When d > 0
Simulation results
Power Consumption Improvement
Reduction of the Inter-Cell Interference Power Level
Convergence Performance
Potential Research Directions
Conclusion
Energy Efficiency for Wireless Relay Systems; Jinho Choi, Duc To, Weixi Xing, Ye Wu, and Shugong Xu
Introduction
Background
HARQ and Energy-Delay Tradeoff
Wireless Relay Systems
One-Way Relay Systems
EDT with Amplify-and-Forward Protocol
EDT with Decode-and-Forward Protocol
Analysis and Numerical Results
Two-Way Relay systems
EDT with Analog Network Coding
EDT with Physical-Layer Network Coding
Analysis and Numerical Results
Conclusions
Holistic Approach to Green Wireless Communications Based on Multicarrier Technologies; Hanna Bogucka, Adrian Kliks, Pawe l Kryszkiewicz, and Oliver Holland
Introduction
Efficient Use of Natural Resources in Wireless Multicarrier
Energy-and-Spectrum Efficient OFDM Adaptive Transmission
OFDM Energy-Wastage Minimization
Reducing the Electromagnetic Pollution
OFDM Out-of-Band Radiation Reduction
Holistic View On Reduction of Non-Linear Distortions In OFDM
Spectrum Recycling in Future Multicarrier
NC-OFDM Spectrum Access with Taxation
Concluding Remarks
Green Video Streaming over Cellular Networks; Yingsong Huang, Shiwen Mao, and Yihan Li
Introduction
Green Video Communications
Video Communication System Overview
Energy Efficiency in Video Coding
Energy Efficiency in Video Transmission
Joint Video Coding and Transmission Design
Video over Emerging Wireless Networks
Energy Efficient Downlink VBR Video Streaming
Overview
System Model
Network and Video Source Model
Power-Aware Transmission Scheduling
Inequality and Theory of Majorization
Majorization Preliminaries
Schur-convexity of Problem (23.10)
Power Allocation Algorithms
Optimal Algorithm for Problem (23.10)
Power Minimization Algorithm
Optimality Proof
Multiuser Video Transmissions
Performance Evaluation
Conclusion and Future Directions
FOCUS ON WIRELINE COMMUNICATIONS
Trading off Energy and Forwarding Performance in Next-Generation Network Devices; Raffaele Bolla, Roberto Bruschi, Franco Davoli, and Paolo Lago
Introduction
The Devices' Internal Sources of Energy Consumption
Power Scaling Techniques
A Theoretical Model of the Trade-Off Between Energy Consumption and Quality of Service
Introducing Energy-Aware Parameters
The Traffic Arrival Process Model
The Queuing System Model
Model Validation
Conclusions
Energy Efficient VI Planning over Converged Optical Network and IT Resources; Anna Tzanakaki, Markos Anastasopoulos, Konstantinos Georgakilas, Shuping Peng, Reja Nejabati, Eduard Escalona, and Dimitra Simeonidou
Introduction
Energy Consumption Models for the Physical Infrastructure
Optical Network Elements
Energy Consumption Models for Computing Resources
Energy Aware VI Planning
VI Problem Formulation
VI Planning With Resilience Considerations
Numerical Results and Comparisons
Conclusions
Energy Aware Techniques In IP-Over-WDM Backbone Networks; Antonio Cianfrani, Angelo Coiro, Vincenzo Eramo, and Marco Listanti
Introduction
Power Aware Network Topology Design
Power Aware Virtual Topology Design (PA-VTD)
Power Aware Routing and Wavelength Assignment (PA-RWA)
Energy Aware Traffic Engineering
EA-TE Overlay Strategies
EA-TE Integrated Strategies
Energy-Aware Network Management and Content Distribution; Luca Chiaraviglio and Ibrahim Matta
Introduction
Problem Formulation
Classical Design
Centralized Green Model
Distributed Algorithms
Dual Green Algorithm
Benders Green Algorithm
Performance Evaluation
Centralized Model
Impact of Cooperation
Impact of QoS Constraints
Impact of CP Location
Distributed Algorithms
Comparison
Sensitivity Analysis
Discussion
Related Work
Conclusions
Energy Saving Strategies in Fixed Access Networks; Bjorn Skubic, Alexander Lindstrom, Einar In de Betou, Ioanna Pappa
Introduction
Technology
Equipment Models
System Specific Contributions
Per-Line Comparison
Architecture
Dynamic Power Management
Sleep Mode
Conclusions
Glossary
Index
