Research Advances in Rabies

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-12-387041-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 79, 486 Seiten

Reihe: Advances in Virus Research

Volume 79 of Advances in Virus Research focuses on developments surrounding rabies, an ancient disease that remains a prominent public health problem for humans. This volume highlights important research advances extending from our understanding of how the rabies virus replicates and assembles to how the disease can be prevented and treated in humans and how rabies can be controlled in wildlife hosts. Experts in the field provide insightful and up-to-date chapters that summarize our current state of knowledge in diverse aspects of this very interesting and important viral disease. - Contributions from leading authorities and industry experts - Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Research Advances in Rabies;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Contributors;12
6;Preface;18
7;Chapter 1: Rabies Virus Transcription and Replication;20
7.1;I. Introduction;21
7.2;II. Molecular Aspects of Viral Transcription and Replication;21
7.3;III. Structural Aspect of RABV Transcription and Replication; Proteins Involved in Transcription and Replication...;29
7.4;IV. Cellular Aspect of Rabies Transcription and Replication: IBs Formed in Infected Cells Are the Sites of Viral RNA Synthesis;35
7.5;V. Concluding Remarks;37
7.6;Acknowledgments;37
7.7;References;38
8;Chapter 2: Rabies Virus Assembly and Budding;42
8.1;I. Introduction;43
8.2;II. Rabies Virus M Protein;43
8.3;III. The Central Role of M and Supporting Role of G in RABV Budding;44
8.4;IV. Features of M Protein Important for Budding;44
8.5;V. Viral L-Domain/Host Interactions;45
8.6;VI. Ubiquitination and RABV Budding;47
8.7;VII. Summary;48
8.8;Acknowledgments;48
8.9;References;48
9;Chapter 3: Evasive Strategies in Rabies Virus Infection;52
9.1;I. Introduction;53
9.2;II. Evasion from host immune responses;53
9.3;III. Preservation of neuron and neuronal network integrity;60
9.4;IV. Conclusions on RABV Evasive Strategies;64
9.5;References;66
10;Chapter 4: Rabies Virus Clearance from the Central Nervous System;74
10.1;I. Introduction;75
10.2;II. Rabies Virus;76
10.3;III. Animal Reservoirs of the Rabies Virus and the Threat of Human Rabies;76
10.4;IV. Human Rabies;78
10.5;V. The Current Rabies Postexposure Treatment Paradigm;79
10.6;VI. Obstacles in Clearing Wild-type Rabies Virus from the CNS;79
10.7;VII. Prospects for Human Rabies Immunotherapy Through Virus Clearance From the CNS;85
10.8;Acknowledgments;88
10.9;References;88
11;Chapter 5: Role of Chemokines in Rabies Pathogenesis and Protection;92
11.1;I. Introduction;93
11.2;II. Chemokines;94
11.3;III. The Role of Chemokines in the CNS When Infected by Viruses;96
11.4;IV. Induction of Chemokine Expression in RABV Infections;98
11.5;V. Overexpression of Chemokines Can Benefit the Host If the Expression Is Transient While It Harms the Host If the Expression;99
11.6;VI. Chemokines Expression Correlates with the Activation of Dendritic Cells and Enhancement of Adaptive Immunity...;100
11.7;VII. Recombinant RABV Expressing Chemokines/Cytokines Can Be Used Effectively to Prevent the Development of Rabies...;101
11.8;VIII. Summary;103
11.9;Acknowledgments;104
11.10;References;104
12;Chapter 6: Interferon in Rabies Virus Infection;110
12.1;I. Introduction;111
12.2;II. Rabies and Interferon;115
12.3;III. Conclusions and Future Outlook;125
12.4;Acknowledgments;126
12.5;References;126
13;Chapter 7: The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in the Induction of Immune Responses During Rabies Virus Infection;134
13.1;I. Toll-Like Receptors;135
13.2;II. Rabies in MyD88-Deficient Mice;137
13.3;III. The Host Response to Rabies Infection Involves TLR7;138
13.4;IV. The Contribution of TLR7 Signaling to the Control of Rabies Virus Spread to the CNS and Clearance from CNS Tissues...;140
13.5;V. TLR7 and the Diverse Pathogenicities of Rabies Virus Variants;142
13.6;VI. Conclusions and Relevance to Therapeutic Immunization;143
13.7;Acknowledgments;143
13.8;References;144
14;Chapter 8: Role of Oxidative Stress in Rabies Virus Infection;146
14.1;I. Introduction;147
14.2;II. Degeneration of Neuronal Processes in Experimental Rabies;147
14.3;III. Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons for Studying Neuronal Process Degeneration;148
14.4;IV. Oxidative Stress;150
14.5;V. Oxidative Stress in Rabies Virus Infection;152
