An Evidence-Based Approach
E-Book, Englisch, 698 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-12-407942-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
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Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;The Mediterranean Diet: An Evidence-Based Approach;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Contributors;18
6;Preface;24
7;Section 1: The Mediterranean Diet: Concepts and General Aspects;26
7.1;Chapter 1: On the Origins and Evolution of the Mediterranean Diet;28
7.1.1;Introduction;28
7.1.2;Geographic and Evolutionary History;28
7.1.3;Origins of the Mediterranean Diet and the Biblical Diet;29
7.1.4;Mediterranean Lifestyle;30
7.1.5;Components of the Original Mediterranean Diet;30
7.1.6;The Biblical Seven Species;30
7.1.6.1;Grains;32
7.1.6.2;Olives;32
7.1.6.3;Dates;32
7.1.6.4;Pomegranates;33
7.1.6.5;Figs;33
7.1.6.6;Grapes;33
7.1.7;Additional Biblical Foods;34
7.1.7.1;Carob;34
7.1.7.2;Nuts;34
7.1.8;Conclusion;34
7.1.9;Summary Points;34
7.1.10;References;35
7.2;Chapter 2: Nutritional Adequacy of the Mediterranean Diet;38
7.2.1;Introduction;38
7.2.2;Nutritional Adequacy and Public Health;38
7.2.3;Methods of Assessing Nutritional Adequacy;39
7.2.4;Mediterranean Diet, Western Diet, and Nutritional Adequacy;41
7.2.5;Mediterranean Diet in Children and Nutritional Adequacy;43
7.2.6;Summary Points;44
7.2.7;References;45
7.3;Chapter 3: Agricultural Practices in the Mediterranean: A Case Study in Southern Spain;48
7.3.1;Introduction;48
7.3.2;Environmental and Cultural Drivers Shaping Traditional Agricultural Landscapes;49
7.3.3;Recent Trends in Agricultural Practices: Intensification Versus Extensification;50
7.3.4;The Extensive Iberian Pig Production in Dehesa Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral Systems;51
7.3.5;The Olive Grove System;53
7.3.6;The Greenhouse Vegetable Agro Industry;55
7.3.7;Summary Points;59
7.3.8;References;59
7.4;Chapter 4: The Mediterranean Diet as an Intangible and Sustainable Food Culture;62
7.4.1;Introduction;62
7.4.2;MD: An Intangible Cultural Heritage;62
7.4.3;MD and Health;64
7.4.4;MD and Sustainable Environment;65
7.4.5;The New MD Pyramid;66
7.4.5.1;Cultural and Lifestyle Aspects;67
7.4.6;Final Considerations;69
7.4.7;Summary Points;69
7.4.8;References;70
7.5;Chapter 5: The Mediterranean Diet and Mortality;72
7.5.1;Introduction;72
7.5.2;A Systematic Review Process to Uncover the Link Between Diet and Mortality;72
7.5.3;Assessing Level of Adherence to the MD;73
7.5.4;The Relationship Between the MD and Mortality;73
7.5.4.1;The Magnitude of the Protective Effect;73
7.5.4.2;Cause-Specific Mortality;78
7.5.4.2.1;CVD Mortality;78
7.5.4.2.2;Cancer Mortality;78
7.5.4.2.3;Mortality from Other Causes;78
7.5.4.3;The Benefits of the MD in Non-Mediterranean Populations;80
7.5.4.4;Relative Importance of Individual Components of the MD on Mortality;80
7.5.5;Methodological Considerations when Investigating the Link Between the MD and Mortality;83
7.5.6;Final Comments;83
7.5.7;Summary Points;84
7.5.8;References;84
7.6;Chapter 6: Mediterranean Diet and Quality of Life;86
7.6.1;Introduction;86
7.6.2;Quality of Life;86
7.6.3;Quality of Life Measurement;86
7.6.4;Mediterranean Diet;88
7.6.5;Mediterranean Diet and Quality of Life;88
7.6.6;Summary Points;92
7.6.7;References;92
7.7;Chapter 7: Mediterranean Diet in Children and Adolescents;94
7.7.1;Introduction;94
7.7.2;MD Indices and Adherence Rates in Children and Adolescents;94
7.7.3;MD and Nutritional Adequacy in Children and Adolescents;99
7.7.4;The Relationship of the MD with Childhood Obesity;100
7.7.5;Health Effects of the MD in Children and Adolescents;101
7.7.5.1;Influence of the MD on Asthma in Children;101
7.7.5.2;The Association of the MD with BP Levels and Cardiovascular System Risk Factors;102
7.7.5.3;Health-Related Quality of Life and the Relationship with the MD;103
7.7.6;Summary Points;103
7.7.7;References;104
7.8;Chapter 8: The Influence of the Mediterranean Diet on Cognitive Health;106
7.8.1;Introduction;106
7.8.2;Characteristics and Assessment of the Mediterranean Diet;106
7.8.3;The Relationship Between Dementia, Cognitive Decline, and the Mediterranean Diet;107
7.8.4;Cardiovascular Mechanisms of the Mediterranean Diet;108
7.8.5;Olive Oil;110
7.8.6;Dietary Effects on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation;110
7.8.7;Additional Benefits of Exercise;110
7.8.8;Mediterranean Diet in Younger Adults;111
7.8.9;Conclusions and Future Directions;112
7.8.10;Summary Points;112
7.8.11;References;112
7.9;Chapter 9: Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease: An Overview of Recent Evidence;116
7.9.1;Introduction;116
7.9.2;The Mediterranean Diet;117
