Woodward Integrative Ecology

From Molecules to Ecosystems
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-12-385006-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 43, 348 Seiten

Reihe: Advances in Ecological Research

This thematic volume represents an important and exciting benchmark in the study of integrative ecology, synthesizing and showcasing current research and highlighting future directions for the development of the field. - Updates and informs the reader on the latest research findings - Written by leading experts in the field - Highlights areas for future investigation

Autoren/Hrsg.

Woodward, Guy

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Advances in: Ecological Research;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Contributors to Volume 43;14
6;Preface;16
6.1;References;18
7;Chapter 1: Hutchinson Reversed, or Why There Need to Be So Many Species;20
7.1;Summary;20
7.2;I. Introduction;21
7.3;II. Peculiarities of the Plankton;23
7.4;III. Dispersal Limitation in the Plankton;26
7.5;IV. Present Evidence for B-EF Relationships in the Plankton;31
7.5.1;A. Primary Production and Resource Use;31
7.5.2;B. Resource Use in Heterotrophic Bacteria;31
7.5.3;C. Secondary Production and Trophic Interactions;32
7.5.4;D. Underyielding and Superspecies;33
7.6;V. Mechanisms Underlying Pelagic B-EF Relationships;34
7.6.1;A. Environmental and Trait Dimensionality;34
7.6.2;B. Productivity–Environmental and Trait Dimensionality;39
7.6.3;C. Spectral Coexistence and Stoichiometry;43
7.6.4;D. Stoichiometry of Ecosystem Functioning;45
7.7;VI. Outlook and Conclusions;50
7.8;Acknowledgments;52
7.9;Appendix Ptacnik, Moorthi and Hillebrand: Hutchinson Reversed or Why There Need to be so Many Species;52
7.10;References;52
8;Chapter 2: When Microscopic Organisms Inform General Ecological Theory;64
8.1;Summary;64
8.2;I. Introduction;65
8.3;II. Examples from the Literature: When Small Organisms have Informed General Ecological Theory;76
8.3.1;A. Population, Assemblage and Community Theories;78
8.3.2;B. Higher Level and Synthetic Theories;79
8.4;III. Case Studies: Do Small Worlds Represent Larger Worlds?;80
8.4.1;A. Temperature-Size Rule;81
8.4.2;B. Allometric Scaling of Abundance: Do Protozoansand Metazoans Show the Same Patterns?;86
8.4.3;C. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning;91
8.5;IV. Conclusions;94
8.6;Acknowledgments;96
8.7;Appendix;96
8.8;References;96
9;Chapter 3: Systems Biology for Ecology:...;106
9.1;Summary;107
9.2;I. Introduction;107
9.2.1;A. Towards a Systems Biology for Ecology?;107
9.2.2;B. The Microbial Black Box;110
9.3;II. A Brief History of Molecular Microbial Ecology;111
9.3.1;A. Characterising Diversity, Abundance andFunctional Traits;111
9.3.2;B. Genomics and Post Genomics in Microbial Ecology;114
9.4;III. Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies;115
9.4.1;A. A New Paradigm;115
9.4.2;B. 454 Pyrosequencing (Roche);119
9.4.3;C. Illumina Genome Analyzer;119
9.4.4;D. HeliScope;125
9.4.5;E. SOLiD (Life/Applied Biosystems);127
9.4.6;F. SMRT Technology (Pacific Biosciences);127
9.4.7;G. Improving Analysis of Multiple Samples andIncreasing Read Length in NGS Runs;129
9.5;IV. Genome Sequencing: Functional Diversity in Ecology;132
9.6;V. Transcriptomics: Functional Expression;133
9.7;VI. Application of Sequencing in Ecology;134
9.7.1;A. Unveiling the Planet’s Hidden Biodiversity;134
9.7.2;B. Four Ecological Metagenomic Case Studies;135
9.7.3;C. Moving Beyond Traditional Metagenomics;138
9.7.4;D. Next-Generation Sequencing and Biodiversity;138
9.8;VII. Linking Across Multiple Levels of Organisation: The Key to Understanding the System;141
9.8.1;A. Scaling from Molecules to Ecosystems;141
9.8.2;B. Linking Microbial Community Structure and EcosystemFunctioning;142
9.8.3;C. New Questions in Ecology: Opening the MicrobialBlack Box.;144
9.8.4;D. Functional Redundancy: Do Species Matter?;146
9.8.5;E. Beyond Bacteria: Opening the Eukaryotic Black Box;147
9.8.6;F. Food Webs: Identifying the Missing Links;147
9.8.7;G. NGS and the Link Between Ecology and Evolution;151
9.9;VIII. Socioeconomic Applications: Ecosystem Goods and Services and Bioprospecting;152
9.10;IX. Conclusions;153
9.11;Acknowledgments;154
9.12;References;154
10;Chapter 4: Assessing the Contribution of Micro-Organisms and Macrofauna to Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Relatio;170
10.1;Summary;170
10.2;I. Introduction;171
10.3;II. Material and Methods;174
10.3.1;A. Organisms and Set-Up;174
10.3.2;B. Biomass Determination and Response Variables;176
10.3.3;C. Predictors;177
10.3.4;D. Statistical Analysis;178
10.4;III. Results;179
10.4.1;A. Mono-Cultures;179
10.4.2;B. Richness Effect, Additive Performance and AssemblageIdentity Effects;181
10.4.3;C. Shredder Biomass and Whole Assemblage Metabolism asExplanatory Variables;183
