Processes and Procedures
E-Book, Englisch, 496 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-351-66261-1
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
Preface
Author
The Concept.
Principles of Retracement
Conditions for the Rule to Apply
Title Issues.
Definitions
When There Is Ambiguity?
The Void Instrument
Corners, Lines, and Surveys.
Types of Corners and Their Definitions
Types of Lines
True Line
Types of Surveys
Other Categories of Survey
What If There Are No Actual "Footsteps?"
Early Curt Decision
Not limited to Public Land Survey States
Early Guidance in Textbook
Protracted Boundaries.
Definition
Protraction outside the PLSS
What to Do about Protracted Lines
Types of Protractions
Lines from Other Surveys
The Unmarked Line
Guidance
Protraction in the PLSS
Additional Footsteps
Which Set of Footsteps Is Which?
Wrong Set of Footsteps
Who Left the Footsteps?
Learning from Field Notes
Admissibility of Field Notes
Discrepancy between Field Notes and Plat
Passing Calls
Principles Concerning Field Notes
Misleading Evidence in Field Notes
Ambiguity in the Field Notes
Figures, Numbers, and Symbols.
Types of Survey
Problems with Directions
By the Needle
Definition of Course
Which Meridian
Type of Compass Used
Declination
Impact on Successful Corner Location
Local Attraction
Directions Given in Reverse Order
Problems with Distances
Actual Survey versus Paper Survey
Problems with Mathematics
Resolving/Reconciling Errors.
Land Surveying as an Art
Errors in Measurements
Errors
Discrepancies
Errors of Closure
Random Errors
Index Errors
Personal Errors
Natural Errors
Systematic Errors
Accidental Errors
Computational Errors
Mistakes
Total Error
Reliability
Lower Precision Surveys
Measure of Precision
Errors in the Collection of Data
Errors in Reporting Data
Words from the Courts
Summary of the View by the Courts on the Subject of Surveys and Their Errors
The Early Surveys in Hawaii
Course and Distance in Perspective
Recognizing What Was Left Behind.
Evidence
Tree Names
Blazed Tree
Witness Trees
Scribe Marks
Tree Rings
Wooden Posts
Wooden Stakes and Their Remains
Stake and Stones
Pits and Mounds
Other Witnesses
Bearing Trees and Bearing Objects
Memorials
Mounds of Stone
Pits
Accessories to Special-Purpose Monuments
Boundary Agreements.
Statute Law in New Hampshire
Adverse Possession
Acquiescence
Establishment of Boundary by Acquiescence
Estoppel
Parol Agreement
Effect of Statute of Frauds
Necessity for Uncertainty or Dispute as to Location of Boundary Agreement upon a Definite Line
Practical Location of Boundary
Statute of Frauds
Not Meeting the Basic Requirement
Consentable Lines
Conditional Lines
Recognition and Acquiescence
Proper Procedure.
Procedure.
Government Procedure, Manual of Surveying Instructions.
The Ideal Line.
The Lost Corner.
What If the Corner Is Truly Gone?
Procedure
Parol Evidence and Reputation
Newly Discovered Evidence
Not Getting It Right Only Invites Future Problems.
Nonfederal Rectangular Surveys.
Beginnings in the New World
Division by Half
Division by Area
Idiosyncrasies within the System
Bounding Descriptions
Proprietors’ Records
Other States
Kentucky: The Jackson Purchase
Tennessee Surveyors Districts
The French System of Longlots
Louisiana
Texas
Longlots in Other Areas
Lottings in Georgia
Military Grants
Special Grants
In Summary
Resolving Overlapping Grants.
Seniority of Title
Recent Decisions
Opinion
Forensic Applications.
Definition
The Value of Historical Knowledge and Research
The Value of a Complete and Thorough Investigation
Modern Tools
What Forensic Science Can Do Outside of the Criminal Environment
References
Appendix 1: List of Significant Cases on Following Footsteps, by State
Appendix 2: Lost Corners, by State
Final Thoughts
Table of Authorities
