Smith / Read Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

3. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-08-055934-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 800 Seiten

The roots of most plants are colonized by symbiotic fungi to form mycorrhiza, which play a critical role in the capture of nutrients from the soil and therefore in plant nutrition. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis is recognized as the definitive work in this area. Since the last edition was published there have been major advances in the field, particularly in the area of molecular biology, and the new edition has been fully revised and updated to incorporate these exciting new developments.
•Over 50% new material
•Includes expanded color plate section
•Covers all aspects of mycorrhiza
•Presents new taxonomy
•Discusses the impact of proteomics and genomics on research in this area

Autoren/Hrsg.

Smith, Sally E.

Read, David J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Mycorrhizal symbiosis;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface;8
6;Introduction;12
7;Section 1 Arbuscular mycorrhizas;22
7.1;Chapter 1 The symbionts forming arbuscular mycorrhizas;24
7.1.1;Introduction;24
7.1.2;Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi;26
7.1.3;The range of plants forming arbuscular mycorrhizas;37
7.1.4;Non-mycorrhizal plants;41
7.1.5;Fossil history of arbuscular mycorrhizas;43
7.1.6;Fungus–plant specificity;45
7.1.7;Ecological considerations;49
7.1.8;Conclusions;51
7.2;Chapter 2 Colonization of roots and anatomy of arbuscular mycorrhizas;53
7.2.1;Introduction;53
7.2.2;Sources of inoculum–overview;53
7.2.3;Morphology and anatomy of arbuscular mycorrhizas;66
7.2.4;Conclusions;100
7.3;Chapter 3 Genetic, cellular and molecular interactions in the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizas;102
7.3.1;Introduction;102
7.3.2;Key steps in colonization;106
7.3.3;Cytological changes during root colonization;107
7.3.4;Genetic approaches to understanding AM colonization – interactions of AM fungi with non-hosts and mutants;111
7.3.5;Changes in gene transcription during AM colonization;120
7.3.6;Effects of AM colonization on plant defence responses;123
7.3.7;Conclusions;126
7.4;Chapter 4 Growth and carbon economy of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts;128
7.4.1;Introduction;128
7.4.2;Effects of AM colonization on plant nutrition and growth – overview;129
7.4.3;C transfer to the fungal partner;133
7.4.4;Cost-benefit analysis;143
7.4.5;Variations in AM responsiveness of plants;145
7.4.6;AM mycelial links between plants: importance in carbon allocation in a plant community;152
7.4.7;Conclusions;154
7.5;Chapter 5 Mineral nutrition, toxic element accumulation and water relations of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants;156
7.5.1;Introduction;156
7.5.2;Phosphorus availability in soil;158
7.5.3;Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on plant phosphorus nutrition;159
7.5.4;Nitrogen nutrition;182
7.5.5;Uptake of other nutrients;186
7.5.6;Interplant transfer of nutrients;192
7.5.7;Water relations;193
7.5.8;Conclusions;197
8;Section 2 Ectomycorrhizas;200
8.1;Chapter 6 Structure and development of ectomycorrhizal roots;202
8.1.1;Introduction;202
8.1.2;Taxonomic, evolutionary and geographic aspects of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis;203
8.1.3;Specificity in ectomycorrhizal symbioses;220
8.1.4;Genetics of ectomycorrhizal fungi;222
8.1.5;The formation of ectomycorrhizas;227
8.1.6;Molecular approaches to the study of ectomycorrhizal communities;273
8.1.7;Succession and replacement of fungi on roots and root systems;277
8.1.8;Conclusions;278
8.2;Chapter 7 Ectendo- and arbutoid mycorrhizas;280
8.2.1;Introduction;280
8.2.2;Ectendomycorrhizas;281
8.2.3;Ectendomycorrhizal fungi;285
8.2.4;The occurrence, taxonomic status and function of dark septate (DS) fungi;286
8.2.5;Arbutoid mycorrhizas;290
8.2.6;Conclusions;304
8.3;Chapter 8 Growth and carbon allocation of ectomycorrhizal symbionts;306
8.3.1;Introduction;306
8.3.2;Carbon supplies for ectomycorrhizal fungi;311
