Weinand | Implementing the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive | E-Book | sack.de
E-Book

E-Book, Englisch, Band 13, 844 Seiten, Format (B × H): 153 mm x 227 mm

Reihe: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Weinand Implementing the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive


Selected issues in the regulation of AVMS by national media authorities of France, Germany and the UK

E-Book, Englisch, Band 13, 844 Seiten, Format (B × H): 153 mm x 227 mm

Reihe: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

ISBN: 978-3-8452-8247-3
Verlag: Nomos
Format: PDF
 Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

In light of continuing media convergence, the present volume critically examines the EU's legal framework for audiovisual media services. To this end, it analyses measures taken by the French, German and British national regulatory authorities to implement and apply a certain number of rules set out in the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD). It focuses in particular on the rules defining the Directive’s scope of application and those protecting minors in an on-demand environment. This book pinpoints the similarities and differences of national regulatory processes, from which it derives best practices, and it takes a clear position in the current debate on the revision of the AVMSD, offering concrete suggestions for the future design of the EU legal framework for audiovisual media services.
Weinand Implementing the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive jetzt bestellen!

Autoren/Hrsg.

Weinand, Jenny

Fachgebiete

Weitere Infos & Material

1;Cover;1
2; Introduction;29
2.1; A. The raison d’être of this study;29
2.1.1; I. Context;29
2.1.2; II. Rationale;34
2.1.3; III. State of the art;35
2.1.4; IV. Methodology and scope;38
2.1.5; V. Outline;40
2.2; B. The phenomenon of media convergence;41
2.2.1; I. Conceptualising media convergence;41
2.2.2; II. The EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive in light of Connected TV;46
3; Chapter 1. The regulation of audiovisual media services;49
3.1; A. The fundamental right of freedom of expression as a justification for regulating audiovisual media services;50
3.1.1; I. The freedom of expression and information;51
3.1.2; II. An area of tension between fundamental rights and fundamental freedoms;56
3.1.2.1; 1. Free movement of services;57
3.1.2.2; 2. Other fundamental rights;62
3.2; B. Regulation by the Member States;65
3.3; C. Regulation by the European Union;70
3.3.1; I. The rationale for regulating the EU audiovisual media services market;71
3.3.2; II. The genesis of the Directive;76
3.3.2.1; 1. From the 1984 Green Paper to the 1989 Television Without Frontiers Directive;76
3.3.2.2; 2. First revision: the 1997 TWFD;86
3.3.2.3; 3. Second revision: the 2007 Audiovisual Media Services Directive;94
3.3.2.3.1; a) Developments prior to the adoption of the AVMSD;94
3.3.2.3.2; b) The AVMSD and its scope of application;101
3.3.2.3.3; c) The substantive changes brought by the AVMSD;107
3.3.2.3.4; d) Another revision in light of media convergence;114
3.4; D. “Regulation” by the Council of Europe;123
3.4.1; I. The 1989 Convention on Transfrontier Television;123
3.4.2; II. A Failed reform: the draft Convention on Transfrontier Audiovisual Media Services;127
4; Chapter 2. Regulatory models;134
4.1; A. The concept of regulation and the reasons for regulating;135
4.1.1; I. Conceptualising regulation;135
4.1.2; II. Theories of regulation;138
4.2; B. Models of regulation;142
4.2.1; I. State regulation;142
4.2.2; II. Alternative regulatory strategies;146
