Szabó / Dávid / Loczy Anthropogenic Geomorphology

A Guide to Man-Made Landforms
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-3058-0
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 250 Seiten

Anthropogenic geomorphology studies society's impact on the geographical environment, and especially on the Earth's surface. This volume provides guidance to students discussing the basic topics of anthropogenic geomorphology. The chapters cover both its system, and its connections with other sciences, as well as the way the subject can contribute to tackling today's practical problems. The book represents all fields of geomorphology, giving an introduction to the diversity of the discipline through examples taken from a range of contexts and periods, and focusing on examples from Europe. It is no accident that anthropogenic geomorphology has been gaining ground within geomorphology itself. Its results advance not only the theoretical development of the science but can be applied directly to social and economic issues. Worldwide, anthropogenic geomorphology is an integral and expanding part of earth sciences curricula in higher education, making this a timely and relevant text.

József Szabó is Professor Emeritus, Vice-President of the Hungarian Geographical Society, Corresponding Member of the CERG - Strasbourg and a Member of the International Landslide Research Group - Palo Alto, California. His research fields are mass movements and other geomorphological processes, land evaluation, anthropogenic geomorphology, geomorphological hazards and history of physical geography. Lóránt Dávid is a college professor and Head of the Department of Tourism and Regional Development at Károly Róbert College. He has longstanding teaching and research experience in the fields of anthropogenic geomorphology, environmental protection, tourism and regional development, and has worked as an expert in a number of government programs. Dénes Lóczy is an associate professor, Head of the Department of Physical Geography and Deputy Director of the Institute of Geography at Janus Pannonius University, Pécs. From 2001 till 2005 he was Secretary of the International Association of Geomorphologists (IAG/AIG). His research interests are land evaluation, land use studies, floodplain geomorphology and environmental protection.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Szabó, József

