E-Book, Englisch, 602 Seiten
Sackett / Ruppenthal / Elias Nursery Rearing of Nonhuman Primates in the 21st Century
2006
ISBN: 978-0-387-25640-5
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 602 Seiten
Reihe: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects
ISBN: 978-0-387-25640-5
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Nursery Rearing of Nonhuman Primates in the 21st Century describes how and why nursery rearing of primates can produce adaptable juveniles and adults for research, conservation, and display-educational purposes. The volume details the history of nursery rearing since the mid-19th century, the outcomes of varied nursery rearing methods, the contemporary goals of nursery rearing as well as reference data derived from species commonly reared in nursery or hand-feeding situations. Examples of the changing goals of nursery rearing covered in this volume are the need for biological containment in disease research, the production of specific pathogen-free colonies by removal of neonates from the mother, the production of phenotypes for genetic and molecular biology studies, and the breeding of endangered species for conservation or research purposes.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;PREFACE: OUR HISTORICAL NOTE;6
2;Table of Contents;10
3;CONTRIBUTORS;23
4;INTRODUCTION;27
4.1;1. GOALS;27
4.2;2. CONCEPTS;28
4.3;3. METHODS;30
4.4;4. DATA;31
4.5;5. CHAPTER ORGANIZATION;31
4.6;REFERENCES;32
5;SECTION ONE;33
5.1;Introduction to Section 1: The History of Nursery Rearing and a Glimpse into the Future;34
5.2;CHAPTER ONE The Effects of Rearing Experiences: The Early Years;36
5.2.1;1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE;36
5.2.2;2. EARLY REARING EXPERIENCE PARADIGM: THE STUDY OF PLASTICITY;38
5.2.2.1;2.1. Total Isolation Rearing;38
5.2.2.2;2.2. Surrogate-Only Rearing;40
5.2.2.3;2.3. Partial Isolation Rearing;40
5.2.2.4;2.4. Peer-Only Rearing;41
5.2.2.5;2.5. Surrogate-Peer Rearing;42
5.2.2.6;2.6. Mother-Only Rearing;43
5.2.3;3. REVERSIBILITY OF NEGATIVE REARING OUTCOMES;44
5.2.3.1;3.1. Agemate Therapy;44
5.2.3.2;3.2. Adaptation Therapy;45
5.2.3.3;3.3. Attachment Therapy;45
5.2.3.4;3.4. Training Therapy;45
5.2.3.5;3.5. Younger-Monkey Therapy;46
5.2.4;4. FROM THE PAST TO THE PRESENT;47
5.2.5;REFERENCES;47
5.3;CHAPTER TWO The Changing Role of Hand Rearing in Zoo-Based Primate Breeding Programs;51
5.3.1;1. THE HISTORY OF HAND-REARING PRIMATES IN ZOOS;51
5.3.2;2. RESOCIALIZATION GOALS AND TECHNIQUES;54
5.3.3;3. EVALUATION OF HAND-REARED PRIMATES;56
5.3.4;4. SUMMARY;58
5.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;59
5.3.6;REFERENCES;59
5.4;CHAPTER THREE Animal Welfare Regulations and Nursery Rearing;62
5.4.1;1. HISTORY AND OVERVIEW OF REGULATIONS;62
5.4.2;2. CURRENT USDA REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO INFANTS;65
5.4.3;3. USDA DRAFT POLICY AND ASP COMMENTS;68
5.4.4;4. NRC-ILAR VOLUME ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES;69
5.4.5;5. GUIDE FOR THE CARE AND USE OF LABORATORY ANIMALS;71
5.4.6;6. AAALAC INTERNATIONAL;72
5.4.7;7. THE AMERICAN ZOO AND AQUARIUM ASSOCIATION (AZA);72
5.4.8;8. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS;73
5.4.9;9. RECOMMENDATIONS;73
5.4.10;10. CONCLUSIONS;75
5.4.11;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;76
5.4.12;REFERENCES;76
5.5;CHAPTER FOUR Data Management for the Nonhuman Primate Nursery;78
5.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;78
5.5.1.1;1.1. Historical Standards;80
