Vallentine Grazing Management

2. Auflage 2000
ISBN: 978-0-08-053259-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 659 Seiten, Web PDF

Grazing animals need to be managed in order to accommodate desired results in terms of animal, plant, land and economic responses. Grazing Management, Second Edition integrates principles and management techniques that apply to all grazing lands and to all grazing animals. This comprehensive volume provides authoritative review on a wide range of relevant topics: animal nutrition and nutritional balance when fed on different sorts of grazing lands; seasonal variation and limits placed on ecosystems by grazing; the effects of grazing on grazing lands; the various sorts of grazing behaviors; selecting plants and managing grazing lands, as well as many other important topics bearing upon the methods, practises and procedures for properly managing grazing lands and animals. - Animal nutrition and nutritional balance when fed on different sorts of grazing lands - Seasonal variation and limits placed on ecosystems by grazing - The effects of grazing on grazing lands - The various sorts of grazing behaviours - Selecting plants and managing grazing lands

Autoren/Hrsg.

Vallentine, John F.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Grazing Management;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface;12
6;Chapter 1. Introduction to Grazing;14
6.1;I. The Role of Grazing Management;14
6.2;II. Kinds of Grazing Lands;20
6.3;III. Grazing Management Applications;26
6.4;IV. Grazing as an Ecosystem Component;29
6.5;V. The Importance of Grazing;35
6.6;VI. Grazing and Land Use Planning;38
7;Chapter 2. Grazing Herbivore Nutrition;42
7.1;I. Ruminants vs. Cecal Herbivores;42
7.2;II. Nutrient Requirements;49
7.3;III. Nutrient Levels in Forages and Ingesta;54
7.4;IV. Anti-quality Agents in Plants;65
8;Chapter 3. Animal Nutritional Balance;80
8.1;I. Forage-Animal Plans;80
8.2;II. Monitoring Grazing Animal Nutrition;88
8.3;III. Supplementation Practices;97
9;Chapter 4. Grazing Seasons and Seasonal Balance;106
9.1;I. The Forage Growth Cycle;107
9.2;II. Determinants of the Grazing Season;111
9.3;III. Seasonal Tolerance of Defoliation;114
9.4;IV. Balancing Seasonal Supply and Demand;120
9.5;V. Complementary Grazing Programs;128
10;Chapter 5. Grazing Effects on Plants and Soil;140
10.1;I. Grazing Effects in Perspective;140
10.2;II. Defoliation and Plant Morphology;142
10.3;III. Defoliation and Plant Physiology;159
10.4;IV. Physical Effects on Plants;167
10.5;V. Grazing Effects on Soil;169
11;Chapter 6. Grazing Activities/Behavior;180
11.1;I. Ingestive Behavior;180
11.2;II. Daily Activities: Time Spent;198
11.3;III. Daily Activities: Time of Day;206
12;Chapter 7. Spatial Patterns in Grazing;214
12.1;I. Spatial Foraging Decisions;214
12.2;II. Memory, Past Experience, and Training;218
12.3;III. Determinants of Grazing Distribution;222
12.4;IV. Forage Factors in Site Selection;223
12.5;V. Non-forage Vegetation Factors;228
12.6;VI. Slope and Related Physical Factors;232
12.7;VII. Distance from Water;236
12.8;VIII. Outside Disruption;240
13;Chapter 8. Manipualting Grazing Distribution;242
13.1;I. The Tools of Distribution;243
13.2;II. Drinking Water Requirements;245
13.3;III. Locating Drinking Water;250
13.4;IV. Fencing;254
13.5;V. Herding and Handling;256
13.6;VI. Salting and Supplementation;261
13.7;VII. Other Site Attractants;265
13.8;VIII. Special Problem: Riparian Zones;268
14;Chapter 9. Plant Selection in Grazing;274
14.1;I. Selectivity;274
14.2;II. Palatability (Plant);279
14.3;III. Preference (Animal);292
14.4;IV. Patch Grazing: Problem or Benefit;304
15;Chapter 10. Kind and Mix of Grazing Animals;316
15.1;I. Choice of Animal Species;316
15.2;II. Kind of Animal;317
15.3;III. Mixed Species Grazing;337
15.4;IV. Alterative Large Herbivores;341
15.5;V. Interspecific Sociality;346
15.6;VI. Competition under Mixed Grazing;350
16;Chapter 11. Grazing Animal Intake and Equivalence;358
16.1;I. Forage Dry Matter Intake;358
16.2;II. Animal Equivalence and the Animal Unit Month;373
16.3;III. Forage Allocation;383
17;Chapter 12. Grazing Capacity Inventory;392
17.1;I. Relationships Among Stocking Variables;393
17.2;II. Utilization Guidelines;401
17.3;III. Setting Initial Stocking Rates;408
17.4;IV. Dynamics of Grazing Capacity;416
18;Chapter 13. Grazing Intensity;424
18.1;I. Overgrazing vs. Overstocking;425
18.2;II. Grazing Intensity Effects on Vegetation and Site;426
18.3;III. Grazing Intensity Effects on Animals and Economics;432
18.4;IV. Managing Forage Production Fluctuations;448
19;Chapter 14. Grazing Methods;458
19.1;I. Introduction to Special Grazing Techniques;458
19.2;II. Role of Special Grazing Techniques;460
19.3;III. Adapting Special Grazing Techniques;463
19.4;IV. Continuous Grazing Methods;465
19.5;V. Seasonal Suitability Grazing Methods;467
19.6;VI. Deferred/Rested Grazing Methods;475
19.7;VII. High-Intensity Grazing Methods;481
20;Chapter 15. Grazing Systems;486
20.1;I. Development of Grazing Systems;488
20.2;II. Rotation Grazing;491
20.3;III. Deferred Grazing Systems;500
20.4;IV. Rest Grazing Systems;508
20.5;V. High-Intensity/Low-Frequency (HILF) Grazing Systems;517
20.6;VI. Short-Duration Grazing System;521
20.7;VII. Grazing System Effects on Game Animals;537
21;Chapter 16. Grazing as an Environmental Tool;540
21.1;I. Manipulative Benefits of Animal Grazing;540
21.2;II. Biological Plant Control by Grazing;543
21.3;III. Manipulating Animal Habitat by Grazing;553
21.4;IV. Grazing to Aid Forage Plant Seeding;560
21.5;V. Grazing and Forest Regeneration;561
22;Appendix;570
23;Glossary;572
24;Literature Cited;592
25;Index;664