Dávid, Lóránt

Loczy, Denes

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Acknowledgements;7
3;Contents;8
4;Contributors;10
5;Part I Introduction;12
5.1;1 Anthropogenic Geomorphology: Subject and System;13
5.1.1;1.1 Subject;13
5.1.2;1.2 System;16
5.2;References;19
6;Part II Anthropogenic Geomorphology and Related Disciplines;21
6.1;2 Human Impact in a Systems Approach;22
6.1.1;2.1 Some Characteristics of Physical Systems;22
6.1.2;2.2 General Model of Material and Energy Cycles and Its Relevance for Geomorphology;24
6.1.3;2.3 The Impact of Human Activities on Geomorphologic Processes;26
6.1.4;2.4 Indirect Human Impacts on Physical Systems;29
6.2;References;32
6.3;3 Anthropogenic Geomorphology in Environmental Management;34
6.3.1;3.1 Introduction;34
6.3.2;3.2 Applied or Environmental Geomorphology;35
6.3.3;3.3 Resource Exploration and Geomorphology;36
6.3.4;3.4 Geomorphological Hazards;37
6.3.5;3.5 Prediction of Geomorphic Evolution;40
6.3.6;3.6 Protecting Geomorphosites;40
6.3.7;3.7 Land Reclamation and Restoration;41
6.3.8;3.8 Perspectives;42
6.3.9;3.9 Case Study 1: Water Transfer Schemes in China;42
6.3.10;3.10 Case Study 2: Geomorphological Information in Aggregate Exploration;43
6.3.11;3.11 Case Study 3: Human-Induced Earthquakes;44
6.4;References;45
6.5;4 Anthropogenic Geomorphology and Landscape Ecology;47
6.5.1;4.1 Landscape Ecology as a Discipline;47
6.5.2;4.2 Geomorphology and Landscape Ecology;48
6.5.3;4.3 Stages of Intensifying Human Impact on the Landscape;51
6.5.3.1;4.3.1 Natural Landscapes;51
6.5.3.2;4.3.2 Slightly Modified Landscapes;52
6.5.3.3;4.3.3 Semi-natural Landscapes;54
6.5.3.4;4.3.4 Landscapes Removed From and Alien to Natural Conditions;56
6.5.3.5;4.3.5 Anthropogenic Landscapes;57
6.5.4;4.4 Summary;59
6.6;References;59
7;Part III Impacts of Various Human Activities on the Landscape;61
7.1;5 Agriculture: Crop Cultivation and Horticulture;62
7.1.1;5.1 A Historical Review of Crop Cultivation;62
7.1.2;5.2 The Impact of Crop Cultivation and Horticulture on the Surface;65
7.1.2.1;5.2.1 Influencing Factors;65
7.1.2.2;5.2.2 Human Interventions and Human-induced Processes and Features;66
7.1.2.3;5.2.3 Wind Erosion and Its Impacts;69
7.1.2.4;5.2.4 Impacts of Water Management on Agricultural Land;71
7.1.2.5;5.2.5 Loess Landscapes;72
7.1.3;5.3 Conclusions;73
7.2;References;74
7.3;6 Agriculture: Grazing Lands and Other Grasslands;75
7.3.1;6.1 Introduction;75
7.3.2;6.2 Anthropogenic Geomorphological Problems of the Sahel;76
7.3.2.1;6.2.1 Concept and Physical Geography of the Sahel;76
7.3.2.2;6.2.2 The Problem of the Sahel -- Factors of Desertification;77
7.3.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Physical Factors;77
7.3.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 Human Impact -- Anthropogenic Geomorphologic Changes;78
7.3.2.3;6.2.3 Solution Opportunities;79
7.3.3;6.3 Anthropogenic Geomorphological Problems of Hungarys Grasslands;79
7.3.3.1;6.3.1 The Distribution and Occurrence of Grasslands in Hungary;80
7.3.3.2;6.3.2 Grassland Classification;80
7.3.3.3;6.3.3 Geomorphological Consequences of Grassland Management;82
7.3.3.3.1;6.3.3.1 Water Regulation of Grasslands;82
7.3.3.3.2;6.3.3.2 Cultivation Techniques of Grasslands;85
7.3.4;6.4 Summary;87
7.4;References;87
7.5;7 Agriculture: Cultivation on Slopes;89
7.6;References;99
7.7;8 Agriculture: Deforestation;101
7.7.1;8.1 Introduction: The Importance of Forests;101
7.7.2;8.2 History of Woodlands in the Carpathian Basin;107
7.7.3;8.3 Case Study: Geomorphological Impacts of Deforestation Through the Example of the Medves Region;107
7.7.3.1;8.3.1 A Historical Review of Agricultural Landscape Alterations;108
7.7.3.2;8.3.2 Changes in the Forested Areas in the Medves Region;110
7.7.3.3;8.3.3 Vegetation Related Environmental Conflicts;115
7.8;References;116
7.9;9 Quarrying and Other Minerals;119
7.9.1;9.1 Introduction;119
7.9.2;9.2 Stone Quarrying;121
7.9.2.1;9.2.1 Characterising and Classifying the Landforms of Quarrying;121
7.9.2.2;9.2.2 Excavated (negative) Forms;123
7.9.2.3;9.2.3 Accumulated (Positive) Forms;125
7.9.2.4;9.2.4 Planation Activity;126
7.9.3;9.3 Other Raw Materials for Construction;126
7.9.4;9.4 Other Minerals;129
7.9.5;9.5 Some Problems of Mine Opening and After-use;132
7.9.5.1;9.5.1 Case Studies;133
7.9.5.1.1;9.5.1.1 Rehabilitation of Abandoned Mining Grounds in Cornwall (England);133
7.9.5.1.2;9.5.1.2 Bluewater Shopping Centre;133
7.9.5.1.3;9.5.1.3 TokajóPatkó Quarry;134
7.9.5.1.4;9.5.1.4 Sculpture Park in the Hársas Hill of Nagyharsány;135
7.10;References;135
7.11;10 Mining: Extraction of Fossil Fuels;137
7.11.1;10.1 Introduction;137
7.11.2;10.2 Surface Alterations Caused by Opencast Coal Mining;138
7.11.3;10.3 Geomorphic Processes Related to Deep Mining of Coal;140
7.11.3.1;10.3.1 Landforms of Mine Workings and Subsidence Areas;140
7.11.3.2;10.3.2 Surface Evolution of Waste Tips;147
7.11.3.2.1;10.3.2.1 Case Study 1: The Aberfan Slump;150
7.11.3.2.2;10.3.2.2 Case Study 2: The ádám Valley Waste Tip;151
7.11.3.3;10.3.3 Maturity of Waste Tips;153
7.11.4;10.4 Surface Modification by the Extraction of Fluid Fuels;154
7.11.5;10.5 The Geomorphological Cycle of Mining Landscapes;156