5.5.2;2. MODERN ISSUES AND APPROACHES;82
5.5.3;3. ANIMAL-RECORD CONTENTS;83
5.5.4;4. QUALITY CONTROL;86
5.5.5;5. NEW TECHNIQUES FOR DATA COLLECTION, STORAGE, AND RETRIEVAL;90
5.5.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;92
5.5.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;92
5.5.8;REFERENCES;93
5.6;CHAPTER FIVE Very Early Rearing Experience: Rationale and Methodologies for Studying Prenatal Development in Nonhuman Primates ;94
5.6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;94
5.6.2;2. METHODOLOGIES AND DATASETS;96
5.6.2.1;2.1. Happenstance and Evolutionary Byproduct;96
5.6.2.2;2.2. Terminal Methodologies;97
5.6.2.2.1;2.2.1. Accidents;97
5.6.2.2.2;2.2.2. End product;98
5.6.2.3;2.3. Indirect Methodologies;100
5.6.2.3.1;2.3.1. Chemical and Environmental Teratogens;101
5.6.2.3.2;2.3.2. Steroids;103
5.6.2.3.3;2.3.3. Prenatal Psychosocial Stress;104
5.6.2.4;2.4. Selective Breeding Studies;105
5.6.2.5;2.5. Direct Methodologies;106
5.6.2.5.1;2.5.1 Ultrasound;106
5.6.2.5.2;2.5.2. Imaging;108
5.6.2.5.3;2.5.3. Reproductive Technologies;109
5.6.2.5.4;2.5.4. Direct Fetal Access;110
5.6.2.5.5;2.5.5. Viral Vectors and Nanotechnology;112
5.6.3;3. BASIC REQUIREMENTS;114
5.6.4;REFERENCES;115
6;SECTION TWO;125
6.1;Introduction to Section 2: Methods and Outcomes for Infrequently Hand-Reared Species;126
6.2;CHAPTER SIX The Effect of Hand Rearing on the Sexual and Maternal Competence of Three Species of Lemurs, Varecia variegata, Varecia rubra, and Eulemur macaco;127
6.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;127
6.2.2;2. METHODS;129
6.2.3;3. RESULTS;130
6.2.3.1;3.1. Reproductive Success: Parent-Reared and Hand-Reared Ruffed Lemurs;130
6.2.3.2;3.2. Maternal Competence: Parent-Reared and Hand-Reared Ruffed Lemurs;131
6.2.3.3;3.3. Reproductive Success: Peer versus Solitarily Hand-Reared Ruffed Lemurs;131
6.2.3.4;3.4. Maternal Competence: Peer versus Solitarily Hand-Reared Ruffed Lemurs;132
6.2.3.5;3.5. Reproductive Success: Hand-Reared and Parent-Reared Black Lemurs;132
6.2.3.6;3.6. Maternal Competence: Hand-Reared and Parent-Reared Black Lemurs;132
6.2.4;4. DISCUSSION;133
6.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;135
6.2.6;REFERENCES;135
6.3;CHAPTER SEVEN Nursery-Reared Prosimian Primates;137
6.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;137
6.3.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;139
6.3.3;3. RESULTS;140
6.3.4;4. DISCUSSION;142
6.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;143
6.3.6;REFERENCES;143
6.4;CHAPTER EIGHT Hand Rearing of Infant Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus);146
6.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;146
6.4.2;2. THERMOREGULATION;146
6.4.3;3. SURROGATES AND HOUSING;147
6.4.4;4. FEEDING;147
6.4.5;5. FEEDING SCHEDULE;149
6.4.6;6. FEEDING TECHNIQUE;150
6.4.7;7. HEALTH;150
6.4.8;8. WEIGHT DEVELOPMENT;151
6.4.9;9. REINTRODUCTION;151
6.4.10;REFERENCES;152
7;SECTION THREE;155
7.1;Introduction toSection 3: Methods and Outcomes for Frequently Hand-Reared Species;156
7.2;CHAPTER NINE Immunological Consequences of Nursery Rearing;158
7.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;158
7.2.2;2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFANT IMMUNE SYSTEM;160
7.2.3;3. IMMUNE RESPONSES OF NURSERY-REARED INFANTS;161
7.2.4;4. IMMUNE MODULATORS IN BREAST MILK;169
7.2.5;5. BREAST MILK AND GUT MATURATION;170
7.2.6;6. TH1/TH2;173
7.2.7;7. TEMPERATURE AND ENTRAINMENT;174
7.2.8;8. CONCLUSIONS;177
7.2.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;180
