Walker / Swift Wind Energy Essentials

Societal, Economic, and Environmental Impacts
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-1-118-94793-7
Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 512 Seiten, E-Book

Examines the possible societal impacts of wind energy projects and explains the potential issues faced when siting, constructing, and operating a wind energy project.
This book begins with a history of wind power and the social impacts of both electricity and wind power from a historical perspective, a discussion of basic electrical terms, and a primer on the conversion of power in the wind to electricity. Much of the second half of the book is devoted to comparing wind energy to other forms of electric generation, both renewable and non-renewable sources. In order to have a true understanding of the impact of wind energy on society, one also has to have a thorough understanding of the impacts that other sources of electric generation have, such as fossil-fuelled plants or nuclear power plants. The comparison of electric generation sources includes a review of how such sources are typically utilized within the electric system, as well as the economic factors and environmental considerations that affect which resources utilities or operators of electric grids have to take into account. The authors conclude with a discussion of energy policies in the U.S., individual states, and foreign nations, how these policies influence the use of renewable energy, and what our future may hold in terms of energy supply and demand. Some highlights of this book are:
* Discusses the wind energy impacts on the environment, local economy, electric utilities, individuals and communities
* Provides a visual explanation of wind energy principles through tables, graphs, maps, illustrations and photographs
* Offers a comprehensive overview of the issues associated with the creation and use of wind energy
* Models chapters around an existing university curriculum
Spanning the broad range of environmental, financial, policy and other topics that define and determine the relationships between wind energy technology and our energy-dependent society, Wind Energy Essentials is a resource for students, universities, and the entire wind energy industry.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Walker, Richard P.