7.11.6;10.6 Case Study: Uranium ore Mining in the Mecsek Mountains;157
7.11.6.1;10.6.0 Dónes Lóczy;157
7.12;References;159
7.13;11 Water Management;161
7.13.1;11.1 Introduction;161
7.13.2;11.2 Geomorphologic Impacts of River Regulations and Flood Control;163
7.13.2.1;11.2.1 Relevant Landforms;163
7.13.2.1.1;11.2.1.1 Case Study 1: Geomorphologic Impacts of the Regulation of the Tisza River;167
7.13.2.2;11.2.2 Changes in Fluvial Action;168
7.13.2.3;11.2.3 Connections between Water Regulation and Mass Movements;172
7.13.2.3.1;11.2.3.1 Impacts on Mass Movements;172
7.13.2.3.2;11.2.3.2 Water Management and Ground Subsidence;175
7.13.2.4;11.2.4 Water Construction Works and Seismicity;177
7.13.3;11.3 Coastal Interventions and Its Consequences;179
7.13.3.1;11.3.1 Coastal Defence;179
7.13.3.2;11.3.2 Land Reclamation for Economic Purposes;181
7.13.3.2.1;11.3.2.1 Land Reclamation on the North Sea Coast;181
7.14;References;183
7.15;12 Urban Development and Anthropogenic Geomorphology;184
7.15.1;12.1 Introduction;184
7.15.2;12.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Urbanization;185
7.15.3;12.3 Settlement Infrastructure and Topographic Transformation;186
7.15.3.1;12.3.1 Development and Terrain Transformation as a Function of Slope Angle;187
7.15.4;12.4 The Principles of Urban Landscaping, Its Planning and Implementation;188
7.15.4.1;12.4.1 The Need for Landscaping;188
7.15.4.2;12.4.2 Macro- and Micro-scale Landscaping;188
7.15.4.3;12.4.3 Planning and Implementation Objectives;189
7.15.4.4;12.4.4 Typical Anthropogenic Landforms in Urban Areas;189
7.15.4.5;12.4.5 Secondary Impacts of Surface Transformation at Settlements;191
7.16;References;191
7.17;13 Transportation and Industry;193
7.17.1;13.1 Transport Infrastructure Construction and Industrial Development;193
7.17.2;13.2 Transport and Industrial Infrastructure Until the Modern Age;194
7.17.2.1;13.2.1 Transport Routes;194
7.17.2.2;13.2.2 The Early Impacts of Industry;198
7.17.3;13.3 The Impacts of Transportation on the Surface in the Modern Age;202
7.17.3.1;13.3.1 Construction of Transport Network: Direct Impacts;202
7.17.3.2;13.3.2 Indirect Impacts;209
7.17.3.2.1;13.3.2.1 Cutting Through Impermeable Layers;210
7.17.3.2.2;13.3.2.2 Changes in Runoff;211
7.17.3.2.3;13.3.2.3 The 'Waterfall Effect';211
7.17.3.3;13.3.3 Modern Industrial Development;213
7.17.3.4;13.3.4 Sludge Reservoirs;213
7.17.3.5;13.3.5 Slag Cones and Fly-ash Reservoirs;214
7.17.3.6;13.3.6 Cooling Ponds;214
7.17.3.7;13.3.7 Industrial Parks, Shopping Centres;215
7.17.3.8;13.3.8 Environmental Impacts of Industrial Waste Disposal;215
7.17.4;13.4 Summary;216
7.18;References;218
7.19;14 Military Activities: Warfare and Defence;220
7.19.1;14.1 Classification of Landforms of Warfare Origin;220
7.19.2;14.2 The largest Defence Line: The Great Wall of China;222
7.19.3;14.3 Defence in the Roman Empire: Limes and Earth Ramparts;223
7.19.4;14.4 Medieval Ramparts and Fortresses;224
7.19.5;14.5 Earthworks in the Modern Age;225
7.19.6;14.6 Anthropogenic Geomorphological Impacts of World War I;229
7.19.7;14.7 Landscape Transformation by Warfare in World War II and the Preceding years;231
7.19.8;14.8 Geomorphological Impacts of Modern Wars;232
7.20;References;233
7.21;15 The Impact of Tourism and Sports Activities;235
7.21.1;15.1 Introduction;235
7.21.2;15.2 The Impact of Leisure-Time Travels and Sports on Relief;237
7.21.2.1;15.2.1 Impacts from Winter Sports;237
7.21.2.2;15.2.2 Impacts Near Water;239
7.21.2.3;15.2.3 Impacts of Golf Courses;242
7.21.2.4;15.2.4 Impacts Related to Motorsports;244
7.21.2.5;15.2.5 Impacts of Green Areas;244
7.21.2.6;15.2.6 Recreation Activities Inducing or Increasing Erosion;245
7.21.2.7;15.2.7 Damage to Landforms, Rock Collecting;252
7.21.3;15.3 Conclusions;252
7.22;References;254
7.23;16 Impacts in Extreme Environments;257
7.23.1;16.1 Introduction;257
7.23.2;16.2 Cold Environments;258
7.23.2.1;16.2.1 Station Construction;259
7.23.2.2;16.2.2 Transportation;259
7.23.2.3;16.2.3 Water Supply;260
7.23.3;16.3 Arid Environments;260
7.23.3.1;16.3.1 Transportation and Dwelling;260
7.23.3.2;16.3.2 Water Drainage;261
7.23.3.3;16.3.3 Water Supply;261
7.23.3.4;16.3.4 Quarrying;262
7.23.3.5;16.3.5 Warfare;263
7.23.3.6;16.3.6 Sacral Activities;263
7.23.4;16.4 Cold and Arid Regions;264
7.23.4.1;16.4.1 Dwelling;265
7.23.4.2;16.4.2 Transportation;266
7.23.4.3;16.4.3 Mining ( Sulphur, Rock Salt, Ores ) ;266
7.23.4.4;16.4.4 Science;267
7.23.5;16.5 High Mountains;267
7.23.5.1;16.5.1 Transportation;268
7.23.5.2;16.5.2 ( Opencast ) Mining ;270
7.23.5.3;16.5.3 Sport ( Ski Tourism ) ;270
7.23.5.4;16.5.4 Science ( Astronomy, Meteorology ) ;271
7.24;References;272
8;Part IV An Anthropogenic Geomorphological Synthesis;273
8.1;17 Nature and Extent of Human Geomorphological Impact A Review;274
8.1.1;17.1 Introduction;274
8.1.2;17.2 Estimating the Rate of Anthropogenic Geomorphological Processes;275
8.1.3;17.3 Socio-Economic Factors in Anthropogenic Geomorphology;279
8.1.3.1;17.3.1 Technical Progress;279
8.1.3.2;17.3.2 Population Growth;280
8.1.4;17.4 An Historic Approach to Anthropogenic Geomorphology;283
8.1.5;17.5 Estimating Potential Anthropogenic Geomorphological Impact;286
8.2;References;291
8.3;Index;293

