Spurgin Human Reliability Assessment Theory and Practice

Erscheinungsjahr 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4200-6852-8
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 304 Seiten

A continually evolving discipline, human reliability assessment (HRA) has elements of controversy from the definition of terms to the application of appropriate methods for the representation of human failure probability. The idea that human error is a random event is falling out of favor and the concept that humans can be set up to fail or succeed depending on context is gaining credibility. An in-depth exploration of current theories, Human Reliability Assessment Theory and Practice demonstrates how to model, change, and apply new approaches to a number of different high-risk industries.

The book covers data and data sources, choice of methods, training of individuals, use of simulators for HRA purposes, and the relationship between psychology, human factors, accident analyses, and human reliability. Author Anthony Spurgin has been in the forefront of HRA development for the past 20 years and has contributed to developing human reliability methods and tools that have been applied to the enhancement of nuclear power plant and space vehicle safety. He explores reactor performance and the demands it makes on operators to ensure plant safety. He also covers the roles of plant management in the decision-making applied to both design and operation. The book includes a number of accident studies that illustrate the key roles of operators and managers in accident mitigation and control.

The heart of HRA will always be to find creative ways of helping designers, management, operators, and authorities increase the safety and profitability of technological systems. Drawing on his personal experience, Spurgin reviews HRA from the viewpoint of the operator. The book uses examples from the nuclear industry, always on the forefront of safety, and translates how to apply the concepts to other high risk industries.

Zielgruppe

Ergonomics and human factors engineers and safety engineers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Spurgin, Anthony J.

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Technik Allgemein Technik: Allgemeines

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Introduction
Purpose of the Book
Contents of the Book
Potential Users of the Book
Author’s Philosophy
Background
Introduction
Early Developments
USNRC-Sponsored HRA-Related Studies
EPRI-Funded HRA Projects
Other Organizational Involvement in HRA
Plant Safety and Risk
Introduction
Licensing Requirements
PSA Logic Structure—Event Trees and Fault Trees
Human Error Categories
Organization of HRA Studies
HRA Principles and Concepts
Introduction
Background
Human Reliability Considerations
Crew Models
Accident Progression and HRA Pathways
Database Requirements and Expert Judgment
PRA/HRA Organization
Requirements for HRA Experts
Review of Current HRA Models and Methods
Introduction
Background
HRA Models: Characterization
Descriptions: Models within Three Groups
HRA Tools and Methods
Introduction
Human Reliability Aspects: Dependencies
Errors of Commission and Omission
Expert Judgment Methods
Computer-Based Tools for Estimation of HEPs
Fires and Low-Power and Shut-Down PRAs
HRA Methods: A Critique
Introduction
Background
HRA Models: Characterization
Pros and Cons of Each HRA Model
Conclusions and Recommendations
Analysis of Accidents: Various Industries
Introduction
Three Mile Island Unit 2 Accident
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident
NASA Challenger Accident, January 28, 1986
NASA Columbia Accident, February 14, 2004
Tenerife, Canary Islands Runway Accident, March 1977
Airbus 300 Accident at JFK Airport, November 12, 2002
BP Oil Refinery, Texas City, March 2005
Piper Alpha Oil Rig Accident: North Sea, July 6, 1988
Union Carbide Savin (Pesticide) Plant, Bhopal, India, April 1988
Flaujac: Express/Local Train Crash, August 1985
Underground Fire at King’s Cross, May 1990
Analysis of Accidents Using HRA Techniques
Introduction
Investigation of Chapter 8 Accident Situations
Analysis from HRA Point of View
Three Mile Island, Nuclear Accident
Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
NASA Challenger Accident
NASA Columbia Accident
Tenerife Air Transport Accident
JFK Airport Accident
Bhopal Chemical Plant Accident
Texas City Oil Refinery Accident
Piper Alpha Oil Rig Accident
Flaujac Accident, French Railway
King’s Cross Underground Railway Accident
Comments
An Application of an HRA Method (HDT) to a Real Problem
Introduction
Description of the International Space Station
ISS PRA: Background
HDT Method Applied to ISS
Steps in Performing an HDT Analysis
Comments
Data Sources, Data Banks, and Expert Judgment
Introduction
Associated Databases
Standalone Databases
Simulator Databases
Expert Judgment Methods
Conclusions
Use of Simulator Data for HRA Purposes
Introduction
Design of Simulators
Simulator History
Brief History of Simulator Data Collection Studies
Purposes of Data Collection
Data Collection Systems and Processes
Insights: From Time and Observational Data
Use of Simulator Data for HRA Purposes
Design of Scenarios
Discussion and Conclusions
Impact of Systematic Data Collection on Training
Introduction
Data Collection and Analysis Process
Analysis Process
Experience with Data Collection
Conclusions and Recommendations
Discussion and Conclusions
Introduction
HEP Range
Impact of the Selection of HRA Models
Organizational Influence
Lessons from the Accident Reviews
Selection of Experts
Databases
Relevance to Other Industries
Release of Data and Model Developments
References
Appendix
Index