Nikinmaa Vertebrate Red Blood Cells

Adaptations of Function to Respiratory Requirements
Erscheinungsjahr 2012
ISBN: 978-3-642-83909-2
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 28, 262 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Zoophysiology

This book reviews the respiratory function of vertebrate red cells. I have defined the phrase "respiratory function" broadly to include, in addition to the actual oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, erythropoiesis, haemoglobin synthesis, red cell structure, the deformability of red cells in circulation, ion and substrate transport across the cell membrane, cellular metabolism, and control of cellular volume and pH. All of these aspects of the red cell function may affect gas transport between the respiratory epithelia and the tissues. Throughout the book, I have tried to relate our current knowledge about the nucleated red cell function to the wealth of information about the function of mammalian red cells. However, whenever possible, I have placed the emphasis on the nucleated red cell function for two reasons. First, the erythro cytes of 90% of vertebrate species are nucleated, and, second, nucleated red cell function has not been reviewed earlier in a single volume. This being the case, I have tried to make the reference list as complete as I could with regard to nucleated red cells. I hope that the approach adopted is useful for both com parative and human physiologists. Many people have contributed to the making of this book directly or in directly. Antti Soivio started me in this field. Prof. Henrik Wallgren has always encouraged fresh scientific ideas in his department. My present ideas of red cell function have been influenced by work carried out with Prof. Roy E.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Nikinmaa, Mikko

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Introduction.- 2. Erythropoiesis and the Control of Circulating Red Cell Number.- 2.1 Erythropoietic Sites.- 2.2 Mammalian Erythropoiesis.- 2.3 Erythropoiesis in Nonmammalian Vertebrates.- 2.4 Senescence of Red Blood Cells.- 2.5 Erythropoiesis-Independent Factors Increasing Circulating Red Cell Number.- 3. The Biosynthesis and Structure of Haemoglobin.- 3.1 Uptake of Iron into Erythroid Cells.- 3.2 Haem Synthesis.- 3.3 Globin Synthesis.- 3.4 Subunit Assembly of Haemoglobin.- 3.5 Haemoglobin Structure in Vertebrates.- 4. Structure of Circulating Red Cells.- 4.1 General Anatomy of the Cell.- 4.2 The Red Cell Membrane.- 5. Red Cells in Circulation: Factors Affecting Red Cell Shape and Deformability.- 5.1 Blood Viscosity.- 5.2 Deformability of Red Cells.- 6. Energy Metabolism and Regulation of Organic Phosphate Concentrations.- 6.1 Energy Consumption.- 6.2 Transport of Substrates into the Red Cells.- 6.3 Glycolysis.- 6.4 Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Glutathione Metabolism.- 6.5 Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation.- 6.6 Organic Phosphate Metabolism.- 6.7 Cellular Control of Red Cell Organic Phosphate Concentrations.- 7. Major Ion Transporting Pathways.- 7.1 Electrodiffusive Leak.- 7.2 Ion Channels.- 7.3 Anion Exchange.- 7.4 Ion Transport Coupled to Sodium or Potassium Gradient.- 7.5 Active Transport.- 7.6 Membrane Potential.- 8. Control of Volume and pH.- 8.1 The Basic Model: Control of Red Cell pH and Volume in the Absence of Significant Secondarily Active Transport.- 8.2 Mammalian Red Cells.- 8.3 Avian Red Cells.- 8.4 Reptilian Red Cells.- 8.5 Amphibian Red Cells.- 8.6 Fish Red Cells.- 9. Carbon Dioxide Transport.- 9.1 Distribution of Total Carbon Dioxide Content Between Red Cells and Plasma.- 9.2 Carbon Dioxide — Bicarbonate Equilibria.- 9.3 Formation ofCarbamino Compounds.- 9.4 Mechanisms of Carbon Dioxide Excretion.- 10. Oxygen Transport.- 10.1 Haemoglobin-Oxygen Equilibria — Basic Principles.- 10.2 Methods for Determining Blood/Haemoglobin Oxygen Content and Oxygen Equilibrium Curves.- 10.3 Molecular Aspects of Haemoglobin-Oxygen Binding.- 10.4 Formation and Reduction of Methaemoglobin.- 10.5 Cellular and Molecular Adaptations of Haemoglobin Function to Variations in Respiratory Requirements.- References.