4.2.2.1; 1. Self-regulation;147
4.2.2.1.1; a) Conceptualising self-regulation;147
4.2.2.1.2; b) Advantages of self-regulation;151
4.2.2.1.3; c) Disadvantages of self-regulation;153
4.2.2.1.4; d) Remedies;156
4.2.2.2; 2. Co-regulation;158
4.2.2.2.1; a) Conceptualising co-regulation;158
4.2.2.2.2; b) Advantages and disadvantages of co-regulation;160
4.2.2.3; 3. Regulatory choice;162
4.2.2.4; 4. Co- and self-regulation as policy instruments of the European Union;164
4.2.2.5; 5. Co- and self-regulation promoted by the AVMSD;166
4.2.2.6; 6. Other alternative regulatory strategies;173
5; Chapter 3. The national media authorities of the UK, Germany and France;177
5.1; A. The UK media authorities;179
5.1.1; I. Fundamental rights protection in the UK;182
5.1.2; II. Legal sources;183
5.1.3; III. The UK regulatory framework for the media;186
5.1.3.1; 1. The Office of Communications;186
5.1.3.1.1; a) The creation of the “super-regulator” Ofcom;186
5.1.3.1.2; b) Functions;189
5.1.3.1.3; c) Composition and funding;192
5.1.3.1.4; d) Broadcast regulation;195
5.1.3.2; 2. The Authority for Television On-Demand;199
5.1.3.2.1; a) The UK Government: paving the way for co-regulation of VOD services;199
5.1.3.2.2; b) Ofcom: setting the starting block for co-regulation of VOD services;203
5.1.3.2.3; c) ATVOD: from self- to co-regulator for VOD services;207
5.1.3.2.4; d) Termination of ATVOD’s co-regulatory role;213
5.1.3.2.5; e) Future regulation of VOD services by Ofcom;216
5.1.3.3; 3. Other regulatory bodies;219
5.2; B. The German media authorities;222
5.2.1; I. The role of constitutional law and the Federal Constitutional Court’s jurisprudence;226
5.2.2; II. Legal sources;233
5.2.3; III. State media authorities;240
5.2.3.1; 1. Functions;240
5.2.3.2; 2. Composition and funding;242
5.2.3.3; 3. Supra-state bodies;246
5.2.4; IV. Regulated self-regulation of the protection of minors in audiovisual media;248
5.2.4.1; 1. The legal framework: background and rationale;248
5.2.4.2; 2. The regulatory bodies for the protection of minors;252
5.2.4.2.1; a) The Commission for the Protection of Minors;252
5.2.4.2.2; b) Organisations of voluntary self-regulation;255
5.3; C. The French media authority;263
5.3.1; I. Protection of the freedom of communication by the French Constitutional Council;266
5.3.2; II. Legal sources;269
5.3.2.1; 1. Ordinary legislation;269
5.3.2.2; 2. Decrees;272
5.3.3; III. The French regulatory framework;276
5.3.3.1; 1. The genesis of an independent regulator;276
5.3.3.2; 2. Functions;280
5.3.3.3; 3. Composition and funding;286
5.4; D. Summary;290
6; Chapter 4. The UK, German and French regulators’ approaches to the notion of an on-demand audiovisual media service;292
6.1; A. The material scope of application of the AVMSD;292
6.1.1; I. Linear and non-linear audiovisual media services;293
6.1.2; II. The guidance contained in the preamble of the AVMSD;297
6.1.3; III. The interpretation of recital 28 AVMSD: the case of New Media Online;299
6.1.3.1; 1. Advocate General Szpunar’s assertion that “we all know what a horse is”;301
6.1.3.2; 2. The CJEU’s decision that a newspaper sub-site may fall under the AVMSD;309
6.2; B. The notion of an on-demand programme service in the UK;315
6.2.1; I. The legal definition of an on-demand programme service;316
6.2.2; II. Ofcom’s research into audience attitudes;318
6.2.3; III. The practices of ATVOD and Ofcom;322
6.2.3.1; 1. Principal purpose test;323
6.2.3.1.1; a) A part of a media outlet may constitute an ODPS: Viva TV Music;323
6.2.3.1.2; b) Criteria indicative of principal purpose: Sun Video;324