Leseproben

"Chapter 4 Anthropogenic Geomorphology and Landscape Ecology (p. 39-40)

Péter Csorba

Abstract Since landscape ecology is the discipline of functionally studying natural factors and anthropogenic processes in light of the present and forecasted land-use tendencies, anthropogenic geomorphology easily fits in among the various fields of landscape ecology. The spatial distribution of human structures (builtup areas, roads, railways, channels and others) is always adjusted to topographic conditions.

To rank the intensity of anthropogenic impact on a qualitative range, so-called hemeroby levels have been established by German scientists.When assessing hemeroby, estimations are made for the degree of human geomorphic impact based on the rate of soil erosion, surface dissection or the abundance of terraces, escarpments and artificial excavational features.

At the highest level of human impact, in urban-industrial (or urban-technical) ecosystems, even remnant patches of semi-natural ecosystems seldom occur wedged into built-up areas and into linear infrastructural elements. The micro- and meso-elements of topography are often totally destroyed by terrain modification, such as levelling for development. Relying on anthropogenic geomorphology, landscape ecology can make significant practical contributions to landscape planning. Keywords Landscape ecology · Hemeroby · Landscapes · Cultivated landscapes

4.1 Landscape Ecology as a Discipline

Landscape geographical research, since the 1960s, has increasingly acquired an ecological approach (Leser 1991; Finke 1986; Farina 1998; Csorba 2003; Wu and Hobbs 2007). In its simplest form, it means that phenomena and processes are studied embedded in their environmental systems. Recently the denomination “landscape research of ecological approach” is used for this field of research. It is not much modified by the fact that the term “landscape ecology (or geoecology)” has become widespread in the international usage (Leser 1991; Huggett 1995).

Among the fundamental characteristics of landscape ecology, a practical approach should also be accentuated (Helming and Wiggering 2003; Wiens and Moss 2005). Landscape ecology research primarily aims at fulfilling social demands in a way they should have the least pressure on potential natural resources and hinder the satisfaction of other social demands to the least possible extent. Landscape ecology provides a scientific background to achieve reasonable landscape management and land-use compromises (Marsh 1997; Ingegnoli 2002; Jongman 2005). Landscape ecology, as a result of its roots in geography, also inherited the spatial approach of geography.

A decisive question is where the various forms of social activities could be accommodated at the lowest physical-economic-social conflicts. According to Carl Troll, the founder of landscape ecology as an independent discipline (1939), landscape ecology is “Raumökologie der Erdoberfläche”, i.e. the science of ecological processes on the Earth’s surface."