Practical Acoustic Emission Testing
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-4-431-55072-3
Verlag: Springer Tokyo
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 142 Seiten, eBook
ISBN: 978-4-431-55072-3
Verlag: Springer Tokyo
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
This book is intended for non-destructive testing (NDT) technicians who want to learn practical acoustic emission testing based on level 1 of ISO 9712 (Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of personnel) criteria. The essential aspects of ISO/DIS 18436-6 (Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines - Requirements for training and certification of personnel, Part 6: Acoustic Emission) are explained, and readers can deepen their understanding with the help of practice exercises. This work presents the guiding principles of acoustic emission measurement, signal processing, algorithms for source location, measurement devices, applicability of testing methods, and measurement cases to support not only researchers in this field but also and especially NDT technicians.
Editor in Chief:
Yoshihiro Mizutani, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Assoc. Prof., Tokyo, JAPANEditors:
Hidehiro Inaba, Fuji Ceramics Corporation
Hideyuki Nakamura, IHI Inspection & Instrumentation Co., Ltd.
Manabu Enoki, University of Tokyo
Masaaki Nakano, Chiyoda Advanced Solutions
Mitsuhiro Shigeishi, Kumamoto University
Shigenori Yuyama, Nippon Physical Acoustics, Ltd.
Shinji Takeda, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Tomoki Shiotani, Kyoto University
Yoshihiro Mizutani, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyAuthors:
Hidehiro Inaba, Fuji Ceramics Corporation
Hideyuki Nakamura, IHI Inspection & Instrumentation Co., Ltd.
Manabu Enoki, University of Tokyo
Masaaki Nakano, Chiyoda Advanced Solutions
Masayasu Ohtsu, Kumamoto University
Mitsuhiro Shigeishi, Kumamoto University
Shigenori Yuyama, Nippon Physical Acoustics, Ltd.
Sunao Sugimoto, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Tomoki Shiotani, Kyoto University
Yoshihiro Mizutani, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Zielgruppe
Professional/practitioner
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Preface;6
2;Opening Figures;8
2.1;1. Applications;8
2.2;2. Monitoring Systems and Software;13
3;Contents;14
4;List of Contributors;16
5;Chapter 1: Roles and Safety/Health of Technicians Involved in Non-destructive Testing;17
5.1;1.1 Importance of Non-destructive Testing;17
5.2;1.2 Role of a Level 1 Technician as Specified by ISO9712;18
5.2.1;1.2.1 Duties Acknowledged for NDT Level 1 Technicians;18
5.2.2;1.2.2 Responsibilities of Level 1 Technicians;18
5.3;1.3 Health and Safety for NDT Technicians;19
5.3.1;1.3.1 Caution in Equipment Handling;19
5.3.2;1.3.2 Work at High Elevations;19
5.3.3;1.3.3 Prevention of Explosions;20
6;Chapter 2: Principles of the Acoustic Emission (AE) Method and Signal Processing;21
6.1;2.1 Principles of the AE Method;21
6.2;2.2 AE Testing as Non-destructive Testing;25
6.3;2.3 Types and Characteristics of AE Sources;26
6.4;Description of Term (Transformation);27
6.5;2.4 Properties of AE Waves;29
6.5.1;2.4.1 Propagation in Solids;29
6.5.2;2.4.2 Wave Velocity and Wavelength;30
6.5.3;2.4.3 Attenuation;31
6.5.4;2.4.4 Reflection and Transmission;32
6.6;2.5 Signal Processing;36
6.6.1;2.5.1 What Is an AE Signal?;36
6.6.2;2.5.2 Basics of Waveform Parameters;37
6.6.3;2.5.3 Discrimination of an AE Signal;38
6.6.4;2.5.4 AE Parameters;42
6.7;2.6 AE Source Location;45
6.7.1;2.6.1 One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Location Methods;45
6.7.2;2.6.2 Guard Sensor;47
6.7.3;2.6.3 Zone Location;48
6.7.4;2.6.4 Leak Location;50
7;Chapter 3: AE Sensor (AE Transducer);51
7.1;3.1 Conversion Mechanism;51
7.2;3.2 Types and Structures of AE Sensors;53
7.2.1;3.2.1 Resonance and Broad-Band Sensors;53
7.2.2;3.2.2 Structure;54
7.3;3.3 Characteristics of AE Sensors;54
7.4;3.4 Various Specifications of AE Sensors;56
7.4.1;3.4.1 Insulation (Surface for Installation);56
7.4.2;3.4.2 Waterproofness;56
7.4.3;3.4.3 Signal Output Method;57
7.4.4;3.4.4 Cable (Low-Noise Cable);58
7.4.5;3.4.5 Integrated Preamplifier Sensor;58
7.5;3.5 Calibration of AE Sensors;58
8;Chapter 4: AE Measurement System;60
8.1;4.1 Configuration of an AE Measuring Instrument;60
8.1.1;4.1.1 Basic Configuration of the AE Measurement System;61
8.1.2;4.1.2 Preamplifier;62