Swift, Andrew

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface
Foreword
About the Authors
Dedication and Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Impacts of Energy and Electricity on Society
1.1 What are "Social and Environmental Impacts"?
1.2 Early Wind Power Innovation and Discovery
1.3 Impact of Electricity on Society
1.4 History of Wind Energy for Electricity Production
1.5 Renewables and Electrification in Third-World Countries
1.6 The Nexus of Wind, Water, and Electricity
1.7 References
Chapter 2: The Basics of Electricity
2.1 Units of Electrical Measurement
2.2 Descriptions of Common Electrical Equipment
2.3 Types of Companies or Business Units within the Electric Industry
2.4 Frequently Asked Questions
2.5 References
Chapter 3: Overview of Wind Energy and Other Sources of Electricity
3.1 Defining Renewable Energy
3.2 Sources and Uses of Energy
3.3 Growth of Renewable Energy in the United States
3.4 Use of Renewable Energy for Electricity Production in the United States
3.5 Growth of Wind Power Capacity in the United States
3.6 Subsidies or Incentives for Wind Energy
3.7 Potential for Increased Use of Wind Energy in the United States
3.8 Wind Resources in the United States
3.9 Overview of Other Sources of Electric Generation in the U.S.
3.10 References
Chapter 4: Conversion of Power in the Wind to Electricity
4.1 Wind Power Plants and Wind Turbines
4.2 Atmospheric Science
4.3 Wind Statistics
Chapter 5: The Wind Energy Development Process
5.1 Requirements for an Economically Viable Wind Energy Project
5.2 Other Factors that Contribute to the Success of a Wind Energy Project
5.3 Potential "Fatal Flaws" to Wind Energy Project Development
5.4 Coordination of the Wind Energy Project Development Process
5.5 Timeline for Developing a Wind Energy Project
5.6 Major Steps in Early Stage Wind Energy Project Development Process
5.7 Major Steps in Latter Stage Wind Energy Project Development
5.8 Final Steps in Developing a Wind Energy Project
5.9 Conclusion
5.10 References
Chapter 6: Overview of Issues Faced by Wind Energy
6.1 The Need to Understand and to Respond to Wind Energy's Issues and Challenges
6.2 Community Relationships and Public Outreach
6.3 General Categorization of Issues
6.4 References
Chapter 7: Wind and Wildlife: Siting Issues and Challenges
7.1 Overview of Wildlife-Related Issues Faced by the Wind Energy Industry
7.2 State and Federal Regulations Relevant to Wind Development's Impact on Wildlife
7.3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Guidelines for Wind Development
7.4 Best Management Practices for Wind Energy Development in USFWS Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines
7.5 Bird Deaths Due to Collisions with Wind Turbine Blades
7.6 Wind Generation Wildlife Issues Not Limited to Avian Collisions
7.7 Avian Species of Concern
7.8 Bat Deaths due to Wind Energy Development
7.9 Organizations Studying Ways to Minimize Effects of Wind Development on Birds and other Wildlife
7.10 Conclusion
7.11 References
Chapter 8: Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public Health
8.1 Overview of Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans
8.2 Wind Turbine Noise: Key Terms
8.3 Estimates of Noise from Wind Turbines
8.4 Potential Health Effects of Audible or Sub-Audible Noise from Wind Turbines
8.5 Noise Ordinances
8.6 Technological Advances that can Reduce Turbine Noise
8.7 Siting Procedures for Mitigating the Noise from Wind Turbines
8.8 Shadow Flicker
8.9 Mitigation of Shadow Flicker
8.10 Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMF)
8.11 Mitigating EMF Exposure from Wind Projects
8.12 Solid and Hazardous Wastes
8.13 Mitigation of Solid and Hazardous Waste Issues
8.14 Conclusion
8.15 References
Chapter 9: Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy: Public and Workforce Safety
9.1 Overview of Workforce and Public Safety Issues
9.2 Things Can Go Wrong Anytime Humans are Involved (in any Industry)
9.3 Ice Shedding
9.4 Mitigating Ice Shedding Issues
9.5 Blade Throw
9.6 Mitigating Blade Throw Issues
9.7 Risk of Fire
9.8 Mitigating Risk of Fire
9.9 Lightning
9.10 Other Weather Emergencies: Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Hail
9.11 The Impact of Wind Energy on Vehicular Traffic
9.12 Planning for and Addressing Transportation Issues
9.13 Electrical and Pipeline Safety: Height, Depth, and Location of Electric Lines
9.14 Other Wind Energy Industry Workforce Safety Issues
9.15 Conclusion
9.16 References
Chapter 10: Wind Energy's Impact on Aviation, Radar, and Telecommunications
10.1 Impact of Wind Energy on Military and Civilian Aviation
10.2 Regulatory Requirements and FAA Permitting Process
10.3 FAA Screening Tools
10.4 FAA Requirements for Marking or Lighting of Obstructions
10.5 Marking and/or Lighting of Meteorological Towers
10.6 Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on Aviation or Navigation Radar
10.7 Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on Weather Radar
10.8 Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on Telecommunications
10.9 References
Chapter 11: Other Environmental Issues of Wind Energy Development: Aesthetics, Cultural Resources, Land Use Compatibility, Water Resources, and Site Restoration
11.1 Aesthetic Issues: Wind Energy's Impact on Scenery or Viewshed
11.2 Mitigating Aesthetic Impacts and Issues
11.3 Impact of Wind Energy on Cultural Resources
11.4 Compatibility of Wind Energy Development with Existing Land Use
11.5 Impact of Wind Energy Development on Water Resources
11.6 Removal of Retired Equipment and Restoration of Property
11.7 Best Management Practices for Decommissioning of Wind Energy Projects (from USFWS Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines)
11.8 References
Chapter 12: Impact of Wind Energy on the Electric Grid
12.1 Overview of Wind Integration Issues
12.2 The Electric Grid
12.3 Wind Penetration
12.4 Issues Which Arise due to Integration of Wind Energy
12.5 Capability of Wind Turbines to Meet Applicable Standards for Grid Interconnection
12.6 Conclusion
12.7 References
Chapter 13: Non-Wind Renewable Energy Sources Used To Meet Electricity Needs
13.1 Comparing Sources of Electric Generation: Attributes That Will Be Considered
13.2 Renewable Energy Generation Resources in the United States
13.3 Hydroelectric Generation
13.4 Solar Energy
