Sies Oxidative Stress

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8911-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 507 Seiten, Web PDF

Oxidative Stress is intended as an in-depth account of knowledge and problems in the field of oxygen-related damage in biological systems. The topics range from an assessment of molecular events in in vitro model systems to complex problems in clinical medicine. Organized into two parts with a total of 18 chapters, this book begins with an introduction to oxidative stress, elucidating specific topics on reactive oxygen species, detoxification system, and nature of oxidative damage. The first part focuses on models used with cells and tissues in the study of oxidative stress, whereas the second part describes the processes elicited by oxidative stress.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Sies, Helmut

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Oxidative
Stress;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of
Contents;6
5;Contributors;12
6;Preface;16
7;Chapter
1. Oxidative Stress: Introductory Remarks;20
7.1;I. Introduction;20
7.2;II. Reactive Oxygen Species;20
7.3;III. Detoxication Systems: Antioxidant Defense;21
7.4;IV. Nature of Oxidative Damage;23
7.5;V. Processes Elicited by Oxidative Stress;24
7.6;VI. Cellular and Medical Aspects;25
7.7;References;26
8;Part I:
Models Used with Cells and Tissues;28
8.1;Chapter
2. Radiolysis of DNA and Model Systems in the Presence of Oxygen;30
8.1.1;I. Introduction;30
8.1.2;II. General Aspects of Peroxyl Radical Chemistry;31
8.1.3;III. Model Systems;36
8.1.4;IV. Strand Breakage in DNA and Polynucleotides in the Presence of Oxygen;45
8.1.5;V. Base Damage in DNA;52
8.1.6;VI. The Oxygen Effect;53
8.1.7;References;55
8.2;Chapter 3. Organic Peroxy Free Radicals as Ultimate Agents in Oxygen Toxicity;60
8.2.1;I. Introduction;60
8.2.2;II. Organic Free Radical Generation in Aqueous Solution: Simplicity of Cobalt Gamma-Ray and Pulse Radiolysis Techniques;61
8.2.3;III. Reaction of Organic Free Radicals with Oxygen;64
8.2.4;IV. Fate of Peroxy Free Radicals RO•2: Transformation to O–•2;68
8.2.5;V. Rapid Reaction of RO•2 but Not R• or O–•2 with NADH;68
8.2.6;VI. Rapid Reaction of RO•2 but Not R• with Antioxidants, Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Amino Acids;71
8.2.7;VII. Inactivation of a Virus by a Peroxy Radical: Protection by Some Anti-Inflammatory Drugs;74
8.2.8;VIII. Inactivation of Lysozyme by CCI3O•2;77
8.2.9;IX. Inactivation of Alcohol Dehydrogenase by Peroxy Radicals ( RO•2) Generally but Not O–•2;82
8.2.10;X. Protection of ADH by Antioxidants and SOD;86
8.2.11;XI. Concluding Remarks;88
8.2.12;Acknowledgements;90
8.2.13;References;90
8.3;Chapter 4. Hydroperoxides and Thiol Oxidants in the Study of Oxidative Stress in Intact Cells and Organs;92
8.3.1;I. Introduction;92
8.3.2;II. t-Butyl Hydroperoxide as a Model Hydroperoxide;95
8.3.3;III. Hepatic Processes Initiated by t-Butyl Hydroperoxide;98
8.3.4;IV. Diamide as a Useful Thiol Oxidant;103
8.3.5;V. Some Processes Studied with Diamide;103
8.3.6;VI. Concluding Remarks;106
8.3.7;Acknowledgements;106
8.3.8;References;107
8.4;Chaptetr 5.
Quinone-Induced Oxidative Injury to Cells and Tissues;110
8.4.1;I. Introduction;110
8.4.2;II. Redox Cycling of Quinones and the Generation of Active Oxygen Species;112
8.4.3;III. Role of Redox Cycling in Quinone Cytotoxicity;113
8.4.4;IV. Potential Inhibition of Superoxide Dismutase by Quinones;121
8.4.5;V. Quinones as Antioxidants;122
8.4.6;VI. Quinones as Mutagens and Carcinogens;123
8.4.7;VII. Quinones as Toxic Metabolites;125
8.4.8;VIII. Conclusion;129
8.4.9;Acknowledgements;129
8.4.10;References;129
8.5;Chapter 6.
Nitrosoureas;134
8.5.1;I. Introduction;134
8.5.2;II. Chemistry of the Nitrosoureas;135
8.5.3;III. Active Site-Directed Carbamylation of Glutathione Reductase;136
8.5.4;IV. Protective Role of Glutathione against Chemically Mediated Cellular Injury;137
8.5.5;V. Oxidative Stress by Inactivation of Glutathione Reductase;141
8.5.6;VI. Conclusions;146
8.5.7;Acknowledgements;147
8.5.8;References;147
8.6;Chapter 7.
Antimalarials;150
8.6.1;I. Introduction;150
8.6.2;II. A Background to Malaria;151
8.6.3;III. Present Antimalarial Drugs: A Synopsis;152
8.6.4;IV. Vulnerability of Malaria Parasites to Free-Radical-Induced Oxidative Stress;153
8.6.5;V. Divicine and Isouramil, Naturally Occurring Antimalarials That Act through Oxidative Stress;156