7.9.3;The Mediterranean Diet and CVD;118
7.9.3.1;Total CVD;118
7.9.3.1.1;Prospective Studies;118
7.9.3.1.2;Clinical Trials;122
7.9.3.1.3;Overall;123
7.9.3.2;Coronary Heart Disease;123
7.9.3.2.1;Prospective Studies;123
7.9.3.2.2;Clinical Trials;124
7.9.3.2.3;Overall;125
7.9.3.3;Stroke;125
7.9.3.3.1;Prospective Cohort Studies;125
7.9.3.3.2;Clinical Trials;126
7.9.3.3.3;Overall;126
7.9.4;Potential Underlying Mechanisms;126
7.9.4.1;Overall;127
7.9.5;Summary Points;128
7.9.6;References;128
7.10;Chapter 10: Genomic Determinants of Mediterranean Diet Success;130
7.10.1;Introduction;130
7.10.2;Nutrigenetics, Nutrigenomics, and Diet;131
7.10.2.1;Nutrigenetics: Use of the MD to Neutralize Potentially Negative Effects of Some Common Genetic Variants;131
7.10.2.2;Nutrigenetics: Individual Differences in Response to the MD;133
7.10.2.3;Nutrigenomics: Investigating the Effect of the MD on Gene Expression;134
7.10.3;Conclusions;135
7.10.4;Summary Points;136
7.10.5;References;136
7.11;Chapter 11: The Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED) and Nutrition Knowledge;140
7.11.1;Introduction;140
7.11.2;The Importance of Nutritional Education and THE MD;141
7.11.3;Summary Points;145
7.11.4;References;146
7.12;Chapter 12: Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in North Africa;148
7.12.1;Introduction;148
7.12.2;What Is the Association Between Adherence to the MD and Socioeconomic Status?;148
7.12.3;Objective;149
7.12.4;Demographic and Socioeconomic Profile of the Southern Mediterranean Region;149
7.12.5;Patterns of Food Consumption in NA Countries;150
7.12.6;Socioeconomic Determinants of Adherence to the MD in NA;154
7.12.7;Others Related Factors to Changes in Dietary Habits;155
7.12.8;Conclusion;155
7.12.9;Summary Points;156
7.12.10;Acknowledgments;156
7.12.11;References;156
8;Section 2: Components of the Mediterranean Diet;158
8.1;Chapter 13: Olive Oil;160
8.1.1;Introduction;160
8.1.2;Olive Tree;160
8.1.3;From Olive to Olive Oil;160
8.1.4;Olive Oil Production and Consumption;162
8.1.5;Olive Oil Variety and Composition;163
8.1.6;Conclusions;165
8.1.7;Summary Points;166
8.1.8;References;166
8.2;Chapter 14: Moderate Red Wine Consumption in Cardiovascular Disease;168
8.2.1;Introduction;168
8.2.2;Interventional Studies;168
8.2.3;Observational Studies;173
8.2.4;Conclusions;174
8.2.5;Summary Points;174
8.2.6;References;175
8.3;Chapter 15: Beer Beneficial Aspects and Contribution to the Mediterranean Diet;178
8.3.1;Mediterranean Diet;178
8.3.1.1;Definition of the Mediterranean Diet;178
8.3.1.2;The MD as a Dietary Pattern in Health Promotion: Clinical Evidence;179
8.3.1.3;Wine and Beer in the MD;180
8.3.2;Beer Consumption and Contribution to the Health Benefits of the MD;181
8.3.2.1;Bioactive Compounds and Mechanisms of Action;181
8.3.2.2;Consumption of Beer in Mediterranean Countries and Overall Morbidity/Mortality;183
8.3.2.3;Beer in the PREDIMED Clinical Trial;184
8.3.3;Conclusions;186
8.3.4;Summary Points;186
8.3.5;Acknowlegments;187
8.3.6;References;187
8.4;Chapter 16: The Contribution of Fish to the Mediterranean Diet;190
8.4.1;Introduction;190
8.4.2;Biochemical Composition of Fish;190
8.4.3;The Importance of Omega 3 Fatty Acids FOR HUMAN HEALTH;191
8.4.4;Fatty Acids of Commercially Important Fish Species;193
8.4.5;Fat Composition of Farmed Fish;193
8.4.6;Fish Contamination and Health Risks to Consumers;196
8.4.7;Summary Points;197
8.4.8;References;197
8.5;Chapter 17: Contribution of Nuts to the Mediterranean Diet;200
8.5.1;Introduction;200
8.5.2;Nuts in the Mediterranean Diet;201
8.5.3;Nutrient Content of Mediterranean Nuts;201
8.5.4;Nut Consumption and Health Outcomes;203
8.5.4.1;Epidemiological Studies;203
8.5.4.2;Randomized Clinical Trials;204
8.5.4.3;Health Effects of Mediterranean Nuts in the PREDIMED Trial;205
8.5.5;Conclusion;206
8.5.6;Summary Points;207
8.5.7;Acknowledgments;208
8.5.8;References;208
8.6;Chapter 18: The Mediterranean Diet and Mineral Composition;210
8.6.1;Introduction;210
8.6.2;Mineral Intake in the MD;210
8.6.2.1;Calcium;210
8.6.2.2;Phosphorus;214
8.6.2.3;Magnesium;214
8.6.2.4;Iron;215
8.6.2.5;Zinc;215
8.6.2.6;Sodium and Potassium;216
8.6.2.7;Other Micronutrients;217
8.6.3;Mineral Content in Typical Mediterranean Menus;217
8.6.4;Mineral Bioavailability;219
8.6.5;Conclusions;221
8.6.6;Summary Points;221
8.6.7;References;221
8.7;Chapter 19: Melatonin: A New Perspective on the Mediterranean Diet;224
8.7.1;Introduction;224
8.7.2;Melatonin in the Mediterranean Diet;224
8.7.3;Melatonin in Grape Products;226
8.7.4;Biological Significance of Melatonin in Plant Foods;227
8.7.5;Conclusions;228
8.7.6;Summary Points;228
8.7.7;References;228