6.2.3.1.3; c) Necessity of an overall assessment: Everton TV;331
6.2.3.1.4; d) Prominence of TV-like programmes: The Business Channel;334
6.2.3.1.5; e) Online magazines: Vice Video;336
6.2.3.2; 2. Comparability test;343
6.2.3.2.1; a) Comparable, not identical programmes: Demand Adult and Climax3 Uncut;343
6.2.3.2.2; b) Duration of programmes: Channel Flip and BBC Food Worldwide on YouTube;346
6.2.3.2.3; c) Criteria indicative of comparability: Everton TV;349
6.2.3.3; 3. Principal purpose and comparability applied to websites offering adult material;350
6.2.3.3.1; a) Frankie and Friends;350
6.2.3.3.2; b) Urban Chick Supremacy Cell;353
6.2.3.3.3; c) Daisy Rock UK;357
6.2.3.3.4; d) Candy Girl Productions;361
6.2.3.3.5; e) Panties Pulled Down;364
6.2.3.4; 4. The appropriateness of Ofcom’s criteria regarding comparability and principal purpose;369
6.2.3.5; 5. Editorial responsibility;373
6.2.3.5.1; a) Analysis of contractual terms allocating editorial responsibility: Viacom channels content on Virgin Media;374
6.2.3.5.2; b) Analysis of other contractual terms and parties’ conduct: BBCW on Mediaset and Viacom channels on Sky Anytime;376
6.2.3.5.3; c) Appropriateness of Ofcom’s criteria regarding editorial responsibility;380
6.2.4; IV. The guidance by the UK regulators;381
6.2.4.1; 1. ATVOD guidance on who needs to notify;381
6.2.4.2; 2. Ofcom guidance on VOD regulation;386
6.2.5; V. Ofcom’s reply to the Commission consultation on “A media framework for the 21st century”;388
6.2.6; VI. Summary;390
6.3; C. The notion of telemedia services in Germany;391
6.3.1; I. The notion of broadcasting in ordinary legislation;392
6.3.1.1; 1. The legal definition of broadcasting;392
6.3.1.2; 2. Exemptions from the notion of broadcasting;397
6.3.2; II. The legal definition of telemedia services;400
6.3.2.1; 1. Telemedia services: between broadcasting and telecommunications services;400
6.3.2.2; 2. Different forms of telemedia services;402
6.3.2.2.1; a) Programme-related telemedia services;402
6.3.2.2.2; b) Press-type offers;403
6.3.2.2.3; c) Comparable telemedia services;404
6.3.2.2.4; d) TV-like telemedia services;405
6.3.2.2.5; e) Telemedia services providing journalistically edited offers;406
6.3.3; III. The practice of the state media authorities based on a confirmation of non-objection;409
6.3.3.1; 1. Purpose and procedure;409
6.3.3.2; 2. Cases of confirmations of non-objection;411
6.3.3.2.1; a) A motorway service: Tank & Rast;411
6.3.3.2.2; b) A spiritual thematic channel: Schoenstatt-tv;412
6.3.3.2.3; c) Adult material: between near-video-on-demand and video-on-demand;413
6.3.3.2.4; d) Service featured in department stores: In-store TV;415
6.3.3.2.5; e) Animated series: TV channel on games console;418
6.3.3.2.6; f) Live streams offered to a maximum of 100 users: PR agency service;419
6.3.3.2.7; g) Storage of “pushed content” on the hard disks of TV receivers: pay-per-view service;420
6.3.4; IV. Public service broadcasting and the prohibition of press-type telemedia services not related to programmes;421
6.3.4.1; 1. The provision of telemedia services by public service broadcasters;421
6.3.4.2; 2. The Tagesschau app jurisprudence;424
6.3.4.2.1; a) The decision of the Cologne District Court;424
6.3.4.2.2; b) The Tagesschau app on appeal;426
6.3.4.2.2.1; (aa) The first decision of the Cologne Appeal Court;426
6.3.4.2.2.2; (bb) The decision of the Federal Court of Justice;428
6.3.4.2.3; c) The second decision of the Cologne Appeal Court;429
6.3.4.3; 3. From “press-like” to “TV-like”?;430
6.3.5; V. The guidance by the state media authorities;431
6.3.5.1; 1. The third structural paper;431
