Tadros Formulation of Disperse Systems

Science and Technology
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-3-527-67830-3
Verlag: Wiley-VCH
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 504 Seiten, E-Book

Formulation science plays an important role in colloid and physical chemistry, but also in analytical chemistry and chemical engineering. For the design of such everyday products as detergents, cosmetics, paints, pharmaceuticals, food and others, different formulation techniques are needed.

 

Written by one of the most experienced authors and leading scientists in the field worldwide, this is the first truly comprehensive coverage of this exciting topic. Starting with a general introduction, this one-stop reference presents the science and technology behind the formulation of disperse systems, such as emulsions, suspensions, and foams, while also including many practical examples.

 

With its unified concept, this book is indispensable for chemists in industry, chemical engineers, the pharmaceutical industry, polymer, surface and physical chemists, as well as food technologists, materials scientists and those working in the paints and coatings industry.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tadros, Tharwat F.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface

 

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Suspensions

Latexes

Emulsions

Suspoemulsions

Multiple Emulsions

Nanosuspensions

Nanoemulsions

Microemulsions

Pigment and Ink Dispersions

Foams

 

SURFACTANTS USED IN FORMULATION OF DISPERSIONS

General Classification of Surface-Active Agents

 

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS AND THE PROCESS OF MICELLISATION

Thermodynamics of Micellisation

Enthalpy and Entropy of Micellisation

 

DISPERSANTS AND POLYMERIC SURFACTANTS

Solution Properties of Polymeric Surfactants

General Classification of Polymeric Surfactants

Polyelectrolytes

 

ADSORPTION OF SURFACTANTS AT THE AIR/LIQUID, LIQUID/LIQUID, AND SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACES

Introduction

Adsorption of Surfactants at the Air/Liquid (A/L) and Liquid/Liquid (L/L) Interfaces

The Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm

Equation of State Approach

The Langmuir, Szyszkowski, and Frumkin Equations

Interfacial Tension Measurements

Adsorption of Surfactants at the Solid/Liquid (S/L) Interface

 

ADSORPTION OF POLYMERIC SURFACTANTS AT THE SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACE

Theories of Polymer Adsorption

Experimental Techniques for Studying Polymeric Surfactant Adsorption

Determination of Segment Density Distribution p(z) and Adsorbed Layer Thickness

Examples of the Adsorption Isotherms of Nonionic Polymeric Surfactants

 

COLLOID STABILITY OF DISPERSE SYSTEMS CONTAINING ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYERS

Origin of Charge on Surfaces

Structure of the Electrical Double Layer

Stern-Grahame Model of the Double Layer

Distinction between Specific and Nonspecific Adsorbed Ions

Electrical Double Layer Repulsion

van der Waals Attraction

Total Energy of Interaction

Flocculation of Suspensions

Criteria for Stabilisation of Dispersions with Double Layer Interaction

 

STABILITY OF DISPERSE SYSTEMS CONTAINING ADSORBED NONIONIC SURFACTANTS OR POLYMERS: STERIC STABILISATION

Introduction

Interaction between Particles Containing Adsorbed Nonionic and Polymeric Surfactant Layers (Steric Stabilisation)

Mixing Interaction Gmix

Elastic Interaction Gel

Total Energy of Interaction

Criteria for Effective Steric Stabilisation

Flocculation of Sterically Stabilised Dispersions

 

FORMULATION OF SOLID/LIQUID DISPERSIONS (SUSPENSIONS)

Introduction

Preparation of Suspensions

Condensation Methods: Nucleation and Growth

Dispersion Methods

Bulk Properties of Suspensions

 

FORMULATION OF LIQUID/LIQUID DISPERSIONS (EMULSIONS)

Introduction

Industrial Applications of Emulsions

Physical Chemistry of Emulsion Systems

Adsorption of Surfactants at the Liquid/Liquid Interface

Selection of Emulsifiers

Creaming or Sedimentation of Emulsions

Flocculation of Emulsions

General Rules for Reducing (Eliminating) Flocculation

Ostwald Ripening

Emulsion Coalescence

Phase Inversion

 

FORMULATION OF SUSPOEMULSIONS (MIXTURES OF SUSPENSIONS AND EMULSIONS)

Introduction

Suspoemulsions in Paints

Suspoemulsions in Agrochemicals

 

FORMULATION OF MULTIPLE EMULSIONS

Introduction

Preparation of Multiple Emulsions

Types of Multiple Emulsions

Breakdown Processes of Multiple Emulsions

Factors Affecting Stability of Multiple Emulsions, and Criteria for Their Stabilisation

General Description of Polymeric Surfactants

Interaction between Oil or Water Droplets Containing an Adsorbed Polymeric Surfactant: Steric Stabilisation

Examples of Multiple Emulsions Using Polymeric Surfactants

Characterisation of Multiple Emulsions

Rheological Measurements

 

PREPARATION OF NANOSUSPENSIONS

Introduction

Nucleation and Growth, and Control of Particle Size Distribution

Preparation of Nanosuspensions by Bottom-Up Processes

Preparation of Nanosuspensions Using the Bottom-Down Process

 

FORMULATION OF NANOEMULSIONS

Introduction

Mechanism of Emulsification

Methods of Emulsification and the Role of Surfactants

Preparation of Nanoemulsions

Steric Stabilisation and the Role of the Adsorbed Layer Thickness

 

FORMULATION OF MICROEMULSIONS

Introduction

Thermodynamic Definition of Microemulsions

Mixed-Film and Solubilisation Theories of Microemulsions

Thermodynamic Theory of Microemulsion Formation

Characterisati

Über Autor(innen)

Tharwat F. Tadros is a consultant for various chemical industries. After finishing his PhD at Alexandria University, he was appointed lecturer in Physical Chemistry (1962-1966) at the same university. Between 1966 and 1969, he spent a sabbatical at the Agricultural University of Wageningen and T.N.O in Delft, the Netherlands. Thereafter he worked at I.C.I. and ZENECA until 1994, where he researched various fields of surfactants, emulsions, suspensions, microemulsions, wetting spreading and adhesion, and rheology. During that period he was also appointed visiting professor at Imperial College London, Bristol University and Reading University. In 1992, he was elected President of the International Association of Colloid and Interface Science. Since leaving ZENECA, Dr. Tadros has worked as a consultant and also given several courses in his specialized field. He is the recipient of two medals from the Royal Society of Chemistry in the UK, and has more than 250 scientific papers to his name.