Clay Mineralogy: Spectroscopic and Chemical Determinative Methods

1994
ISBN: 978-0-412-53380-8
Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Buch, Englisch, 367 Seiten, HC runder Rücken kaschiert, Format (B × H): 160 mm x 241 mm, Gewicht: 1580 g

A knowledge of clay is important in many spheres of scientific endeav­ our, particularly in natural sciences such as geology, mineralogy and soil science, but also in more applied areas like environmental and mater­ ials science. Over the last two decades research into clay mineralogy has been strongly influenced by the development and application of a num­ ber of spectroscopic techniques which are now able to yield information about clay materials at a level of detail that previously would have seemed inconceivable. This information relates not only to the precise characterization of the individual clay components themselves, but also to the ways in which these components interact with a whole range of absorbate molecules. At present, however, the fruits of this research are to be found principally in a somewhat widely dispersed form in the scientific journals, and it was thus considered to be an appropriate time to bring together a compilation of these spectroscopic techniques in a way which would make them more accessible to the non-specialist. This is the primary aim of this book. The authors of the various chapters first describe the principles and instrumentation of the individual spectro­ scopic techniques, assuming a minimum of prior knowledge, and then go on to show how these methods have been usefully applied to clay mineralogy in its broadest context.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Repacholi, M. H.

Fachgebiete

• Rechtswissenschaften Öffentliches Recht Umweltrecht Abfall- und Bodenschutzrecht
• Technische Wissenschaften Umwelttechnik | Umwelttechnologie Abfallwirtschaft, Abfallentsorgung
• Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Umweltverschmutzung, Umweltkriminalität, Umweltrecht
• Geowissenschaften Geologie Petrologie, Mineralogie
• Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Wasserversorgung
• Geowissenschaften Geologie Wirtschaftsgeologie
• Technische Wissenschaften Sonstige Technologien | Angewandte Technik Bergbau, Hüttenwesen
• Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Abfallbeseitigung, Abfallentsorgung
• Geowissenschaften Geologie Bodenkunde, Sedimentologie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Molecular spectroscopy: introduction and general principles.- 1.1 Background.- 1.2 Absorption spectroscopy.- 1.3 Emission spectroscopy.- 1.4 Spectral intensity.- 1.5 Spectral peak widths.- 1.6 Spectral resolution.- 1.7 Signal-to-noise optimization.- 1.8 Spectral editing and analysis.- Acknowledgement.- 2 Infrared methods.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Principles.- 2.3 Instrumental requirements.- 2.4 Preparative methods and pretreatments.- 2.5 Identification and characterization of clay minerals and associated minerals.- 2.6 Interpreting the IR spectra of clay materials.- 2.7 Quantitative analysis.- 2.8 Computer-aided methods.- Acknowledgement.- References.- 3 Mössbauer spectroscopy.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Principles of Mössbauer spectroscopy.- 3.3 Instrumentation and experimental techniques.- 3.4 Mössbauer spectroscopy of oxide minerals.- 3.5 Mössbauer spectroscopy of aluminosilicate minerals.- 3.6 Phosphate minerals.- 3.7 Applications of Mössbauer spectroscopy in archaeology and art.- 3.8 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 4 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Principles of NMR spectroscopy.- 4.3 Experimental techniques.- 4.4 General features of MAS NMR spectra of minerals.- 4.5 High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of clay minerals.- 4.6 Clay surface studies.- 4.7 Structural distribution of paramagnetic ions.- 4.8 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 5 Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.- 5.1 Introduction to electron paramagnetic resonance.- 5.2 Electrons in transition metal ions.- 5.3 The case of two or more unpaired electrons: fine structure.- 5.4 Nuclear hyperfine coupling.- 5.5 Experimental procedures.- 5.6 Applications.- 5.7 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 6 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.-6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Fundamental aspects.- 6.3 Experimental aspects.- 6.4 Information content.- 6.5 Applications in clay mineralogy.- 6.6 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 7 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and microanalysis.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 General principles.- 7.3 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.- 7.4 Microanalysis with SEM.- 7.5 Analytical electron microscopy.- 7.6 Conclusions.- Acknowledgement.- References.- 8 Chemical analysis.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Sample preparation.- 8.3 Methods of major elemental analysis.- 8.4 Analysis for ferrous iron.- 8.5 Exchange capacity.- 8.6 Determination of a structural formula.- References.- 9 Characterization of poorly ordered minerals by selective chemical methods.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Principles.- 9.3 Selective chemical methods.- 9.4 Comparison of methods.- References.