7.2.10;9. APPENDIX;180
7.2.11;REFERENCES;182
7.3;CHAPTER TEN Special Challenges of Rearing Infant Macaques Infected with Lentivirus (SIV, HIV, SHIV);192
7.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;192
7.3.2;2. LENTIVIRUSES AND VIRAL SYMPTOMOLOGY;193
7.3.3;3. NEURO-AIDS NURSERY PROCEDURES;194
7.3.3.1;3.1. Personnel Safety;194
7.3.3.2;3.2. Rearing and Husbandry Protocols;196
7.3.4;4. NORMATIVE DATA;202
7.3.4.1;4.1. Weights and Anthropometrics;202
7.3.4.2;4.2. Data Analysis;202
7.3.5;5. COGNITIVE MEASURES;204
7.3.5.1;5.1. Object Concept;204
7.3.5.2;5.2. Motor Development;205
7.3.5.3;5.3. Species-Typical Behaviors;207
7.3.6;6. SUMMARY;208
7.3.7;REFERENCES;209
7.4;CHAPTER ELEVEN Nursery Rearing and Biobehavioral Organization;214
7.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;214
7.4.2;2. BIOBEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT OF INFANTS AT THE CALIFORNIA NATIONAL PRIMATE RESEARCH CENTER (CNPRC);216
7.4.2.1;2.1. Subjects and Living Conditions;216
7.4.2.1.1;2.1.1. Fieldcage-Raised (FR) Animals;216
7.4.2.1.2;2.1.2. Corncrib-Raised (CR) Animals;217
7.4.2.1.3;2.1.3. Mother-Reared (MR) Animals;217
7.4.2.1.4;2.1.4. Nursery-Reared (NR) Animals;217
7.4.2.2;2.2. Assessment Procedures;218
7.4.2.2.1;2.2.1. General Procedures;218
7.4.2.2.2;2.2.2. Specific Assessments;219
7.4.2.2.2.1;2.2.2a. Living Cage Observations;219
7.4.2.2.2.2;2.2.2b. Preferential Look Test;219
7.4.2.2.2.3;2.2.2c. Video Playback.;219
7.4.2.2.2.4;2.2.2d. Human Intruder Test.;220
7.4.2.2.2.5;2.2.2e. Blood Sampling.;220
7.4.2.2.2.6;2.2.2f. Novel Objects.;220
7.4.2.2.2.7;2.2.2g. Temperament Ratings.;221
7.4.2.3;2.3. Results;221
7.4.2.3.1;2.3.1. Living Cage Observations;221
7.4.2.3.2;2.3.2. Video Playback;222
7.4.2.3.3;2.3.3. Human Intruder;224
7.4.2.3.4;2.3.4. Hypothalamic Pituitary-Adrenal Regulation;226
7.4.2.3.5;2.3.5. Hematology;227
7.4.2.3.6;2.3.6. Temperament Ratings;229
7.4.3;3. DISCUSSION;229
7.4.4;4. IMPLICATIONS;232
7.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;236
7.4.6;REFERENCES;236
7.5;CHAPTER TWELVE Neurobehavioral Assessment of Nonhuman Primate Neonates;238
7.5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;238
7.5.2;2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PNNA;241
7.5.3;3. STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN;244
7.5.3.1;3.1. Comparisons of Nursery-Reared and Mother-Reared Infants;244
7.5.3.2;3.2. Effects of Prenatal Stress on Early Neurobehavior;246
7.5.3.3;3.3. Studies of Fetal Alcohol or Combined Alcohol and Prenatal Stress;252
7.5.4;4. STUDIES AT THE LABORATORY OF COMPARATIVE ETHOLOGY;254
7.5.4.1;4.1. General Differences from Studies at Wisconsin;254
7.5.4.2;4.2. Genetic Influence on Behavioral Development;255
7.5.4.3;4.3. Nutritional Influence on Development;258
7.5.5;5. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS;259
7.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;261
7.5.7;REFERENCES;261
7.6;CHAPTER THIRTEEN Is It Nutrients or Nurturing? Comparison of the Growth and Development of Mother-Reared and Laboratory-Reared Macaque Infants (Macaca nemestrina);271
7.6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;271
7.6.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;274
7.6.2.1;2.1. Samples;274
7.6.2.1.1;2.1.1. LR Sample;274
7.6.2.1.2;2.1.2. MR Sample;274
7.6.2.2;2.2. Data Collection;275
7.6.2.3;2.3. Statistical Analysis;275
7.6.3;3. RESULTS;277
7.6.4;4. DISCUSSION;280
7.6.4.1;4.1. Sex Effects;280
7.6.4.1.1;4.1.1. Growth;280
7.6.4.1.2;4.1.2. Skeletal Development;281