14.6;VI. Conclusions;154
14.7;Acknowledgments;155
14.8;References;155
15;Chapter 9: Rabies Virus as a Research Tool and Viral Vaccine Vector;158
15.1;I. Rabies Virus as a Research Tool;159
15.2;II. The Need for Novel Vaccines for RABV;163
15.3;III. Modified Replication-Competent RABV as Rabies Vaccines for Wildlife;164
15.4;IV. RABV-Based Vectors as Vaccines Against Other Infectious Diseases;167
15.5;V. Safety: Generating Safer RABV Vaccines and Vectors for Use in Humans;172
15.6;VI. Replication-Deficient or Single-Cycle RABV;172
15.7;VII. Potential Novel Human Rabies Vaccines Based on Replication-Deficient RABV;173
15.8;VIII. Replication-Deficient/Single-Cycle RABV as Vaccine Vector;174
15.9;IX. Killed RABV-RABV Proteins as Carriers of Foreign Antigens;174
15.10;References;175
16;Chapter 10: Rabies Virus as a Transneuronal Tracer of Neuronal Connections;184
16.1;I. Introduction;185
16.2;II. Differences in Properties of Alpha-Herpesviruses and Rabies Virus as Transneuronal Tracers;188
16.3;III. Rabies Virus;192
16.4;IV. Perspectives;213
16.5;Acknowledgments;214
16.6;References;215
17;Chapter 11: Molecular Phylogenetics of the Lyssaviruses-Insights from a Coalescent Approach;222
17.1;I. Introduction;223
17.2;II. Lyssavirus Phylogeny;224
17.3;III. Lyssavirus Phylogeography;226
17.4;IV. Lyssavirus Adaptation;245
17.5;V. Concluding Remarks;250
17.6;References;251
18;Chapter 12: Bats and Lyssaviruses;258
18.1;I. Introduction;259
18.2;II. Bat Lyssaviruses: Eurasia and Australasia;263
18.3;III. Bat Lyssaviruses: Africa;273
18.4;IV. Bat Rabies and the Americas;280
18.5;V. Discussion;289
18.6;Acknowledgments;297
18.7;References;297
19;Chapter 13: Postexposure Prophylaxis for Rabies in Resource-Limited/Poor Countries;310
19.1;I. Introduction;311
19.2;II. Local Wound Care;311
19.3;III. Evaluation of Risk of Rabies Exposure;312
19.4;IV. Postexposure Prophylaxis of Previously Unvaccinated Patients;314
19.5;V. Postexposure Prophylaxis in Previously Vaccinated Patients;320
19.6;VI. Postexposure Prophylaxis Failures;322
19.7;References;323
20;Chapter 14: Neuroimaging in Rabies;328
20.1;I. Introduction;329
20.2;II. Neuroimaging Techniques;330
20.3;III. Neuroimaging in Rabies;333
20.4;IV. Newer Neuroimaging Techniques in Rabies;339
20.5;V. Conclusions;343
20.6;Acknowledgments;344
20.7;References;344
21;Chapter 15: Rabies Virus Infection and MicroRNAs;348
21.1;I. Introduction;349
21.2;II. MicroRNAs;349
21.3;III. miRNAs and Viruses;352
21.4;IV. Inhibition of Rabies Viral Replication by siRNA/amiRNA;357
21.5;V. Conclusions;359
21.6;References;359
22;Chapter 16: Design of Future Rabies Biologics and Antiviral Drugs;364
22.1;I. Introduction;365
22.2;II. Vaccines;365
22.3;III. Antibodies;370
22.4;IV. Antiviral Drugs;373
22.5;V. Conclusions;376
22.6;References;376
23;Chapter 17: Therapy of Human Rabies;384
23.1;I. Introduction;385
23.2;II. Prevention of Rabies;385
23.3;III. Therapy of Rabies;386
23.4;IV. New Approaches;390
23.5;V. Conclusions;391
23.6;References;391
24;Chapter 18: Mathematical Models for Rabies;396
24.1;I. Introduction;397
24.2;II. The Development of the Mathematical Approach to Rabies Dynamics;398
24.3;III. Modeling Approaches Using Reaction Diffusion Methods;400
24.4;IV. Methods for Incorporating Landscape Heterogeneities;403
24.5;V. Stochastic Models;406
24.6;VI. Incorporating Stochasticity and Spatial Heterogeneity;407
24.7;VII. Optimal Control;411
24.8;VIII. Conclusions;413
24.9;Acknowledgments;413
24.10;References;414
25;Chapter 19: Evolution of Wildlife Rabies Control Tactics;416
25.1;I. Introduction;417
25.2;II. Historical and Contemporary Wildlife Rabies Control Tactics;417
25.3;III. Advances in Rabies Vaccine-Bait Delivery Systems for Wildlife;420
25.4;IV. Advances in Wildlife Rabies Vaccines;424
25.5;V. Advances in the Assessment of Wildlife Vaccination Systems;426
25.6;VI. Advances in Contingency and Management Planning for Wildlife Rabies Control;427
25.7;VII. Advances in Technologies for Studying the Ecology of the Rabies Virus and Wildlife Rabies Vector Species;429
25.8;VIII. Summary;432
25.9;References;433
26;Chapter 20: Understanding Effects of Barriers on the Spread and Control of Rabies;440
26.1;I. The Concept and Mechanisms of Barriers;441
26.2;II. Assessing Barrier Effects;444
26.3;III. Assessing Interaction of Vaccination Barriers and Habitat Patterns;450
26.4;IV. Discussion;463
26.5;Acknowledgments;464
26.6;References;464
27;Chapter 21: Rabies Research in Resource-Poor Countries;468
27.1;References;473
28;Index;476