Buch, Englisch, Band 76, 486 Seiten, Format (B × H): 164 mm x 244 mm, Gewicht: 860 g
Reihe: The Northern World
Ironmaking in Southeastern Norway - Foundation of Statehood C. AD 700-1300
Buch, Englisch, Band 76, 486 Seiten, Format (B × H): 164 mm x 244 mm, Gewicht: 860 g
Reihe: The Northern World
ISBN: 978-90-04-27879-0
Verlag: Brill
In Tales of the Iron Bloomery Bernt Rundberget examines the ironmaking in southern Hedmark in Norway in the period AD 700-1300. Excavations show that this method is distinctive and geographically limited; this is expressed by the technology, organization, development and large-scale production.
The ironmaking practice had its origins in increasing demands for iron, due to growth in urbanization, church power, kingship and mercantile networks. Rundberget’s main hypothesis is that iron became the economic basis for political developments, from chiefdom to kingdom. Iron extraction activity grew from the late Viking Age, throughout the early medieval period, before it came to a sudden collapse around AD 1300. This trend correlates with the rise and fall of the kingdom.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
Contents
Preface ix
List of Figures and Tables xi
1 Introduction 1
Area and Boundaries 3
Chronological Depth 8
The Evidence 10
Topics and Aims 12
Key Issues 14
Outlying Land and Its Use 16
Regions and Technological Boundaries 20
Exploiting the Landscape 23
The Economic Context of Jernvinna—Domestic Activity, Craft or
Something More? 29
2 Research Backdrop 42
Status of Research 42
The Introduction of Iron and Jernvinna 44
Methods of Production in Chronological Terms 45
The Slag Tapping Furnace in Europe and Scandinavia 48
Charcoal Burning, Spatially and Temporally 69
Bog Ore and Roasting Places 76
3 Jernvinna in the Gråfjell Area—Conformity in Distinctiveness 80
Introduction 80
Rolf Falck-Muus—A Major Contributor 80
Recent Surveys and Excavations 86
Bloomery Ironmaking in the Grafjell Area—Form and Facts 88
The Archaeological Investigations 98
The Slag Tapping Furnace of the Grafjell Area—A Distinct
Method 118
Unexcavated Bloomery Sites 129
From Concept to Symmetrical Organization 132
Bloomery Sheds 138
Occupation or Settlement? 142
Rodsmoen and the Grafjell Area Compared 146
Charcoal Pits—From Statistical Bulk Sample to
Organizational Factor 148
Roasting Places—A Factor in a Comprehensive Understanding 161
Organization and Exploitation of Resources 175
4 A Regional Tradition 183
The Source Material 183
South Osterdalen 184
Solor 196
Hedemarken 204
The Delimitation of the Hedmark Tradition 208
5 The Dating of the Hedmark Tradition 216
Introduction 216
The Bayesian Approach 219
The Summing of Radiocarbon Dates 222
Wood Species and the Dating of the Hedmark Tradition 222
Wood Species Determinations 223
Annual Growth Ring Counts and Dendrochronology 227
The Bayesian Approach—Precise Dating of the Period of Use 230
The Grafjell Area—a Specific Chronology 240
14C Dates at Rodsmoen 242
The Dating of jernvinna in Hedmark 243
6 The Volume of Production from the Hedmark Tradition 249
Calculations of the Volume of Slag Heaps 249
Calculations of Volume of Slag 252
Calculations of Yield 253
The Volume of Charcoal Production 255
The Volume of Iron Production 257
The Consumption of Raw Materials and Yield 266
Volume and Period of Use 269
The Volume of Iron from the Hedmark Tradition 271
The Volume of Production through Time 273
7 The Study Area in the Light of Archaeological and
Historical Sources 276
Settlement and Its Development 276
Hunting 292
The Written Sources 296
8 Tales of the Iron Bloomery 319
The Technological Concept and Coordinated Activity 319
Methods in the Borderland 321
The Hedmark Tradition in Time and Space 336
Specialized Work 342
Proto-industrialized Bloomery Ironmaking—the Unknown Economy
of Osterdalen 346
De-industrialization—the Collapse of the Tradition 351
9 The Economic Role of Iron in an Inter-regional Perspective 361
Appendices 368
Appendix Ia: Bloomery sites excavated in the Grafjell area — data
and interpretation 368
Appendix Ib: Excluded bloomery sites, not archaeologically
investigated 378
Appendix IIa: 14C-datings and dendrochronological datings from the
Grafjell area 387
Appendix IIb: Excavated and dated bloomery sites of the Hedmark
tradition 405
Appendix IIc: Excavated and dated charcoal pits of the Hedmark
tradition 414
Appendix III: Calculation of volume and estimation of weight of slag
in slag heaps 426
Bibliography 443
Primary Sources 443
Secondary Sources 443
Internet Sources 473
Index 474