7.6.4.2;4.2. Rearing Effects;282
7.6.4.2.1;4.2.1. Growth;282
7.6.4.2.2;4.2.2. Development;283
7.6.5;5. CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH;284
7.6.6;REFERENCES;286
7.7;CHAPTER FOURTEEN Baboon Nursery Rearing Practices and Comparisons between Nursery-Reared and Mother-Reared Individuals;291
7.7.1;1. INTRODUCTION;291
7.7.2;2. NURSERY-REARED VERSUS MOTHER-REARED BABOONS;292
7.7.2.1;2.1. Behavior;293
7.7.2.2;2.2. Growth and Development;295
7.7.2.3;2.3. Physiology;296
7.7.2.4;2.4. Mortality and Morbidity;297
7.7.3;3. VARIATION IN THE NURSERY ENVIRONMENT;300
7.7.3.1;3.1. Impact of Infant Formula Composition on Baboon Growth;301
7.7.3.2;3.2. Impact of Human Handling on Behavior;301
7.7.3.3;3.3. Impact of Socialization Program;302
7.7.4;4. CHANGES IN NURSERY-REARING PRACTICES OVER TIME;303
7.7.4.1;4.1. Early Published Reports;304
7.7.4.2;4.2. Changes over Time;305
7.7.4.3;4.3. Learning from History;306
7.7.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;306
7.7.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;307
7.7.7;REFERENCES;307
7.8;CHAPTER FIFTEEN Early Rearing Conditions and Captive Chimpanzee Behavior: Some Surprising Findings;311
7.8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;311
7.8.2;2. EVOLUTION OF NURSERY-REARING PRACTICES FOR CHIMPANZEES;313
7.8.3;3. EFFECTS OF CURRENT NURSERY PRACTICES AND OTHER EARLY REARING EXPERIENCES ON BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHIMPANZEES;314
7.8.3.1;3.1. Abnormal Behavior;315
7.8.3.2;3.2. Response to Novelty;317
7.8.3.3;3.3. Sexual Competence;319
7.8.3.4;3.4. Maternal Competence;320
7.8.3.5;3.5. Maternal Response to Separation from Offspring;323
7.8.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;324
7.8.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;328
7.8.6;REFERENCES;328
7.9;CHAPTER SIXTEEN Effects of Early Rearing History on Growth and Behavioral Development in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes);335
7.9.1;1. INTRODUCTION;335
7.9.2;2. METHODS;339
7.9.2.1;2.1. Housing and Husbandry;339
7.9.2.1.1;2.1.1. Nursery Housing;339
7.9.2.1.2;2.1.2. Nursery Husbandry;339
7.9.2.1.3;2.1.3. Colony Housing;341
7.9.2.1.4;2.1.4. Colony Husbandry;342
7.9.2.2;2.2. Data Collection and Analysis;343
7.9.2.2.1;2.2.1. Growth;343
7.9.2.2.2;2.2.2. Positional Behavior;344
7.9.2.2.3;2.2.3. Solitary and Social Behavior;346
7.9.2.2.4;2.2.4. Behavior at Final Maternal Separation;347
7.9.3;3. RESULTS;349
7.9.3.1;3.1. Growth;349
7.9.3.2;3.2. Positional Behavior;349
7.9.3.3;3.3. Solitary and Social Behavior;350
7.9.3.4;3.4. Behavior at Final Maternal Separation;353
7.9.4;4. DISCUSSION;357
7.9.5;5. APPENDIX;360
7.9.5.1;5.1. Ethogram of Maternal Separation Behaviors;360
7.9.5.1.1;5.1.1. Agitation;360
7.9.5.1.2;5.1.2. Protest;361
7.9.5.1.3;5.1.3. Despair/Depression;361
7.9.5.1.4;5.1.4. Subtle Agitation;362
7.9.5.1.5;5.1.5. Coping Behaviors;362
7.9.5.1.6;5.1.6. Normal Behaviors;362
7.9.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;363
7.9.7;REFERENCES;363
8;SECTION FOUR;373
8.1;Introduction to Section 4: Nursery Care Methodology and Testing Techniques for the Future;374
8.2;CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Squirrel Monkeys as an Example of Primate Nursery Medicine;376
8.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;376
8.2.2;2. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE CONCEPTS FOR THE NURSERY;377
8.2.2.1;2.1. Nursery Design;377
8.2.2.2;2.2. Nursery Quality Control;378
8.2.2.3;2.3. Nursery Staffing;378