6.3.5.2; 2. Revising the third structural paper;435
6.3.5.3; 3. Positions on Connected TV and the Commission’s Green Book on Convergence;437
6.3.5.4; 4. The checklist for the provision of Web-TV;440
6.3.6; VI. The state media authorities’ reply to the Commission consultation on “A media framework for the 21st century”;442
6.3.7; VII. Summary;445
6.4; D. The notion of an on-demand audiovisual media service in France;446
6.4.1; I. The notion of an on-demand audiovisual media service in ordinary legislation;447
6.4.1.1; 1. The legal definition of an on-demand audiovisual media service;447
6.4.1.2; 2. The Decree on on-demand audiovisual media services;448
6.4.1.3; 3. Notification of on-demand audiovisual media services;451
6.4.2; II. The practice of the CSA;453
6.4.2.1; 1. Video section of websites of radio providers;453
6.4.2.2; 2. YouTube channels;455
6.4.2.3; 3. Services offering downloads of programmes;455
6.4.3; III. The guidance by the CSA;456
6.4.3.1; 1. Typology of services;456
6.4.3.2; 2. Editorial responsibility;457
6.4.3.3; 3. Connected TV;460
6.4.3.3.1; a) Four principles of Connected TV;460
6.4.3.3.2; b) Fourteen proposals regarding Connected TV;463
6.4.4; IV. The CSA’s reply to the Commission consultation on “A media framework for the 21st century”;465
6.4.4.1; 1. General context;465
6.4.4.2; 2. Minor adjustments to the criteria delineating scope;466
6.4.4.3; 3. The case for platform regulation under the AVMSD;469
6.4.5; V. The French regulatory framework in the future;471
6.4.5.1; 1. Incentive-based regulation;472
6.4.5.2; 2. Possible changes to the regulatory framework;473
6.4.5.2.1; a) Convergence of regulators;473
6.4.5.2.2; b) Co-regulation of audiovisual content distributed online;475
6.4.6; VI. Summary;476
6.5; E. Comparing the UK, German and French regulators’ approaches to the notion of an on-demand audiovisual media service;477
6.5.1; I. General observations;478
6.5.2; II. Specifications of some elements of an on-demand audiovisual media service;480
6.5.2.1; 1. TV-like;480
6.5.2.2; 2. Principal purpose;481
6.5.2.3; 3. Comparability;482
6.5.2.4; 4. Editorial responsibility;483
6.5.3; III. Regulators’ outlook on the AVMSD’s revision;486
7; Chapter 5. The UK, German and French regulators’ approaches to the protection of minors in on-demand audiovisual media services;489
7.1; A. The protection of minors by the European Union;491
7.1.1; I. The protection of minors in linear audiovisual media services: Art. 27 AVMSD;494
7.1.2; II. The protection of minors in non-linear audiovisual media services: Art. 12 AVMSD;496
7.2; B. The protection of minors in on-demand programme services in the UK;497
7.2.1; I. The transposition of Art. 12 AVMSD in Sec. 368E (2) CA;497
7.2.2; II. The measures taken by the UK regulators ATVOD and Ofcom;501
7.2.2.1; 1. ATVOD rules and guidance;501
7.2.2.2; 2. ATVOD’s practice protecting minors in ODPS;504
7.2.2.2.1; a) ATVOD’s first determination: Bootybox TV;505
7.2.2.2.2; b) No violations: Frankie Boyle and Mr. Woodcock;507
7.2.2.2.3; c) Serious violations: Playboy TV and Demand Adult;508
7.2.2.2.3.1; (aa) ATVOD determines that the service provider breaches rule 11;508
7.2.2.2.3.2; (bb) The imposition of heavy fines by Ofcom;511
7.2.2.2.3.3; (cc) Clarifying jurisdiction: Playboy TV and Demand Adult reloaded;515
7.2.2.2.4; d) Modest fine imposed on a small-scale provider: HardGlam;518
7.2.2.2.5; e) Barring services: Jessica Pressley and Pleasuring Herself;521
7.2.2.2.6; f) Services brought into compliance: G Spot Productions, Studio 66 TV and The British Institution;524
7.2.2.2.7; g) Reviews of determinations: Daisy Rock, Panties Pulled Down and Mistress R'eal;527