13.5 Biomass Energy
13.6 Municipal Solid Waste
13.7 Landfill Gas
13.8 Geothermal Energy
13.9 Energy from the Ocean: Tidal Power and Wave Power
13.10 Hydrogen
13.11 References
Chapter 14: Non-Renewable Energy Sources Used To Meet Electricity Needs
14.1 Comparing Sources of Electric Generation
14.2 Processes or Technologies Used to Produce Electricity
14.3 Comparing Efficiencies of Generation Technologies
14.4 Generation Resources in the United States
14.5 Nuclear Energy
14.6 Coal-Fired Generation
14.7 Natural Gas-Fired Generation
14.8 Oil-Fired Generation
14.9 Methane Hydrates
14.10 References
Chapter 15: Energy Efficiency and Conservation: "Less is More" and "Doing Without"
15.1 Overview
15.2 Concepts
15.3 Consumer Efficiency and Demand Side Management
15.4 Generation and Transmission Efficiency
15.5 Conserving Resources and Reducing Emissions
15.6 Positive Attributes of Energy Efficiency and Conservation
15.7 Limits to Electric Energy Efficiency and Conservation
15.8 References
Chapter 16: Greenhouse Gas Emissions
16.1 Overview
16.2 The Greenhouse Effect
16.3 Fossil Fuels and their Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Levels
16.4 International Political and Economic Issues of Controlling GHG Emissions
16.5 Public Opinion and Policy
16.6 Potential Effects of Global Climate Change
16.7 Methods and Costs of Mitigation
16.8 Conclusion
16.9 References
Chapter 17: Siting and Permitting of Electric Generation Projects
17.1 Federal Law, Regulations, and Permitting Requirements
17.2 Federal Permits, Approvals, or Consultations
17.3 State and Local Permitting
17.4 Public Opposition to Power Plants and Transmission Lines
17.5 Examples of Wind Energy Projects Experiencing Difficulty in Obtaining Required Permits or Approvals
17.6 Examples of Non-Wind Generation Projects Experiencing Difficulty in Obtaining Required Permits or Approvals
17.7 Transmission Line Projects Experiencing Difficulty in Obtaining Required Permits or Approvals
17.8 Checklist for Governmental Approvals
17.9 References
Chapter 18: Economics of Electricity Generation
18.1 Sources of Electricity Generation
18.2 Electrical Demand vs. Supply
18.3 Marginal Cost of Electricity / Energy Value
18.4 Effect of Generation Resource Diversity on Electricity Market Price
18.5 Capacity Value of Electric Generation
18.6 Effect of Capacity Factor on the Economics of Electricity Generation
18.7 Effect of Expected Useful Life or Economic Life of Power Plants on the Economics of Electricity Generation
18.8 Book Depreciation vs. Depreciation for Tax Purposes
18.9 Ad Valorem or Property Taxes
18.10 Federal Energy Support and Subsidies
18.11 Environmental Externalities
18.12 Using Levelized Cost of Energy to Compare Competing Technologies
18.13 Conclusion
18.14 References
Chapter 19: Economic Impacts and Benefits of Wind Energy Projects and Other Sources of Electric Generation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Potential Economic Benefits of Electric Generation Projects
19.3 Potentially Detrimental Economic Impacts of Electric Generation Projects
19.4 Tax Abatements or other Incentives to Attract Generation Projects
19.5 Summary of Studies Assessing the Economic Impacts of Wind Plants
19.6 Studies on Economic Benefits of Non-Wind Electric Generation Projects
19.7 Opportunities Created by a Transition to a "Clean Energy Economy"
19.8 Conclusions
19.9 References
Chapter 20: Environmental Impacts and Economics of Offshore Wind Energy
20.1 Offshore Wind Resource Areas in the U.S.
20.2 Economics of Offshore Wind vs. On-Shore Wind
20.3 Environmental Impacts Unique to Offshore Wind Energy
20.4 Potential Impacts of Hurricanes
20.5 References
Chapter 21: State and National Energy Policies
21.1 Introduction
21.2 History of U.S. Energy Policy
21.3 Keys Issues within Energy Policy
21.4 Energy Imports
21.5 Governmental Mandates, Targets, or Goals
21.6 Federal Tax Incentives
21.7 Public Benefit Funds
21.8 Feed-in Tariffs
21.9 Net Metering
21.10 Research and Development
21.11 Increasing Restrictions on Fossil Fueled Power Plant Emissions
21.12 Carbon Taxes / Cap-and-Trade Programs
21.13 Conclusion
21.14 References
Chapter 22: Global Wind Energy Policy and Development
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Renewable Energy Development - A Global Perspective
22.3 The Wind Energy Industry's Role in the Global Energy Market
22.4 Wind Energy by Region
22.5 Conclusion
22.5 References
Chapter 23: Wind Energy Workforce, Education, and Jobs
23.1 Historic Growth of the Wind Energy Industry
23.2 Sectors and Locations of Jobs within the Wind Energy Industry
23.3 Projected Growth of the Wind Energy Industry
23.4 Types of Jobs within the Wind Energy Industry
23.5 References
Chapter 24: The Future of Electric Energy
24.1 Supply and Use Projections of Fossil Fuels
24.2 80% Renewables by 2050
24.3 Wind Energy Research and Development
24.4 Smart Grid / Infrastructure Updates
24.5 The Consumer of the Future / Consumer Applications
24.6 Energy Storage
24.7 Clean Energy Transportation: The Role for Wind Energy and Other Renewables in Reducing National Dependence on Petroleum Imports
24.8 Energy and Clean Water: Using Wind to Desalinate and Purify Water
24.9 Electrification in Third-World Countries
24.10 References
Appendix A: Wind Energy Reference Tables
Appendix B: List of Acronyms
Appendix C: Glossary

Über Autor(innen)

Richard Walker has many years of experience in both the electric power and the wind energy industries, in addition to teaching wind energy at Texas Tech University. During his career, he has been involved in electric transmission engineering, solar energy, research and development, state and federal governmental affairs, and the development of over 1,600 MW of wind farms currently in operation (including the first utility-scale wind farm in Texas and the 782 MW Roscoe wind farm, which for several years was the world's largest wind energy project).
Andrew Swift is presently Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Associate Director of the National Wind Institute at Texas Tech University, where his focus is on wind energy education and workforce development. His previous academic appointments include Director of the Wind Science and Engineering Research Center at Texas Tech and Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of Texas at El Paso.