8.3.3;Carbon distribution in intact plant–fungus systems;319
8.3.4;Non-nutritional effects upon carbon assimilation;324
8.3.5;Community level patterns of carbon allocation;327
8.3.6;Conclusions;330
8.4;Chapter 9 Nitrogen mobilization and nutrition in ectomycorrhizal plants;332
8.4.1;Introduction;332
8.4.2;Use of N by ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture;333
8.4.3;Use of N by mycorrhizal roots and intact plants;343
8.4.4;Conclusions;357
8.5;Chapter 10 Phosphorus and base cation nutrition, heavy metal accumulation and water relations of ectomycorrhizal plants;360
8.5.1;Introduction;360
8.5.2;Uptake of P by excised ECM and non-mycorrhizal roots;361
8.5.3;Phosphate absorption in intact plants;370
8.5.4;Sources and mobilization of P in soil;375
8.5.5;Mobilization, uptake and translocation of potassium;379
8.5.6;Release, uptake and transport of magnesium;382
8.5.7;Mobilization, uptake and transport of calcium;385
8.5.8;Effects of ectomycorrhizal colonization on resistance to metal ion toxicity;386
8.5.9;Effects of ECM colonization on plant water relations;389
8.5.10;Conclusions;395
9;Section 3 Ericoid, orchid and mycoheterotrophic mycorrhizas;398
9.1;Chapter 11 Ericoid mycorrhizas;400
9.1.1;Introduction;400
9.1.2;The colonization process;404
9.1.3;Penetration of the plant wall;406
9.1.4;Features of intracellular colonization;407
9.1.5;The fungi forming ericoid mycorrhizas;410
9.1.6;Functional aspects of ericoid mycorrhizas;416
9.1.7;Conclusions;428
9.2;Chapter 12 Mycorrhizas of green orchids;430
9.2.1;Introduction;430
9.2.2;The fungi forming mycorrhizas in green orchids;433
9.2.3;Nutritional characteristics of the fungi;444
9.2.4;Seed and protocorm development;446
9.2.5;Mycorrhizal colonization of protocorms;446
9.2.6;Mycorrhizas in adult orchids;454
9.2.7;Transfer of nutrients between symbionts;457
9.2.8;Mechanisms of transfer;462
9.2.9;Host–fungus interactions in the protocorm – mycorrhizal or not?;463
9.2.10;Conclusions;467
9.3;Chapter 13 Mycorrhizas in achlorophyllous plants (mycoheterotrophs);469
9.3.1;Introduction;469
9.3.2;Fungal associations and specificity in monotropoid mycorrhizas;473
9.3.3;The structure of monotropoid mycorrhizas;481
9.3.4;Fungal associations and specificity in mycoheterotrophic orchids;488
9.3.5;Structural aspects of mycorrhiza in mycoheterotrophic orchids;495
9.3.6;Mycoheterotrophic plants with arbuscular mycorrhizas;497
9.3.7;Functions of mycoheterotrophic mycorrhizas;505
9.3.8;Conclusions;514
9.4;Chapter 14 Fungal symbioses in lower land plants;518
9.4.1;Introduction;518
9.4.2;Fungal symbioses in liverworts;519
9.4.3;The structures of liverwort–fungus symbioses;522
9.4.4;Conclusions;531
10;Section 4 Functioning of mycorrhizas in broader contexts;534
10.1;Chapter 15 The roles of mycorrhizas in successional processes and in selected biomes;536
10.1.1;Introduction;536
10.1.2;The roles of mycorrhizal colonization in primary succession;537
10.1.3;The role of mycorrhiza in secondary successions;544
10.1.4;Mycorrhizas in Arctic, Antarctic and alpine biomes;546
10.1.5;Mycorrhizas in heathland;552
10.1.6;Mycorrhizas in boreal and temperate forest biomes;557
10.1.7;Mycorrhizas in tropical and subtropical biomes;574
10.1.8;Conclusions;582
10.2;Chapter 16 Mycorrhizas in ecological interactions;584
10.2.1;Introduction;584
10.2.2;Roles of mycorrhizas in mediating effects at the level of single plant species;585
10.2.3;Multitrophic interactions;609
10.2.4;AM hyphae and soil structure;618
10.2.5;Conclusions;620
10.3;Chapter 17 Mycorrhizas in agriculture, horticulture and forestry;622
10.3.1;Introduction;622
10.3.2;Arbuscular mycorrhizas in agriculture and horticulture;622
10.3.3;Ectomycorrhizas and forest production;636
10.3.4;Edible mycorrhizal fungi;643
10.3.5;Conclusions;646
11;References;648
12;Index;780
12.1;A;780
12.2;B;781
12.3;C;782
12.4;D;784
12.5;E;784
12.6;F;786
12.7;G;787
12.8;H;788
12.9;I;788
12.10;K;789
12.11;L;789
12.12;M;789
12.13;N;791
12.14;O;792
12.15;P;793
12.16;Q;795
12.17;R;795
12.18;S;796
12.19;T;797
12.20;U;798
12.21;V;798
12.22;W;798
12.23;Y;798
12.24;Z;798
13;Colour plates;800