8.2.2.4;2.4. Nursery Hygiene, Disinfection, and Vermin Control;378
8.2.2.5;2.5. Nursery Records and Quality Control;380
8.2.3;3. THE SQUIRREL MONKEY NURSERY;381
8.2.3.1;3.1. Admission;381
8.2.3.2;3.2. Feeding and Nutrition;382
8.2.3.3;3.3. Medical Procedures;383
8.2.3.3.1;3.3.1. Temperature Measurement;383
8.2.3.3.2;3.3.2. Auscultation;384
8.2.3.3.3;3.3.3. Blood Collection;384
8.2.3.3.4;3.3.4. Anesthesia;384
8.2.3.4;3.4. Common Health Problems in Squirrel Monkey Infants;385
8.2.3.4.1;3.4.1. Prematurity;385
8.2.3.4.2;3.4.2. Bacterial, Yeast, and Viral Infections;385
8.2.3.4.3;3.4.3. Herpesvirus Saimiri Type 1 (HVS-1);386
8.2.3.4.4;3.4.4. Trauma;386
8.2.3.4.5;3.4.5. Hypoglycemia;386
8.2.3.4.6;3.4.6. Hypothermia;387
8.2.3.4.7;3.4.7. Failure to Thrive Syndrome;388
8.2.3.4.8;3.4.8. Synthetic Fiber Gastric Foreign Bodies;388
8.2.4;4. CONCLUSION;389
8.2.5;REFERENCES;389
8.3;CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Nursery Care of At-Risk Nonhuman Primates;392
8.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;392
8.3.2;2. CRITICAL FACTORS IN CARE OF HIGH-RISK NEONATES;393
8.3.2.1;2.1. Hypothermia and Respiratory Abnormalities;394
8.3.2.1.1;2.1.1. Incubator Methods;395
8.3.2.1.2;2.1.2. Heating Pads;396
8.3.2.1.3;2.1.3. Oxygen Support Therapy;396
8.3.2.1.4;2.1.4. Prematurity and Hyaline Membrane Disease;396
8.3.2.1.5;2.1.5. Feeding;397
8.3.2.1.5.1;2.1.5a. Gavage Feeding;398
8.3.2.1.5.2;2.1.5b. Self-Feeding;401
8.3.2.1.6;2.1.6. Neonatal Weight Loss and Gain;404
8.3.3;3. POSTINCUBATOR HOUSING;407
8.3.4;4. CAUSES OF DEATH;407
8.3.5;5. CONCLUSION;410
8.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;410
8.3.7;REFERENCES;410
8.4;CHAPTER NINETEEN A Quick and Effective Method for Establishing Self-Feeding in Stump-Tailed Macaques (Macaca arctoides);412
8.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;412
8.4.2;2. NURSERY FACILITY;413
8.4.3;3. SELF-FEEDING;414
8.4.3.1;3.1. Effects of Preparation for Self-Feeding;415
8.4.3.2;3.2. Comparative Outcomes of Feeding Methods;418
8.4.4;4. CONCLUSION;420
8.4.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;421
8.4.6;REFERENCES;421
8.5;CHAPTER TWENTY Saliva as a Medium for Assessing Cortisol and Other Compounds in Nonhuman Primates:Collection, Assay, and Examples;424
8.5.1;1. BACKGROUND;425
8.5.1.1;1.1. Free Cortisol in Saliva;427
8.5.1.2;1.2. Other Compounds in Saliva;428
8.5.2;2. METHODS FOR COLLECTING SALIVA FROM NONHUMAN PRIMATES;430
8.5.3;3. FACTORS THAT AFFECT SALIVARY HORMONES;432
8.5.4;4. APPLICATION OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS;435
8.5.5;5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;443
8.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;443
8.5.7;REFERENCES;444
8.6;CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE The SPIT Method for Simultaneous and Unobtrusive Collectionof Salivary Cortisol from Individually Housed Infant Monkeys;449
8.6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;449
8.6.1.1;1.1. Ethics, Logistics, and Stress;450
8.6.1.2;1.2. The Current State of the Art;452
8.6.1.2.1;1.2.1. Saliva Collection Apparatuses;453
8.6.1.2.2;1.2.2. Cotton Roll Preparation;455
8.6.2;2. THE SPIT METHOD;456
8.6.2.1;2.1. The SPIT Apparatus;456
8.6.2.2;2.2. The SPIT Sticks;458
8.6.3;3. APPLICATION OF THE SPIT METHOD;461
8.6.3.1;3.1. Standard Operating Procedure;461
8.6.3.2;3.2. Viability of the SPIT Method;463
8.6.3.2.1;3.2.1. Subject Participation;464
8.6.3.2.2;3.2.2. Sample Quality;465
8.6.3.2.3;3.2.3. Circadian and Longitudinal Dynamics of Salivary Cortisol;466