7.2.2.2.8; h) Services in breach of rule 14 concerning prohibited material: Dreams of Spanking, The Bondage Mistress, Glasgow Mistress Megara Furie and Mistress R’eal;529
7.2.2.2.9; i) Critical analysis of ATVOD’s practice;531
7.2.2.3; 3. Other policy documents;534
7.2.2.3.1; a) Ofcom’s research;534
7.2.2.3.2; b) ATVOD’s research report;538
7.2.3; III. Perspectives of ATVOD and Ofcom on the protection of minors in converging media markets;542
7.2.4; IV. Summary;546
7.3; C. The protection of minors in telemedia services in Germany;547
7.3.1; I. The transposition of Art. 12 AVMSD in Arts. 4 and 5 JMStV;547
7.3.1.1; 1. Illegal content;549
7.3.1.2; 2. Derogation for telemedia services;551
7.3.1.2.1; a) Nature of the content;551
7.3.1.2.2; b) Closed user groups;555
7.3.1.3; 3. Harmful content;560
7.3.1.3.1; a) Nature of the content;562
7.3.1.3.2; b) Service providers’ measures to ensure the protection of minors;565
7.3.2; II. The measures taken by the German regulatory bodies;569
7.3.2.1; 1. Joint guidelines of the state media authorities;570
7.3.2.2; 2. Guidance drawn up by the Commission for the Protection of Minors;573
7.3.2.2.1; a) Criteria for supervision;573
7.3.2.2.2; b) Criteria for technical tools to protect minors;579
7.3.2.2.2.1; (aa) Age verification;579
7.3.2.2.2.2; (bb) Jugendschutzprogramme;585
7.3.2.3; 3. The measures taken by the Voluntary Self-Monitoring of Multimedia Service Providers;590
7.3.2.3.1; a) Assessment principles;592
7.3.2.3.2; b) Practice;595
7.3.2.3.2.1; (aa) Pornographic content;597
7.3.2.3.2.2; (bb) Content evidently suited to impair minors;601
7.3.2.3.2.3; (cc) Content suited to impair minors;606
7.3.3; III. Perspectives of the German regulatory bodies on the protection of minors in converging media markets;611
7.3.4; IV. Summary;616
7.4; D. The protection of minors in on-demand audiovisual media services in France;617
7.4.1; I. The transposition of Art. 12 AVMSD in Art. 15 LCC;619
7.4.2; II. The measures taken by the CSA;622
7.4.2.1; 1. The deliberation on the protection of young audiences in on-demand audiovisual media services;623
7.4.2.2; 2. Pornographic and violent content;630
7.4.2.2.1; a) Vague criteria provided by the CSA;630
7.4.2.2.2; b) The jusrisprudence of the Conseil d’Etat;632
7.4.2.3; 3. The CSA’s decisions;638
7.4.2.3.1; a) Cases of 2012;638
7.4.2.3.2; b) Cases of 2013;639
7.4.2.3.3; c) Cases of 2014;640
7.4.2.4; 4. The debate about systematic blocking of content at the level of access to the Internet;642
7.4.2.5; 5. The CSA’s reports on the protection of minors;644
7.4.2.5.1; a) The 2012 report on the protection of minors in an era of media convergence;644
7.4.2.5.2; b) The 2014 report on young persons’ media practices and habits;649
7.4.3; III. Perspectives of the CSA on the protection of minors in converging media markets;652
7.4.4; IV. Summary;654
7.5; E. Comparing the UK, German and French regulators’ approaches to the protection of minors in on-demand services;655
7.5.1; I. General observations;655
7.5.2; II. Content which might seriously impair the development of minors;657
7.5.3; III. Making available by appropriate means;659
7.5.4; IV. Regulators’ outlook on the AVMSD’s revision;661
8; Chapter 6. The future regulation of audiovisual media services;664
8.1; A. Regulatory strategies in converging media markets;667
8.1.1; I. The essential characteristics of the regulatory landscapes in the UK, Germany and France;667
8.1.1.1; 1. Regulated self-regulation to protect minors in Germany;667
8.1.1.2; 2. Lessons learnt from the abolition of ATVOD as a co-regulator for VOD services in the UK;669