10.5;IV. Discussion;185
10.5.1;A. Species Richness, Identity and Metabolism as Driversof B–EF Relationships;185
10.5.2;B. The Roles of Invertebrates and Fungi in DecompositionProcesses;186
10.5.3;C. Interactions Between Decomposers;188
10.5.4;D. Conclusions;190
10.6;Acknowledgments;190
10.7;Appendix;190
10.8;References;191
11;Chapter 5: Environmental Warming and Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning in Freshwater Microcosms...;196
11.1;Summary;197
11.2;I. Introduction;197
11.2.1;A. Climate Change and Biodiversity–EcosystemFunctioning Relationships;197
11.2.2;B. Temperature and Body Size as Drivers of B–EFRelationships;199
11.2.3;C. Local and Regional Effects of Climate Changeon B–EF Relationships;200
11.3;II. Methods;201
11.3.1;A. Study Organisms;201
11.3.2;B. Laboratory Experiments;201
11.3.3;C. Predictor Variables;204
11.3.4;D. Response Variables;205
11.3.5;E. Statistical Methods;206
11.4;III. Results;207
11.4.1;A. Microbial-Only Mediated Leaf Decomposition;207
11.4.2;B. Differences Between Consumers;207
11.4.3;C. Leaf Decomposition: Within Regions;209
11.4.4;D. Leaf Decomposition: Across Regions;210
11.4.5;E. LPE: Within Regions;211
11.4.6;F. LPE: Across Regions;213
11.5;IV. Discussion;213
11.5.1;A. Drivers of Ecosystem Functioning;213
11.5.2;B. Species Richness and Identity Effects;215
11.5.3;C. Incorporating Metabolic Constraints in B–EFExperiments;216
11.6;V. Conclusion;217
11.7;Acknowledgments;218
11.8;Appendix I. Water nutrient comparison across regions;218
11.9;Appendix II. Intraspecific body mass-metabolism relationships for freshwater invertebrates;219
11.10;Appendix III. Testing the validity of MC calculations and deriving an empirical normalisation constant for Eq.-3;220
11.11;Appendix IV. Temperature dependence of leaf decomposition: Comparing intra- and interspecific relationships and expected value;222
11.12;Appendix V. Results for microbial-only treatments;222
11.13;Appendix VI. ANOVA with factor "Richness" retained;223
11.14;References;223
12;Chapter 6: Individual-Based Food Webs;230
12.1;I. Introduction;231
12.1.1;A. Recent Advances in Food Web Data and Theory;231
12.1.2;B. Species Identity and Body Size as Determinantsof Food Web Structure;234
12.1.3;C. Identifying the Relevant Entities and SuitableMeasures of Body Size;236
12.1.4;D. Coupling Size- and Species-Based Approacheswith Individual-Level Data;237
12.2;II. Methods and Study Sites;239
12.2.1;A. Study Sites and Empirical Data Collection;239
12.2.2;B. Construction of the Food Webs;243
12.2.3;C. Modelling and Analyses;243
12.3;III. Results;244
12.3.1;A. General Properties of Empirical Food Webs andComparisons Between Models and Data;244
12.3.2;B. Specific Properties of Each Empirical Food Web andComparisons Between Models and Data;246
12.3.3;C. Seasonal and Ontogenetic Shifts Within the BroadstoneStream Food Web;264
12.4;IV. Discussion;267
12.4.1;A. Size-Based and Species-Based Food Webs;267
12.4.2;B. Understanding the High Explanatory Power ofthe ADBM;271
12.4.3;C. Explaining ‘Missing’ and ‘Unlikely’ Links;272
12.4.4;D. Seasonal and Ontogenetic Effects;274
12.4.5;E. Implications, Caveats, and Future Directions;275
12.5;Acknowledgments;278
12.6;Electronic Appendices;278
12.7;References;279
13;Chapter 7: The Temperature Dependence of the Carbon Cycle in Aquatic Ecosystems;286
13.1;Summary;287
13.2;I. Introduction;287
13.2.1;A. The Ecological Consequences of Global Warming;287
13.2.2;B. Carbon Cycling Within an Ecosystem:A Tractable Model;290
13.2.3;C. Predicting the Effects of Warming: Combining Theory,Experiments and Empirical Data;293
13.2.4;D. Aims of the Study;295
13.3;II. Theoretical Framework;295
13.3.1;A. Carbon Fluxes at the Individual-Level;295
13.3.2;B. Relating Individual-Level Fluxes to Ecosystem Processes:The Temperature Dependence of the AquaticCarbon Cycle;296
13.3.3;C. Relating Individual-Level Fluxes to Ecosystem Processes:The Carbon Balance;300
13.4;III. Materials and Methods;301
13.4.1;A. Study Site and Experimental Design;301
13.4.2;B. Measuring Primary Production and Respiration;302
13.4.3;C. Measuring Methane Efflux;303
13.4.4;D. Dissolved Methane;304
13.4.5;E. Statistical Analyses;305
13.4.6;F. Literature Data Compilation and Meta-Analysis;305
13.5;IV. Results;306
13.5.1;A. Ecosystem-Level Carbon Fluxes: Experimental Tests;306
13.5.2;B. Ecosystem-Level Carbon Fluxes: Meta-Analysis ofField Survey Data;309
13.5.3;C. The Carbon Balance;311
13.6;V. Discussion;316
13.6.1;A. The Temperature Dependence of the Key Componentsof the Carbon Cycle;316
13.6.2;B. The Carbon Balance of Aquatic Ecosystems;321
13.6.3;C. Conclusions, Caveats and Further Study;322
13.7;Acknowledgments;324
13.8;Appendix I. Potential confounding variables and supplementary information;324
13.9;References;328
13.10;Advances in Ecological Research Volume 1–43: Cumulative List of Titles;342