8.6.4;4. DISCUSSION;472
8.6.4.1;4.1. Variations on a Theme;473
8.6.4.2;4.2. Limitations and Future Directions;474
8.6.5;5. CONCLUSION;475
8.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;475
8.6.7;REFERENCES;476
8.7;CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Actimetry Measurement of Behavioral Regulation and Sleep Cycles in Infant Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta);481
8.7.1;1. INTRODUCTION;481
8.7.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;485
8.7.2.1;2.1. Subjects;485
8.7.2.2;2.2. Apparatus;486
8.7.2.2.1;2.2.1. Actiwatch®;486
8.7.2.2.2;2.2.2. Harness;486
8.7.2.2.3;2.2.3. Actiwatch/Harness Interface;488
8.7.2.2.4;2.2.4. Application of the Interface;488
8.7.2.3;2.3. Data Analysis;488
8.7.2.3.1;2.3.1. Selection of Recording Interval;488
8.7.2.3.2;2.3.2. Export of Data from Actimeter to Software;490
8.7.2.3.3;2.3.3. Data Analysis for Nursery-Reared Group Comparisons;490
8.7.3;3. RESULTS;491
8.7.3.1;3.1. Preliminary Assessment of Automated Recording Method;491
8.7.3.2;3.2. Comparison of SPR and PR Monkeys;492
8.7.4;4. DISCUSSION;497
8.7.5;5. SUMMARY;500
8.7.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;501
8.7.7;REFERENCES;501
8.8;CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE Noninvasive Neuroimaging Techniques for the Study of Primate Brain Development ;505
8.8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;505
8.8.2;2. ANATOMICAL IMAGING;506
8.8.2.1;2.1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI);506
8.8.2.2;2.2. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI);512
8.8.2.3;2.3. Manganese Imaging;514
8.8.3;3. FUNCTIONAL IMAGING;515
8.8.3.1;3.1. Positron Emission Tomography (PET);515
8.8.3.1.1;3.1.1. [18F]FDG PET;515
8.8.3.1.2;3.1.2. 15O Water PET;520
8.8.3.1.3;3.1.3. Receptor and Transporter Imaging with PET;521
8.8.3.2;3.2. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI);523
8.8.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;526
8.8.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;527
8.8.6;5. REFERENCES;527
8.9;CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR Tethering with Maternal and Fetal Catheterization as a Model for Studying Pre- to Postnatal Continuities ;532
8.9.1;1. WHAT IS TETHERING?;532
8.9.2;2. EFFECTS OF TETHERING;533
8.9.2.1;2.1. Maternal Effects;534
8.9.2.1.1;2.1.1. Subjects;534
8.9.2.1.2;2.1.2. Procedures;535
8.9.2.1.3;2.1.3. Analysis and Results;536
8.9.3;3. MATERNAL AND FETAL CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTIONING ;542
8.9.3.1;3.1. Prenatal Stress and the Origins of Infant Reactivity and Sensitivity to the Environment;545
8.9.3.1.1;3.1.1. Fetal Conditioning;549
8.9.4;4. TETHERING WITH MATERNAL AND FETAL CATHETERIZATION FOR THE FUTURE;550
8.9.5;REFERENCES;551
9;SECTION FIVE;556
9.1;Introduction to Section 5: Hematology and Serum Chemistry Values;557
9.2;CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE Hematology and Serum Chemistry in Young Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes);559
9.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;559
9.2.2;2. MATERIALS AND METHODS;561
9.2.2.1;2.1. Mother-Reared Chimpanzees;561
9.2.2.2;2.2. Nursery-Reared Chimpanzees;562
9.2.2.3;2.3. H/SCC Reference Intervals;563
9.2.2.4;2.4. H/SCC Analysis;565
9.2.3;3. RESULTS;565
9.2.4;4. DISCUSSION;565
9.2.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;593
9.2.6;REFERENCES;593
9.3;CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX Hematology and Serum Chemistry Reference Values for Rhesus Macaque (Macacamulatta) Infants;595