8.8;Chapter 20: Hydroxytyrosol as a Component of the Mediterranean Diet and Its Role in Disease Prevention;230
8.8.1;Introduction;230
8.8.2;What Is the Origin of HT?;231
8.8.3;HT Through the Body: What are its Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination Processes?;232
8.8.3.1;Chemical Characteristics;232
8.8.3.2;From Food to Blood: The Absorption Process;232
8.8.3.3;Transport in the Body: The Distribution Process;232
8.8.3.4;Transformations: What are the Metabolic Processes?;233
8.8.3.5;Elimination;234
8.8.4;Does HT Have Side Effects?;234
8.8.4.1;Acute/Subchronic Toxicity;234
8.8.4.2;Establishing a Dose;235
8.8.5;Role of HT in Different Diseases: HT Against Them and as Protector of Life;235
8.8.5.1;Antimicrobial Effect of HT;235
8.8.5.2;How Can HT Protect the Skin?;235
8.8.5.3;Antiatherogenic and Cardioprotective Factor;236
8.8.5.4;Does HT Have Anti-Inflammatory and Antiplatelet Actions?;236
8.8.5.5;Cancer Studies;237
8.8.6;Summary Points;238
8.8.7;References;239
8.9;Chapter 21: Frying: A Cultural Way of Cooking in the Mediterranean Diet;242
8.9.1;Introduction: Cultural and Gastronomic Importance of Frying in the Mediterranean Diet;242
8.9.2;Culinary Oils: Frying Procedure;243
8.9.2.1;Oil Types, Selection, and Uses;243
8.9.2.2;Oil as a Mediator During Frying;245
8.9.2.3;Frying Technique;246
8.9.3;Changes That Occur During Frying;246
8.9.4;Advantages and Disadvantages of Frying Versus Other Cooking Procedures;248
8.9.5;Advantages of Frying with Olive Oils;250
8.9.5.1;Oil Composition;250
8.9.5.2;Frying Temperature;251
8.9.5.3;Crust Formation;251
8.9.5.4;Resistance to Thermal Oxidation of Olive Oil During Frying or at Frying Temperatures;251
8.9.5.5;Obtaining more Cardio-Healthy Food;253
8.9.6;Fried Food Consumption and Health;254
8.9.6.1;Effects on Body Weight;256
8.9.6.2;Effects on Mortality and Degenerative Diseases;257
8.9.7;Conclusions;257
8.9.8;Summary Points;257
8.9.9;Acknowlegment;258
8.9.10;References;258
9;Section 3: Health and Nutritional Aspects of the Mediterranean Diet;260
9.1;Chapter 22: The Mediterranean Diet and Obesity from a Nutrigenetic and Epigenetics Perspective;262
9.1.1;Introduction;262
9.1.1.1;The Mediterranean Diet in the Treatment of Obesity;262
9.1.2;Dealing with Obesity: A Complex Disease;264
9.1.3;Nutrigenetics: The Knowledge Transition;264
9.1.3.1;Genetics of Obesity and Weight Loss;264
9.1.4;Gene-Diet Interactions for Obesity in the Context of a Mediterranean Diet;265
9.1.4.1;Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Genes and the Mediterranean Diet;265
9.1.4.2;FTO and the Mediterranean Diet;266
9.1.4.3;CLOCK Gene, Obesity, and the Mediterranean Diet;267
9.1.4.3.1;CLOCK Interacts with Dietary Fat Quality;267
9.1.4.3.2;Other CLOCK Genes;268
9.1.4.4;Other Components in Addition to MUFAs;268
9.1.4.5;SNPs and Obesogenic Behaviors in the Context of a Mediterranean Diet;268
9.1.4.5.1;APOA2 and Skipping Meals;268
9.1.4.5.2;PERIOD2 (PER2) and Attrition;269
9.1.5;Epigenetics in the Internal Clock and the Mediterranean Diet;269
9.1.5.1;Epigenetics and Circadian Rhythms;270
9.1.6;Summary and Conclusions;270
9.1.7;Summary Points;271
9.1.8;References;271
9.2;Chapter 23: Mediterranean Diet: Antioxidant Nutritional Status;274
9.2.1;Introduction;274
9.2.2;Antioxidant Defenses and Oxidative Stress;274
9.2.3;Mediterranean Diet;275
9.2.4;Human Antioxidant Status;277
9.2.5;Human Studies;278
9.2.6;Conclusion;280
9.2.7;Summary Points;280
9.2.8;References;281
9.3;Chapter 24: The Mediterranean Diet and Body Iron Stores;284
9.3.1;Introduction;284
9.3.2;Overview of Iron Metabolism;284
9.3.3;Dietary Sources of Iron;285
9.3.3.1;Inhibitors of Iron Absorption;285
9.3.3.1.1;Phytates;285
9.3.3.1.2;Polyphenols;285
9.3.3.1.3;Calcium;286
9.3.3.1.4;Proteins;286
9.3.3.2;Enhancers of Iron Absorption;286
9.3.3.2.1;Ascorbic Acid;286
9.3.3.2.2;Muscle Tissue;287
9.3.3.3;Iron Status;287
9.3.4;Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and Reduced Body Iron Stores;287
9.3.4.1;Mediterranean Diet and Iron Homeostasis in the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes;290
9.3.4.2;Mediterranean Diet, Lower Iron Stores, and Cardiovascular Prevention;290
9.3.4.3;Mediterranean Diet, Iron, and Cancer;290
9.3.5;Conclusions;292
9.3.6;Summary Points;292
9.3.7;References;292
9.4;Chapter 25: The Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet;296
9.4.1;Introduction;296
9.4.2;KDs: A Summary View;296
9.4.3;What Is Ketosis?;297
9.4.4;The Mediterranean Diet;299
9.4.5;Diets Compared;299
9.4.6;Conclusion;303
9.4.7;Summary Points;303
9.4.8;References;303
9.5;Chapter 26: Molecular Aspects of Squalene and Implications for Olive Oil and the Mediterranean Diet;306
9.5.1;Mediterranean Diet;306
9.5.2;Virgin Olive Oil;306
9.5.3;Squalene in Virgin Olive Oil;307