8.6.6;VI. Possibility That Some Existing Antimalarials Might Act through Oxidative Stress;160
8.6.7;VII. New Approaches;162
8.6.8;Acknowledgements;166
8.6.9;References;166
8.7;Chapter 8. The Role of Oxygen Concentration in Oxidative Stress: Hypoxic and Hyperoxic Models;170
8.7.1;I. Introduction;171
8.7.2;II. Overview: Models of Oxidative Injury;171
8.7.3;III. O2 Supply;188
8.7.4;IV. Patterns of Response of O2-Dependent Systems;191
8.7.5;V. O2 Dependence of Specific Systems;197
8.7.6;VI. Conclusions;207
8.7.7;References;208
8.8;Chapter
9. The Role of Dietary Components in Oxidative Stress in Tissues;216
8.8.1;I. Factors Affecting Lipid Peroxidation;216
8.8.2;II. Incorporation of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids into Membranes and Their Effects on Lipid Peroxidation;223
8.8.3;III. Metal Catalysts in the Diet;225
8.8.4;IV. Dietary Pro-Oxidants (Ascorbic Acid);227
8.8.5;V. Dietary Antioxidants;230
8.8.6;VI. Summary;235
8.8.7;References;235
9;Part
II: Processes Elicited by Oxidative Stress;238
9.1;Chapter
10. Ca2+ Movements Induced by Hydroperoxides in Mitochondria;240
9.1.1;I. Introduction;240
9.1.2;II. Ca2+ Release Studies;243
9.1.3;III. Hydroperoxides as Regulators of Ca2+ Homeostasis;248
9.1.4;Acknowledgements;258
9.1.5;References;258
9.2;Chapter 11. Mixed Disulfides: Biological Functions and Increase in Oxidative Stress;262
9.2.1;I. Introduction;262
9.2.2;II. Physiological Role of Mixed Disulfides;264
9.2.3;III. Mixed Disulfides and Oxidative Stress;275
9.2.4;IV. Conclusions;286
9.2.5;Acknowledgements;287
9.2.6;References;287
9.3;Chapter 12. Lipid Peroxidation: Mechanisms, Analysis, Enzymology and Biological Relevance;292
9.3.1;I. Introduction;292
9.3.2;II. Mechanisms;293
9.3.3;III. Analysis;303
9.3.4;IV. Enzymology;309
9.3.5;V. Biological Relevance;315
9.3.6;VI. Conclusions;321
9.3.7;Acknowledgements;322
9.3.8;References;322
9.4;Chapter
13. Oxidative Stress and Formation of Excited Species;330
9.4.1;I. Introduction;330
9.4.2;II. Induced Oxidative Stress and Photoemission;332
9.4.3;III. Enzymatic Reactions and Excited States;338
9.4.4;IV. Antioxidants;341
9.4.5;V. Conclusions;345
9.4.6;Acknowledgements;345
9.4.7;References;345
9.5;Chapter 14.
Red Cell Oxidative Damage;350
9.5.1;I. Introduction;350
9.5.2;II. Cellular Changes in Oxidative Damage;352
9.5.3;III. Models of Oxidative Damage in Red Cells;354
9.5.4;IV. Methemoglobin, Glucose Metabolism, and Oxidative Damage;362
9.5.5;V. Conclusion;363
9.5.6;Acknowledgement;364
9.5.7;References;364
9.6;Chapter 15. Oxidative Stress in Human Neutrophilic Granulocytes: Host Defence and Self-Defence;370
9.6.1;I. Introduction;370
9.6.2;II. Oxygen Metabolites Generated by Neutrophils;371
9.6.3;III. Oxidative Stress in Neutrophils;384
9.6.4;IV. Oxidative Stress by Neutrophils;390
9.6.5;V. General Conclusions;394
9.6.6;Acknowledgements;395
9.6.7;References;395
9.7;Chapter 16.
Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System;402
9.7.1;I. Introduction;402
9.7.2;II. Hydrogen Peroxide Production in the Nervous System;403
9.7.3;III. Enzymatic Protective Mechanisms in the Nervous System;405
9.7.4;IV. Neurotoxic Properties of 6-Hydroxydopamine and 6-Aminodopamine;407
9.7.5;V. Superoxide and Peroxide Production by Neurotoxins;408
9.7.6;VI. Hydroxyl Radical Production by Neurotoxins;410
9.7.7;VII. Protection against Neurotoxins by Endogenous Catecholamines (Superoxide Scavenging);410
9.7.8;VIII. Protection against Neurotoxins by Exogenous Scavengers of the Hydroxyl Radical;412
9.7.9;IX. Neuronal Production of Hydroxyl Radicals Mediated by Monoamine Oxidase;414
9.7.10;X. Parkinson's Disease: A Working Hypothesis;415
9.7.11;XI. Stroke;418
9.7.12;XII. Conclusions;419
9.7.13;References;420
9.8;Chapter 17.
Oxygen-Centered Free Radicals as Mediators of Inflammation;422
9.8.1;I. Host Defence and Inflammation: A Biased Selection of Historical Landmarks;422
9.8.2;II. Activation of Phagocytes;425
9.8.3;III. The Contributions of Oxygen-Centered Radicals to Various Aspects of Inflammation;432
9.8.4;IV. Therapeutic Perspectives;445
9.8.5;References;447
9.9;Chapter 18.
Tumor Promotion in Skin: Are Active Oxygen Species Involved?;456
9.9.1;I. Introduction;456
9.9.2;II. Initiation;457
9.9.3;III. Promotion;458
9.9.4;IV. Mechanistic Aspects of Promotion;467
9.9.5;V. The Wound Response, a Key Element for an Understanding of Tumor Promotion;485
9.9.6;References;488
10;INDEX;496