Velzen Environmental Remediation and Restoration of Contaminated Nuclear and Norm Sites

1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-1-78242-238-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 0, 276 Seiten

Reihe: Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy

Nuclear sites become contaminated with radionuclides due to accidents and activities carried out without due consideration for the environment. Naturally-occurring radioactive materials (NORM) released by industrial processes such as coal power production and fertilizer manufacture may also require clean-up. Environmental remediation and restoration aim to reduce exposure to radiation from contaminated soil or groundwater. This book provides a comprehensive overview of this area. Part 1 provides an introduction to the different types of contaminated site and their characteristics. Part 2 addresses environmental restoration frameworks and processes. Part 3 then reviews different remediation techniques and methods of waste disposal. - Explores types and characteristics of contaminated nuclear and NORM sites - Provides an in depth guide to environmental restoration frameworks and processes including stakeholder involvement, risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis in the remediation and restoration of contaminated nuclear and NORM sites - Offers coverage of remediation techniques and waste disposal from electrokinetic remediation to in situ and ex situ bioremediation of radionuclides contaminated soils

Autoren/Hrsg.

Velzen, L van

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Related titles;3
3;Environmental Remediation and Restoration of Contaminated Nuclearand NORM Sites;4
4;Copyright;5
5;Contents;6
6;List of contributors;10
7;Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy;12
8;Part One - Contaminated nuclear and NORM sites: types and characteristics;16
8.1;1 - Radioactive and other environmental contamination from uranium mining and milling;18
8.1.1;1.1 Introduction;18
8.1.2;1.2 The front end of the nuclear fuel cycle;19
8.1.3;1.3 Uranium mining and milling (UMM) legacy sites and their remediation;30
8.1.4;1.4 Life-cycle management of UMM sites;35
8.1.5;1.5 Future trends;41
8.1.6;1.6 Sources of further information;43
8.1.7;References;44
8.2;2 - Radioactive contamination and other environmental impacts of waste from nuclear and conventional power plants, medical and other industrial sources;50
8.2.1;2.1 Introduction: radioactively contaminated sites and other environmental impacts from nuclear and radioactive installations;50
8.2.2;2.2 Environmental impacts from nuclear power plant radioactive effluents;51
8.2.3;2.3 Environmental impacts from coal power plant radioactive effluents and solid waste;53
8.2.4;2.4 Solid radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants;54
8.2.5;2.5 Solid radioactive wastes from facilities for medical, research or industrial purposes;59
8.2.6;2.6 Environmental impacts from nuclear and radiological accidents;62
8.2.7;2.7 Future trends;66
8.2.8;2.8 Sources of further information;70
8.2.9;References;70
8.3;3 - Radionuclide behaviour in the natural environment: an overview;72
8.3.1;3.1 Introduction;72
8.3.2;3.2 Description of the radionuclides (RNs) of interest;72
8.3.3;3.3 RN migration: presentation of the different governing processes;75
8.3.4;3.4 The RN source term;77
8.3.5;3.5 RN speciation and precipitation;79
8.3.6;3.6 RN retention at the solid–liquid interface;82
8.3.7;3.7 RN transport processes;86
8.3.8;3.8 Coupling of chemical and transport processes: towards an efficient simulation approach;89
8.3.9;3.9 Conclusion: how to reliably predict any future RN migration;91
8.3.10;References;92
8.3.11;Appendix: main physical and chemical properties of the most significant natural and artificial radionuclides to be found in NORM...;94
9;Part Two - Environmental restorationframeworks and processes;98