9.5.4;Squalene in Humans;307
9.5.5;Biological Activities of Squalene;308
9.5.5.1;Skin and Eyes;308
9.5.5.2;Serum Cholesterol Concentration;310
9.5.5.3;Cardiovascular Disease;310
9.5.5.4;Cancer;311
9.5.6;Summary Points;312
9.5.7;References;313
9.6;Chapter 27: Mediterranean Diet Polyphenols;316
9.6.1;Introduction;316
9.6.2;Polyphenols in the Context of the MD;317
9.6.3;Polyphenols from Olives and Olive Oil: The Mediterranean Trait;318
9.6.4;OOPs and Cardiovascular Protection;320
9.6.5;OOPs Exhibit Antioxidant Properties;320
9.6.6;Anti-inflammatory Properties of OOPs;321
9.6.7;Pleiotropic Effects of OOPs Are Mediated by the Redox-Sensitive Transcription Factor NF-.B;322
9.6.8;OOPs Exhibit Nutrigenomic Effects;323
9.6.9;Conclusions;323
9.6.10;Summary Points;323
9.6.11;References;324
10;Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity, and Diabetes: ;326
10.1;Chapter 28: The Mediterranean Diet and Adiposity;328
10.1.1;Introduction;328
10.1.2;Current Overweight and Obesity in Mediterranean Countries;328
10.1.3;Mediterranean Diet and Adiposity: A First Set of Studies;330
10.1.4;Observational Studies on Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Pattern and Adiposity;330
10.1.5;Dietary Intervention Studies with the Mediterranean Diet;332
10.1.6;Some Factors Involved in Adiposity Trends in the Mediterranean Area;333
10.1.7;Summary Points;335
10.1.8;References;336
10.2;Chapter 29: The Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome;338
10.2.1;Introduction;338
10.2.2;Definition of Metabolic Syndrome;339
10.2.3;Pathophysiology of MetS;340
10.2.4;Definition of the Mediterranean Diet;341
10.2.5;Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome;342
10.2.6;Conclusions;345
10.2.7;Summary Points;346
10.2.8;References;346
10.3;Chapter 30: Impact of the Mediterranean Diet on Features of Metabolic Syndrome: Is Weight Loss Required?;350
10.3.1;Introduction;350
10.3.2;Metabolic Syndrome;351
10.3.3;Weight Loss;351
10.3.4;MedDiet and Plasma Lipids, Blood Pressure, and Glucose Homeostasis;351
10.3.5;MedDiet and Inflammation;353
10.3.6;MedDiet and Endothelial Function;354
10.3.7;MedDiet and Atherogenic Properties of LDL Particles;357
10.3.8;MedDiet and Cholesterol Homeostasis;358
10.3.9;Conclusions;358
10.3.10;Summary Points;358
10.3.11;References;359
10.4;Chapter 31: The Mediterranean Diet to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes and its Complications;362
10.4.1;Introduction;362
10.4.2;The Mediterranean Diet Concept;363
10.4.3;The Mediterranean Diet and T2D;365
10.4.4;Conclusions and Prospects;365
10.4.5;Summary Points;366
10.4.6;References;366
11;Cardiovascular Disease: ;368
11.1;Chapter 32: A Mediterranean Diet in Relation to Subclinical Vascular Conditions;370
11.1.1;Introduction;370
11.1.2;White Matter Hyperintensity Volume;371
11.1.3;Subclinical Brain Infarcts;373
11.1.4;Carotid Atherosclerosis;374
11.1.5;Conclusions;378
11.1.6;Summary Points;378
11.1.7;References;379
11.2;Chapter 33: The Mediterranean Diet Versus a Low-Fat Diet, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Obesity;382
11.2.1;Introduction;382
11.2.2;Epidemiological Data Mediterranean Diet and Low Fat Diets;383
11.2.3;Clinical Trials Mediterranean Diet and Low Fat Diets;384
11.2.3.1;Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors;384
11.2.3.2;Effects on Weight and Parameters of MetS;385
11.2.3.3;Effects on Inflammatory Markers;386
11.2.4;Conclusion;387
11.2.5;Summary Points;388
11.2.6;References;388
11.3;Chapter 34: Gene Expression, Atherogenesis, and the Mediterranean Diet;392
11.3.1;Atherogenesis;392
11.3.1.1;Initial Changes in the Vascular Wall;392
11.3.1.2;Mononuclear Cell Recruitment and Maturation to Foam Cells;394
11.3.1.3;Progression of Vascular Lesions;395
11.3.2;Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Atherosclerosis;395
11.3.2.1;Protective Effects of Mediterranean Fatty Acids on Atherosclerosis;397
11.3.2.1.1;Mediterranean Diet Fatty Acids;397
11.3.2.1.1.1;Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA .-9);397
11.3.2.1.1.2;Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA .-3 and .-6);398
11.3.2.2;Wine Polyphenols and Atherosclerosis;399
11.3.3;Summary and Future Perspectives;399
11.3.4;Summary Points;401
11.3.5;Acknowledgment;401
11.3.6;References;401
11.4;Chapter 35: Mediterranean Diet and the Postprandial State: A Focus on Lipemia, Glycemia, and Thrombosis;404
11.4.1;Introduction;404
11.4.2;Postprandial State;404
11.4.2.1;Postprandial Hyperglycemia;404
11.4.2.2;Postprandial Lipidemia;405
11.4.2.3;Postprandial Hemostasis;405
11.4.3;MD and the Postprandial State;406
11.4.3.1;Macronutrient Profile of the MD;406
11.4.3.1.1;Fat;406
11.4.3.1.2;Carbohydrate;408