9.4;CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN Hematology and Serum Chemistry Reference Values for Pigtailed Macaque (Macacanemestrina) Infants;600
9.4.1;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;608
9.5;CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT Hematology and Serum Chemistry Reference Values for Mother-Reared Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) Infants;609
10;INDEX;612
"Squirrel Monkeys as an Example of Primate Nursery Medicine (p. 355-356)
Alan G. Brady, Susan V. Gibson, Lawrence E. Williams, and Christian R. Abee
1. INTRODUCTION
Providing nursery care for infant primates is one of the most challenging aspects of maintaining primates in captivity. Nursery infants must be protected from and treated for the many health problems to which they are vulnerable. At the same time, their developmental needs must be met through proper nutrition, environmental enrichment, and other strategies. Primates are notoriously bad patients, and primate infants are arguably even worse.
They can deteriorate rapidly when ill or injured, and they are susceptible to a variety of secondary problems such as electrolyte disturbances, malnutrition, and infection once a primary health problem occurs. For this reason, the emphasis in this chapter is on preventive medicine: creating a nursery that is conducive to preventing health problems before they start. Essentials of such a nursery include a healthy environment, quali?ed and motivated staff, good nutrition, and a program for the prevention of infectious disease.
2. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE CONCEPTS FOR THE NURSERY
2.1. Nursery Design
Primate nursery facilities vary widely according to amount of use, species involved, and other factors. Some amount to little more than an infrequently used part of a housing or clinical facility while others are dedicated, purpose-designed facilities that are in constant use. Certain components are useful in any primate nursery and may be developed, more or less, depending on functional requirements, budget, and other factors.
These components include infant housing (which may include housing for dams and foster dams), separate storage areas for diet, medication, and supplies, hand-feeding area, space for updating and storing animal records, and a break room for staff. Speci?cations for infant housing are beyond the scope of this chapter but may be found in other references (Anderson, 1986). Food and supply storage should be convenient to work areas and limited to quantities that will be used quickly.
Long-term storage should be located elsewhere. Refrigerated storage for medications or chemicals should be separate from storage for infant formula and diets to avoid contamination (National Research Council, 1996). Records of each animal’s growth and development, health status, treatments, and related documents are an important part of nursery operations. Space should be allowed for completion and storage of records, and for ready access to the records at all times, as required by the Animal Welfare Act of the United States (USDA, 1982).
A separate break room for staff is important because the ready transmission of a variety of diseases between humans and primates makes exclusion of human food from the nursery a necessity (Jordan et al., 1985; National Research Council, 1996). Staff need a break room particularly during hours when the institution’s cafeteria or canteen is closed."