8.1.2.1;4.1.2.1 Input/Output Types;63
8.1.2.2;4.1.2.2 Gain (Amplification Ratio);64
8.1.2.3;Description of Term (dB (Decibel));64
8.1.2.4;4.1.2.3 Frequency Response;65
8.1.2.5;4.1.2.4 Noise;65
8.1.2.6;Description of Term (SN Ratio);66
8.1.2.7;4.1.2.5 Input/Output Impedance;66
8.1.2.8;Description of Term (Impedance);66
8.1.2.9;4.1.2.6 Power Supply;67
8.1.2.10;4.1.2.7 Dimensions/Shape/Weight and Environmental Resistance;67
8.1.3;4.1.3 Main Amplifier;68
8.1.4;4.1.4 Signal Processor (AE Parameter Extraction Circuit);68
8.1.5;4.1.5 Output/Display Device (Computer for Measurements);69
8.2;4.2 Peripheral Equipment;71
8.2.1;4.2.1 Oscilloscope;71
8.2.2;4.2.2 Spectrum Analyzer;71
8.2.3;4.2.3 Pulse Generator (Pulsar);71
8.2.4;4.2.4 Audio Monitor;72
8.2.5;4.2.5 Instrument for Measurements of External Parameters and Environmental Conditions;72
8.3;4.3 Connection Cable and Connector;73
8.3.1;4.3.1 Cable Between an AE Sensor and Preamplifier;73
8.3.2;4.3.2 Connection Cable Between a Preamplifier and Main Amplifier;73
8.3.3;4.3.3 Other Connection Cable;74
9;Chapter 5: Practical AE Testing, Data Recording and Analysis;76
9.1;5.1 Preparation for AE Testing and Sensitivity Check of the AE Measurement Instrument;76
9.1.1;5.1.1 Setup of the Instrument;77
9.1.1.1;5.1.1.1 Installation of the Instrument;77
9.1.1.2;5.1.1.2 Connection of the Instrument;78
9.1.1.3;5.1.1.3 Connection of Signal Cables;78
9.1.1.4;5.1.1.4 Setting of Measurement Conditions;78
9.1.1.5;5.1.1.5 Setup of the Monitor Display;82
9.1.2;5.1.2 Installation of an AE Sensor;82
9.1.2.1;5.1.2.1 Selection of Position for Sensor Installation;82
9.1.2.2;5.1.2.2 Pretreatment of the Surface Where a Sensor Will Be Installed;83
9.1.2.3;5.1.2.3 Method for the Mechanical Installation of a Sensor;84
9.1.2.4;5.1.2.4 Method for Attaching a Sensor with Adhesives;85
9.1.2.5;5.1.2.5 Waveguide;86
9.1.2.6;5.1.2.6 Connection of a Preamplifier;86
9.1.3;5.1.3 Sensitivity Check of an AE Sensor;87
9.1.3.1;5.1.3.1 Review of the Overall Connection Status;87
9.1.3.2;5.1.3.2 Sensitivity Check by Pencil Lead Break;87
9.1.3.3;5.1.3.3 Sensitivity Check by a Pulse Generator;88
9.2;5.2 Noise;89
9.2.1;5.2.1 Types of Noise;90
9.2.1.1;5.2.1.1 Acoustic Noise;90
9.2.1.2;5.2.1.2 Electric Noise;91
9.2.2;5.2.2 Preventive Measures and Countermeasures Against Generated Noise;91
9.2.2.1;5.2.2.1 Electric Noise;91
9.2.3;5.2.3 Identification of the Noise Source;93
9.3;5.3 Test Methods;93
9.3.1;5.3.1 Loading Method;93
9.3.1.1;5.3.1.1 Material Evaluation Test;93
9.3.1.2;5.3.1.2 AE Testing of Structure;95
9.3.2;5.3.2 Data Sampling of External Analog Parameters;96
9.3.3;5.3.3 Data Display;97
9.4;5.4 Evaluation of Measurement Data and Test Recordings;102
9.4.1;5.4.1 Interpretation and Evaluation of Measurement Data;102
9.4.1.1;5.4.1.1 Test Conditions;102
9.4.1.2;5.4.1.2 Evaluation of Data Series;103
9.4.1.3;5.4.1.3 Evaluation of Correlations Among AE Parameters;105
9.4.1.4;5.4.1.4 Evaluation of Frequency in AE Parameters;106
9.4.1.5;5.4.1.5 Evaluation Based on AE Source Locations;107
9.4.1.6;5.4.1.6 Criteria for Structural Integrity in AE Testing;110
9.4.2;5.4.2 Records of AE Testing;112
9.4.2.1;5.4.2.1 Items Relating to the Test Environment;113
9.4.2.2;5.4.2.2 Items Relating to Test Pieces/Specimens;113
9.4.2.3;5.4.2.3 AE Sensors;113
9.4.2.4;5.4.2.4 Installation of AE Sensor;113
9.4.2.5;5.4.2.5 AE Measurement;113
9.4.2.6;5.4.2.6 Setting of peripheral devices;114
9.4.2.7;5.4.2.7 AE Measurement Environment;114
9.4.2.8;5.4.2.8 Recording and Reporting of Test Results;114
10;Chapter 6: Field Application Examples of AE Testing;115
10.1;6.1 Large Pressure Vessel;115
10.1.1;6.1.1 AE Testing Method;116
10.1.2;6.1.2 Results of AE Testing;116
10.2;6.2 Pipelines;118
10.3;6.3 High-Pressure Gas Storage Bottle;121
10.4;6.4 Above Ground Storage Tank;121
10.5;6.5 Leak Detection;124
10.6;6.6 Transformer;124
10.7;6.7 Railway Bridges;126
10.8;6.8 Stability Monitoring of a Rock Slope;128
10.9;6.9 Initial Ground Stress;129
10.10;6.10 Aircraft;131
11;Glossary;134
11.1;Precautions;134
12;Appendix: List of Codes and Standards;138
12.1;Introduction;138
12.2;Codes and Standards;138
13;Index;141
Roles and Safety/Health of Technicians Involved in Non-Destructive Testing.- Principles of the Acoustic Emission (AE) Method and Signal Processing.- AE Sensor (AE Transducer).- AE Measurement System.- Practical AE Testing, Data Recording and Analysis.- Field Application Examples of AE Testing.