11.4.3.1.3;Protein;408
11.4.3.2;Characteristic Mediterranean Foods and the Postprandial State;408
11.4.3.2.1;Olive Oil;408
11.4.3.2.2;Wine;409
11.4.3.2.3;Vinegar;409
11.4.3.2.4;Fruit, Vegetables, and Legumes;411
11.4.3.2.5;Traditional Wild Green Plants;411
11.4.3.2.6;Nuts;411
11.4.3.2.7;Cinnamon;412
11.4.4;Long-Term Consumption of MD and the Postprandial State;412
11.4.5;Summary Points;412
11.4.6;References;414
12;Cancer;416
12.1;Chapter 36: The Mediterranean Diet in Cancer Prevention;418
12.1.1;Introduction;418
12.1.2;Selection and Summary Presentation of Studies;418
12.1.2.1;The Seven Countries Study;421
12.1.2.2;The HALE Study;421
12.1.2.3;The Lyon Diet Heart Study;426
12.1.2.4;European Trial for the Risk of Colorectal Adenoma Reoccurrence;426
12.1.2.5;The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study;426
12.1.2.6;Mediterranean Diet and Risk of Cancers in Italian Cohorts;427
12.1.2.7;The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial;427
12.1.2.8;The NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study;427
12.1.2.9;The San Francisco Bay Area Study;427
12.1.2.10;The ARCAGE Study;428
12.1.2.11;Nurses Health Study Cohort and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study;428
12.1.2.12;Greek Case-Control Study on Colorectal Cancer;428
12.1.3;Protective Mechanisms of the Mediterranean Diet in Relation to Cancer Risk;428
12.1.4;Summary Points;429
12.1.5;References;430
12.2;Chapter 37: The Mediterranean Diet and Breast Cancer Risk;432
12.2.1;Introduction;432
12.2.2;The Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and Breast Cancer Risk: Epidemiological Evidence;432
12.2.3;Components of the Mediterranean Diet and Breast Cancer Risk: Epidemiological Evidence;435
12.2.4;The Protective Effect of the Mediterranean Diet: Mechanistic Evidence;436
12.2.5;Investigating the Mediterranean Diet: Concepts, Challenges, and Benefits;437
12.2.6;Conclusions;439
12.2.7;Summary Points;439
12.2.8;References;439
12.3;Chapter 38: The Mediterranean Diet and Gastric Cancer;442
12.3.1;Introduction: Gastric Cancer;442
12.3.2;Dietary Intake of Foods That Are Components of the Mediterranean Diet and Gastric Cancer Risk;442
12.3.3;High Adhesion to the Mediterranean Diet Score and the Risk of Certain Cancers;444
12.3.4;High Adhesion to the Mediterranean Diet Score and the Risk of Gastric Cancer;444
12.3.4.1;The EPIC-Eurogast Study;444
12.3.4.2;Dietary Data;445
12.3.4.3;Follow-Up;445
12.3.4.4;Determination of the Mediterranean Diet Score;445
12.3.4.5;Statistical Analysis;445
12.3.4.6;Study Sample;446
12.3.4.7;Main Results;446
12.3.4.8;Interpretation of Results;447
12.3.5;Summary Points;448
12.3.6;References;448
13;Brain and Behavior;452
13.1;Chapter 39: The Mediterranean Diet and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea/Hypopnoea Syndrome;454
13.1.1;Introduction;454
13.1.2;Overview of Studies Investigating the Role of the Mediterranean Diet in OSAHS;456
13.1.3;Discussion;457
13.1.3.1;Mediterranean Diet Effect on OSAHS Severity;457
13.1.3.2;Mediterranean Diet Effect on Lipid Peroxidation;459
13.1.3.3;Mechanisms Linking the Mediterranean Diet to Weight Loss;460
13.1.4;Future Directions;461
13.1.5;Conclusion;462
13.1.6;Summary Points;462
13.1.7;References;462
13.2;Chapter 40: Molecular Aspects of the Mediterranean Diet: Amyloid Precursor Protein, Apolipoprotein E and Caspase-3 mRNA;466
13.2.1;Introduction;466
13.2.2;Mediterranean Diet and Brain Amyloid Precursor Protein;466
13.2.3;Mediterranean Diet and ApoE;468
13.2.4;Mediterranean Diet and Brain Caspase-3;469
13.2.5;Summary Points;471
13.2.6;References;472
14;Immunology;474
14.1;Chapter 41: Reducing Proinflammatory States with the Mediterranean Diet: Possible Mechanism for Cancer Prevention;476
14.1.1;Introduction;476
14.1.2;Proinflammatory States and Cancer;478
14.1.3;Markers of Proinflammatory States;479
14.1.4;Anti-inflammatory Effects of a Mediterranean Diet and its Components;480
14.1.4.1;Anti-inflammatory Effects of Fruits and Vegetables;480
14.1.4.2;Dietary Fats;480
14.1.4.3;Energy Balance;482
14.1.5;Summary Points;482
14.1.6;References;483
14.2;Chapter 42: The Mediterranean Diet and Arthritis;486
14.2.1;Introduction;486
14.2.2;The Inflammatory Process and Comorbidities in Arthritis;488
14.2.3;The Role of Diet in the Pathogenesis of Arthritis;490
14.2.4;Characteristics of the Traditional Mediterranean Dietary Lifestyle;491
14.2.5;Effects of Nutritive and Non-nutritive Components of the MD in the Modulation of Inflammation;491
14.2.5.1;Findings from Clinical Studies;492
14.2.6;Immunomodulatory Effect of Mediterranean Dietary Components;493
14.2.7;Clinical Trials on the Mediterranean Diet Interventions in Arthritis Patients;493
