Richards / Farrell / Brauner Fish Physiology: Hypoxia

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-08-087799-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 517 Seiten

Periods of environmental hypoxia (Low Oxygen Availability) are extremely common in aquatic systems due to both natural causes such as diurnal oscillations in algal respiration, seasonal flooding, stratification, under ice cover in lakes, and isolation of densely vegetated water bodies, as well as more recent anthropogenic causes (e.g. eutrophication). In view of this, it is perhaps not surprising that among all vertebrates, fish boast the largest number of hypoxia tolerant species; hypoxia has clearly played an important role in shaping the evolution of many unique adaptive strategies. These unique adaptive strategies either allow fish to maintain function at low oxygen levels, thus extending hypoxia tolerance limits, or permit them to defend against the metabolic consequences of oxygen levels that fall below a threshold where metabolic functions cannot be maintained.
The aim of this volume is two-fold. First, this book will review and synthesize the adaptive behavioural, morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular strategies used by fish to survive hypoxia exposure and place them within an environmental and ecological context. Second, through the development of a synthesis chapter this book will serve as the cornerstone for directing future research into the effects of hypoxia exposures on fish physiology and biochemistry.
Key Features
* The only single volume available to provide an in-depth discussion of the adaptations and responses of fish to environmental hypoxia.
* Reviews and synthesizes the adaptive behavioural, morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular strategies used by fish to survive hypoxia exposure.
* Includes discussion of the evolutionary and ecological consequences of hypoxia exposure in fish.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Richards, Jeffrey G.

Farrell, Anthony

Brauner, Colin

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Hypoxia;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Contributors;10
6;Preface;12
7;Chapter 1: The Hypoxic Environment;14
7.1;1. Importance of Oxygen and Hypoxia;15
7.2;2. Hypoxia Distribution and Causes;17
7.3;3. Hypoxia and Fish;25
7.4;4. Conclusions;28
7.5;Acknowledgements;30
7.6;References;30
8;Chapter 2: Behavioral Responses and Ecological Consequences;38
8.1;1. Introduction;39
8.2;2. Aquatic Surface Respiration and Air-Breathing;41
8.3;3. Effects of Hypoxia on Activity;57
8.4;4. Hypoxia and Parental Care Behavior;67
8.5;5. Hypoxia and Ecological Interactions;70
8.6;6. Summary;77
8.7;Acknowledgments;79
8.8;References;79
9;Chapter 3: Effects of Hypoxia on Fish Reproduction and Development;92
9.1;1. Introduction;93
9.2;2. Hypoxia and Fish Reproduction;96
9.3;3. Hypoxia and Fish Development;117
9.4;4. Supporting Evidence for the Effects of Hypoxia on Reproduction and Development in other Vertebrates;133
9.5;5. The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors;135
9.6;6. Biological and Ecological Implications;138
9.7;7. Conclusions;139
9.8;Acknowledgements;141
9.9;References;141
10;Chapter 4: Oxygen and Capacity Limited Thermal Tolerance;156
10.1;1. Thermally Induced Hypoxemia in Fishes;157
10.2;2. Temperature Adaptation: Role of Hypoxemia;166
10.3;3. Cellular Mechanisms of Thermal Adaptation;175
10.4;4. Perspectives: Hypoxia-sensitive Thermal Windows in Climate Sensitivity;188
10.5;Acknowledgments;191
10.6;References;191
11;Chapter 5: Oxygen Sensing And The Hypoxic Ventilatory Response;206
11.1;1. Introduction;207
11.2;2. The Hypoxic Ventilatory Response;207
11.3;3. O2 Sensing and O2 Sensors;230
11.4;4. Cellular Mechanisms of O2 Sensing;244
11.5;5. Conclusions and Perspectives;251
11.6;Acknowedgments;252
11.7;References;252
12;Chapter 6: Blood-Gas Transport and Hemoglobin Function: Adaptations for Functional and Environmental Hypoxia;268
12.1;1. Introduction;269
12.2;2. The Hb System;271
12.3;3. Proton Load May Improve Oxygen Delivery: Bohr and Root Effects;276
12.4;4. Environmental Temperature: Oxygen Supply and Demand;279
12.5;5. Endothermic Fishes: Stabilizing Internal Oxygen Tensions;280
12.6;6. Expression and Significance of Multiple Hb Components;281
12.7;7. Role of Other Globins in Hypoxia;286
12.8;8. Erythrocyte Responses to Hypoxia;289
12.9;9. Role of beta-Adrenergic Receptors in Erythrocyte Oxygen Transfer;294
12.10;10. Novel Molecular Mechanisms for Hypoxia Protection;296
12.11;11. Hypoxia Inducible Factor HIF-1alpha: Evidence for Role in Hypoxic Resistance;298
12.12;12. Conclusions and Commentary;299
12.13;Acknowledgements;301
12.14;References;301
13;Chapter 7: Cardiovascular Function and Cardiac Metabolism;314
13.1;1. Introduction;315
13.2;2. Hypoxic Effects on In Vivo Cardiovascular Function;317
13.3;3. Cardiac Energy Metabolism;1
13.4;4. Additional Insights;358
13.5;5. Concluding Remarks;363
13.6;Acknowledgments;363
13.7;References;364
14;Chapter 8: The Effects of Hypoxia On Growth and Digestion;374
14.1;1. Introduction;375
14.2;2. Energetic Considerations for Growth;376
14.3;3. The Rise in Metabolism During Digestion: Specific Dynamic Action (SDA);386
14.4;4. General Effects of Hypoxia on Growth, Appetite, and Assimilation;389
14.5;5. Effects of Hypoxia and Digestive State on Oxygen Transport;397
14.6;6. Effects of Hypoxia on Appetite;399
14.7;7. Assimilation Efficiency;400
14.8;8. Effects of Hypoxia on Growth in Air-Breathing Fishes;401
14.9;9. Conclusions and Perspectives;403
14.10;Acknowledgments;404
14.11;References;404
15;Chapter 9: The Anoxia-Tolerant Crucian Carp (CARASSIUS CARASSIUS L.);410
15.1;1. Introduction;411
15.2;2. Mechanisms of Hypoxic and Anoxic Survival;414
15.3;3. Seasonality of Crucian Carp Physiology: Preparing for Winter Anoxia;433
15.4;4. Summary;446
15.5;References;447
16;Chapter 10: Metabolic and Molecular Reslponses of Fish to Hypoxia;456
16.1;1. Introduction;457
16.2;2. The Metabolic Challenge of Hypoxia Exposure;459
16.3;3. The Concept of Time in the Metabolic Responses to Hypoxia;463
16.4;4. Metabolic and Molecular Responses to Hypoxia;464
16.5;5. Coordinating the Metabolic and Molecular Responses to Hypoxia;479
16.6;6. Conclusions and Perspectives;491
16.7;References;493
17;Chapter 11: Defining Hypoxia: an Integrative Synthesis of the Responses of Fish to Hypoxia;500
17.1;1. Scope of the Chapter;501
17.2;2. Defining Hypoxia;501
17.3;3. Considerations for the Future;514
17.4;Acknowledgments;515
17.5;References;515
18;Index;518
19;Other Volumes in the Fish Physiology Series;540
20;Color Plates Section;542