8.1.1.3; 3. Strengthening service providers’ self-responsibility in France;671
8.1.2; II. Best practices and suggestions for regulatory strategies in converging media markets;672
8.1.2.1; 1. Characteristics of regulatory instruments used in converging media markets;672
8.1.2.2; 2. Specific proposals for alternative regulatory models in converging media markets;674
8.1.2.2.1; a) Limiting co-regulation to a specific field of activity;674
8.1.2.2.2; b) Formal recognition of co-regulation;676
8.1.2.3; 3. Multi-level regulation in converging media markets;677
8.2; B. Content standards in converging media markets;683
8.2.1; I. Best practices and suggestions in relation to material scope;684
8.2.1.1; 1. Criteria defining an audiovisual media service;684
8.2.1.1.1; a) Principal purpose;684
8.2.1.1.2; b) Programme;687
8.2.1.1.3; c) Editorial responsibility;690
8.2.1.1.4; d) Possible additional criteria;692
8.2.1.2; 2. The regulation of platforms?;694
8.2.1.2.1; a) Regulators’ perspectives;695
8.2.1.2.2; b) Academic and other contributions to platform regulation;698
8.2.1.2.3; c) The Commission’s Communication on online platforms;701
8.2.1.2.3.1; (aa) Context and objectives;701
8.2.1.2.3.2; (bb) Principles-based approach;703
8.2.1.2.3.3; (cc) Critical assessment;706
8.2.2; II. Best practices and suggestions for the protection of minors;708
8.2.2.1; 1. Seriously harmful content;708
8.2.2.2; 2. Restricting access to adults;712
8.2.2.3; 3. A more holistic approach to protecting minors in the AVMSD;714
8.3; C. The Commission’s proposal on a revised AVMSD;719
8.3.1; I. Regulatory strategies in the revised AVMSD;720
8.3.1.1; 1. Reinforcing co- and self-regulation;720
8.3.1.2; 2. Strengthening the role of the European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services;722
8.3.2; II. Content standards in the revised AVMSD;727
8.3.2.1; 1. The Directive’s material scope of application;727
8.3.2.1.1; a) Criteria defining an audiovisual media service;727
8.3.2.1.2; b) Regulating video-sharing platforms;729
8.3.2.1.2.1; (aa) The Commission’s proposal with respect to VSPs;729
8.3.2.1.2.2; (bb) Critical analysis of the 2016 AVMSD proposal regarding VSPs;732
8.3.2.2; 2. The Commission’s proposal strengthening the protection of minors;741
8.3.2.2.1; a) The protection of minors in all audiovisual media services;741
8.3.2.2.2; b) The requirement to provide content information and the rules applicable to VSPs;744
8.3.3; III. Proposed changes concerning other fields coordinated by the AVMSD;746
8.3.3.1; 1. Geographical scope and the rules on jurisdiction;747
8.3.3.2; 2. Relaxation of the rules on commercial communications;752
8.3.3.3; 3. Introduction of a quota promoting European works in VOD services;755
8.3.4; IV. Summary;760
8.4; D. Preliminary conclusions;761
8.4.1; I. Regulatory strategies in converging media markets;762
8.4.2; II. Content standards in converging media markets;764
9; Conclusion;768
10; Annexes;775
11; Bibliography;783
12; Table of Cases;837

Ihre Fragen, Wünsche oder Anmerkungen
Vorname*
Nachname*
Ihre E-Mail-Adresse*
Kundennr.
Ihre Nachricht*
Lediglich mit * gekennzeichnete Felder sind Pflichtfelder.
Wenn Sie die im Kontaktformular eingegebenen Daten durch Klick auf den nachfolgenden Button übersenden, erklären Sie sich damit einverstanden, dass wir Ihr Angaben für die Beantwortung Ihrer Anfrage verwenden. Selbstverständlich werden Ihre Daten vertraulich behandelt und nicht an Dritte weitergegeben. Sie können der Verwendung Ihrer Daten jederzeit widersprechen. Das Datenhandling bei Sack Fachmedien erklären wir Ihnen in unserer Datenschutzerklärung.