14.2.8;Clinical Trial on Mediterranean Diet Components Supplementation in Arthritis;494
14.2.9;Conclusion;495
14.2.10;Summary Points;495
14.2.11;Acknowledgment;496
14.2.12;References;496
14.3;Chapter 43: Mediterranean Diet and Nutrition for the Primary Prevention of Allergy and Asthma;498
14.3.1;Introduction;498
14.3.2;Basic Allergy Concepts;499
14.3.3;Common Type I Allergies;499
14.3.3.1;Atopic Eczema/Dermatitis;499
14.3.3.2;Food Allergy;500
14.3.3.3;Allergic Rhino-Conjunctivitis;500
14.3.3.4;Asthma;501
14.3.3.5;Prevalence and Disease Burden of Allergy and Asthma;501
14.3.4;Risk Factors for the Development of Allergic Disorders;501
14.3.5;Geographical Variation and Relationships Between Diet and Allergy;502
14.3.6;Potential Mechanisms of Action of the Mediterranean Diet on Allergy Prevention;503
14.3.7;Allergy Prevention Through Diet;504
14.3.7.1;Primary Prevention;504
14.3.7.2;The Mediterranean Diet and Allergy Prevention;505
14.3.7.3;Dietary Intervention in Infancy and Childhood;507
14.3.7.4;Secondary and Tertiary Prevention;508
14.3.8;Conclusions;508
14.3.9;Summary Points;509
14.3.10;References;509
15;Life Stages, Organs and Applications;514
15.1;Chapter 44: Mediterranean Diet and Pregnancy;516
15.1.1;Introduction;516
15.1.2;Nutrition During Gestation;518
15.1.3;General Nutrition Remarks During Pregnancy;518
15.1.4;Mediterranean Dietary Pattern;519
15.1.5;Mediterranean Diet, a Dietary Way for Decreasing Malnutrition or Subnutrition During Gestation?;521
15.1.6;Mediterranean Diet and Gestational Diabetes and Gestational Glucose Intolerance;522
15.1.7;Maternal Mediterranean Diet and Fetal/Neonatal Insulin Sensitivity;522
15.1.8;Pregnancy, Lipoproteins, and Other Coronary Heart Disease Risk;523
15.1.9;Maternal Mediterranean Diet and Neonatal Lipoprotein Profile;525
15.1.10;Future Remarks;526
15.1.11;Summary Points;526
15.1.12;Conflicts of Interest;526
15.1.13;Acknowledgments;526
15.1.14;References;526
15.2;Chapter 45: Olive Oil and the Senescent Bone;530
15.2.1;Introduction;530
15.2.2;Physiology of Aging Bone;531
15.2.3;When Diet Interacts with Bone Formation;534
15.2.4;Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Bone Health;534
15.2.5;Olive Oil and Cellular Senescence;535
15.2.6;Conclusions and Future Perspectives;536
15.2.7;Summary Points;536
15.2.8;References;536
15.3;Chapter 46: Mediterranean Diet and Fitness;538
15.3.1;The Mediterranean Diet as a Healthy Eating Paradigm;538
15.3.2;Exercise and Cardiovascular Health;538
15.3.3;MD and Exercise;539
15.3.4;Summary Points;542
15.3.5;References;542
15.4;Chapter 47: The Mediterranean Diet Adequacy Index in Sports Participants;544
15.4.1;Performance in Aerobic Sports;544
15.4.2;Adherence to MD;545
15.4.2.1;The MD Health Benefits;545
15.4.2.2;The Mediterranean Diet Adequacy Index;545
15.4.3;Case Evaluation of Adherence to the MD of Spanish Young Cyclists;546
15.4.4;Specific Nutritional Requirements of Sport Participants;550
15.4.4.1;Energy Requirements;551
15.4.4.2;Carbohydrate Requirements;551
15.4.4.3;Protein Requirements;552
15.4.4.4;Lipid Requirements;552
15.4.4.5;Vitamins and Mineral Requirements;553
15.4.5;Summary Points;554
15.4.6;References;554
15.5;Chapter 48: The Association Between Diet and Acne: The Specific Protective Value Derived from the Mediterranean Dietary Pa...;558
15.5.1;Introduction;558
15.5.2;The Main Findings in the Research Field on the Association Between Acne and Westernized Diet;559
15.5.2.1;High-Glycemic Load Consumption;560
15.5.2.2;Dairy Food Consumption;561
15.5.2.3;Obesity and Body Mass Index Correlation;562
15.5.2.4;Other Foods Consumption: Fats, n-3 Fatty Acids, Vegetables, and Fruits;562
15.5.3;Comprehensive Dietary Pattern;562
15.5.3.1;The State of Art;563
15.5.4;The Specific Protective Role of Mediterranean Diet on Acne Disease;563
15.5.5;Summary Points;566
15.5.6;References;566
16;Adverse Aspects;570
16.1;Chapter 49: Heavy Metals in Fish from the Mediterranean Sea: Potential Impact on Diet;572
16.1.1;Introduction;572
16.1.2;Arsenic;579
16.1.3;Cadmium;579
16.1.4;Mercury;580
16.1.5;Lead;582
16.1.6;Health Risk Assessment of Fish Dietary Intake;583
16.1.7;Summary Points;585
16.1.8;References;585
16.2;Chapter 50: Risks Related to the Presence of Fungal Species and Mycotoxins in Grapes, Wines and Other Derived Products in...;588
16.2.1;Introduction;588
16.2.2;Mycotoxigenic Fungal Species in Grapes in the Mediterranean Area;589
16.2.3;Mycotoxins in Grapes and Grape-Derived Products in the Mediterranean Area;592
16.2.4;Control Measures to Reduce GBA Occurrence and OTA Contamination in Grapes, Wines, and Grape-Derived Products;596
16.2.5;Conclusions;598
16.2.6;Summary Points;598
16.2.7;References;598
17;Methods for Interventions With or Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet: ;602