9.1;4 - Stakeholder involvement in the remediation of contaminated nuclear and NORM sites;100
9.1.1;4.1 Introduction;100
9.1.2;4.2 Definition of stakeholders and the importance of engagement at nuclear and NORM sites;101
9.1.3;4.3 Evolution of stakeholder engagement;107
9.1.4;4.4 Mechanisms of engagement;109
9.1.5;4.5 Constructing an engagement programme;111
9.1.6;4.6 Future trends;113
9.1.7;4.7 Case studies;114
9.1.8;4.8 Sources of further information and advice;116
9.1.9;References;116
9.2;5 - International recommendations and guidance on regulation of contaminated nuclear and NORM sites, and aspects of national level application;118
9.2.1;5.1 Introduction;118
9.2.2;5.2 Regulatory challenges;122
9.2.3;5.3 International recommendations and guidance and examples of national regulatory requirements;123
9.2.4;5.4 Progression from recognition to resolution;124
9.2.5;5.5 Distinguishing different nuclear legacy situations;125
9.2.6;5.6 Factors to consider in addressing regulatory challenges at nuclear legacy sites;126
9.2.7;References;127
9.3;6 - Modelling of radionuclide distribution in contaminated nuclear and NORM sites;130
9.3.1;6.1 Introduction;130
9.3.2;6.2 Background;130
9.3.3;6.3 Modelling concepts and available models for environmental and risk assessments;133
9.3.4;6.4 Applications to contaminated nuclear and NORM sites;143
9.3.5;6.5 Case studies;147
9.3.6;6.6 Future trends;153
9.3.7;6.7 Sources of further information and advice;154
9.3.8;Acknowledgments;155
9.3.9;References;155
9.4;7 - Risk assessment and cost–benefit analysis for the restoration of contaminated nuclear and NORM sites;158
9.4.1;7.1 Introduction;158
9.4.2;7.2 Site end states;158
9.4.3;7.3 Standards of remediation;159
9.4.4;7.4 Risk assessments;160
9.4.5;7.5 Derivation of remedial targets;163
9.4.6;7.6 Cost–benefit analysis;164
9.4.7;7.7 Application of cost–benefit analysis to complex sites;166
9.4.8;7.8 Case studies;168
9.4.9;7.9 Future trends;171
9.4.10;7.10 Sources of further information and advice;171
9.4.11;References;172
10;Part Three - Remediation techniquesand waste disposal;174
10.1;8 - Electrokinetic remediation and other physico-chemical remediation techniques for in situ treatment of soil from contaminated nuclear and NORM sites;176
10.1.1;8.1 Introduction: in situ physico-chemical remediation technologies from contaminated nuclear and NORM sites;176
10.1.2;8.2 In situ soil flushing;177
10.1.3;8.3 Vitrification;180
10.1.4;8.4 Solidification and stabilization;181
10.1.5;8.5 Electrokinetic remediation;183
10.1.6;8.6 Coupled technologies: electrokinetic treatment combined with other soil remediation technologies;196
10.1.7;8.7 Future trends;196
10.1.8;References;197
10.2;9 - In situ and ex situ bioremediation of radionuclide-contaminated soils at nuclear and norm sites;200
10.2.1;9.1 Introduction;200
10.2.2;9.2 Radionuclides in contaminated soils, sediments, and wastes;201
10.2.3;9.3 Characterization of radionuclides in contaminated soils and wastes;204
10.2.4;9.4 Mechanisms of biotransformation of radionuclides;205
10.2.5;9.5 Ex situ and in situ remediation studies of contaminated soils;209
10.2.6;9.6 In situ and ex situ immobilization of uranium by anaerobic bacteria;223
10.2.7;9.7 Ex situ remediation of uranium-contaminated soils, sediments, and wastes;230
10.2.8;9.8 Plutonium biotransformation and remediation studies;240
10.2.9;9.9 Summary;242
10.2.10;Acknowledgments;243
10.2.11;References;243
10.2.12;Suggested reading;250
10.3;10 - Physical, chemical, and biological treatment of groundwater at contaminated nuclear and NORM sites;252
10.3.1;10.1 Introduction;252
10.3.2;10.2 Physical treatment methods;252
10.3.3;10.3 Biological treatment methods;255
10.3.4;10.4 Chemical treatment methods;255
10.3.5;10.5 Application of treatment processes to specific radionuclides;260
10.3.6;10.6 Future trends;268
10.3.7;10.7 Sources of further information and advice;269
10.3.8;References;269
11;Index;272

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