17.1;Chapter 51: Dietary Patterns in a Circumpolar Context A Cultural Approach to the Interpretation of Three Studies on Medite...;604
17.1.1;Introduction;604
17.1.2;Culturally Defined Dietary Patterns;604
17.1.3;A Climate and Food Culture Far from Greece;605
17.1.4;Nutritional Transitions in History and Modern Times;606
17.1.5;The Västerbotten Population of Today;607
17.1.6;The Healthy Indigenous Subpopulation;608
17.1.7;Dietary Score Methodology;608
17.1.8;Results from Three Dietary Score Models;610
17.1.9;Is the Circumpolar Area Moving South?;610
17.1.10;Summary Points;611
17.1.11;Acknowledgments;612
17.1.12;References;612
17.2;Chapter 52: Information, Culture and Socioeconomics as Determinants of Adherence to Mediterranean Diet;614
17.2.1;Diet is Not Equal for All;614
17.2.2;The Poorer You are the Worse You Behave (and Eat);614
17.2.3;The Global Economic Crisis: A Global Dietary Threat;615
17.2.4;A Role for Knowledge;617
17.2.5;The Media and the Mediterranean Diet;618
17.2.6;Summary Points;620
17.2.7;References;620
18;Section 4: Novel Nutraceuticals and Edible Plants Used in the Mediterranean Region;624
18.1;Chapter 53: Genetic Diversity of Plants Used for Food in the Mediterranean;626
18.1.1;Introduction;626
18.1.2;Centers of Origin;626
18.1.3;Genetic Diversity in Mediterranean Crops and Wild Relatives;631
18.1.4;The Domestication Process;631
18.1.5;Crops Originated by Allopolyploidy: Wheat and Oilseed Rape;632
18.1.5.1;Wheat;632
18.1.5.2;Oilseed Rape;632
18.1.6;Gene Flow from Wild to Cultivated Plants;632
18.1.7;Trends in Diversity Across Cultivated Plants and the Importance of Relatives;633
18.1.8;Summary Points;633
18.1.9;References;633
18.2;Chapter 54: Apoptotic Activities of Mediterranean Plant Species;636
18.2.1;Introduction;636
18.2.1.1;Apoptosis and Its Implications on Inflammation and Cancer;636
18.2.1.2;Antioxidant Properties and Apoptosis;637
18.2.1.3;Apoptosis, Inflammation, and Cancer;638
18.2.2;Anti-inflammatory and Chemopreventive Properties of Mediterranean Plants and Their Role in Apoptosis;638
18.2.2.1;Saffron;639
18.2.2.2;Garlic;640
18.2.2.3;Onion;641
18.2.2.4;Capsicum Species;642
18.2.2.5;Mistletoe;642
18.2.2.6;Rue;643
18.2.2.7;Myrtle;643
18.2.2.8;Lavender;643
18.2.3;Conclusions;644
18.2.4;Summary Points;644
18.2.5;References;644
18.3;Chapter 55: Mediterranean Hawthorn Fruit (Crataegus) Species and Potential Usage;646
18.3.1;Introduction;646
18.3.2;Mediterranean Hawthorn Fruit (Crataegus) Species;646
18.3.3;Traditional Use;647
18.3.4;Antioxidant Properties of Hawthorn;647
18.3.5;Pharmacological Characteristics of Hawthorn;649
18.3.6;Summary Points;651
18.3.7;References;652
18.4;Chapter 56: Mediterranean Figs (Ficus carica L.) Functional Food Properties;654
18.4.1;Introduction;654
18.4.2;Functional Food Characteristics of Figs;655
18.4.2.1;Nutritional Properties;655
18.4.2.2;Phytochemical Properties of Figs;656
18.4.2.3;Functional Food Properties of Figs;660
18.4.3;Summary Points;661
18.4.4;References;661
18.5;Chapter 57: Potential of Cupressus sempervirens (Mediterranean Cypress) in Health;664
18.5.1;Introduction;664
18.5.2;Phytochemistry of Cupressus sempervirens;665
18.5.3;Use of Cupressus sempervirens in Folk Medicine;665
18.5.4;Biological Activities of Cupressus sempervirens;665
18.5.5;Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity;665
18.5.5.1;Antiprotozoal Activity;667
18.5.5.2;Insecticidal Activity;667
18.5.5.3;Antihyperlipidemic Effect;668
18.5.5.4;Anticancer and Cytotoxic Effect;668
18.5.5.5;Antioxidant Effect;668
18.5.5.6;Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Activity;668
18.5.5.7;Hepatoprotective Activity;668
18.5.5.8;Wound Healing and Anti-inflammatory Activity;669
18.5.5.9;Neurobiological Activity;669
18.5.6;Conclusion;670
18.5.7;Summary Points;670
18.5.8;References;670
18.6;Chapter 58: Essential Oils from Mediterranean Aromatic Plants;674
18.6.1;Introduction;674
18.6.2;Aromatic Plants in the Mediterranean Diet;674
18.6.3;Antimicrobial Activity;675
18.6.4;Cytotoxic Activity;681
18.6.5;Antioxidant Activity;682
18.6.6;Other Activities;683
18.6.7;Use of Essential Oils in Agriculture;684
18.6.8;Summary Points;684
18.6.9;References;685
19;Index;688
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Antonio Agudo, MD, MSc, PhD 47 Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain Marisa Alarcón 601 Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Barcelona, Spain Juan José Aldasoro 601 Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Barcelona, Spain Smaragdi Antonopoulou, PhD 379 Harokopio University, Athens, Greece Yardena Arnoni, MSc 3 Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel Sara Arranz, PhD 153 Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sinyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Girona, Spain Hebatallah Husseini Atteia 441 Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Gov., Egypt Elena Azzini 249 National Institute for Food and Nutrition Research, Rome, Italy Lina Badimon 367 Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain IIB-Santpau, Barcelona, Spain CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Cátedra de Investigación Cardiovascular, (UAB-HSCSP-Fundación Jesús Serra), Barcelona, Spain Sara Bastida, PhD 217, 491 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Giovanni Beccari, PhD 563 Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy Elliot M. Berry, MD, FRCP 3 Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel Francesca Biandolino 165 CNR—Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC), Taranto, Italy Marialaura Bonaccio 589 IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy Santiago Bonachela, PhD 23 University of Almería ceiA3, Almería, Spain Americo Bonanni 589 IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy Gerardo Bosco, MD, PhD 271 University of Padova, Padova, Italy Genevieve Buckland, MSc, PhD 47, 417 Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain Nadia Calabriso, PhD 135, 291 C.N.R. Institute of Clinical Physiology, Lecce, Italy C.N.R. Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy Oguzhan Caliskan 621, 629 Department of Horticulture, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya-Hatay, Turkey Maria Annunziata Carluccio, PhD 135, 291 C.N.R. Institute of Clinical Physiology, Lecce, Italy C.N.R. Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy J. Jesús Casas, PhD 23 University of Almería ceiA3, Almería, Spain Rosa Casas, Predoctoral Student 153 Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sinyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Girona, Spain Itandehui Castro-Quezada, MSc 13 University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Lourdes, Spain Gemma Chiva-Blanch, PhD 153 Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sinyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Girona, Spain Gea Oliveri Conti, MSc, PhD 547 Department of Hygiene and Public Health “G.F. Ingrassia,” Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene and Food (LIAA), University of Catania, Catania, Italy Chiara Copat, MSc, PhD 547 Department of Hygiene and Public Health “G.F. Ingrassia,” Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene and Food (LIAA), University of Catania, Catania, Italy Patrick Couture, MD, PhD 325 Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec QC, Canada Lorenzo Covarelli, PhD 563 Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy Raffaele De Caterina, MD, PhD 291 “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy Vincenzo De Feo 649 Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy Giovanni de Gaetano, MD, PhD 589 IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy Michel de Lorgeril, MD 337 Faculté de Médecine, Grenoble, France Laura De Martino 649 Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy Christiana A. Demetriou, PhD 407 Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, London, UK Paraskevi Detopoulou, PhD 379 General Hospital Korgialenio-Benakio, Athens, Greece Emmanuel J. Diamantopoulos, MD, PhD 313 Evangelismos State General Hospital, Athens, Greece Zora Djuric 451 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48118, USA Maria Benedetta Donati, MD, PhD 589 IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy Jorge Doreste-Alonso 61 University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Madrid, Spain Karima El Rhazi, MD, PhD 123 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine of Fes, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdillah, Fes, Morocco Sahar Elsayed El-Swefy 441 Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Gov., Egypt Manuel Espárrago Rodilla, PhD 491 Hospital de Mérida, Mérida, Badajoz, Spain Ramon Estruch, MD, PhD 153 Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sinyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Girona, Spain Roberto Fallico, MD 547 Department of Hygiene and Public Health “G.F. Ingrassia,” Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene and Food (LIAA), University of Catania, Catania, Italy Paul Farajian, PhD 69 Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece Encarnación Fenoy, MD 23 University of Almería ceiA3, Almería, Spain J.M. Fernandez, PhD 513 Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Córdoba and CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y...
