Nash / Dalziel / Fitzgerald Mims' Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease

6. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-0-12-397781-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 364 Seiten

Mims' Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease is the landmark book in the field of infectious disease. The new, revised edition of this work provides a comprehensive, up-to-date description of the mechanisms of microbial infection and the pathogenesis of infectious disease. Presented in a clear, accessible style, it deals in an integrated manner with the spectrum of microorganisms, describing the factors common to all infectious diseases. Molecular biology, pathology, and immunology are brought together to explain the mechanisms for spread, immune response, and recovery. - Describes the origin and molecular biology of pandemic influenza, HIV1, and HIV2 as well as the recent work on papillomaviruses, herpesviruses, BSE, and variant CJD - Contains the latest data on tuberculosis, microbial evasion of immune defenses, and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria - Provides an update on vaccines, prions, immune evasion, and microbial ligands and receptors - Gives an up-to-date picture of the global burden of infectious diseases

Tony Nash is Emeritus Professor of Infectious Diseases at the University of Edinburgh. He has had a distinguished career i the field of viral pathogenesis in which he has over a 150 publications. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and of the Academy of medical sciences of the UK.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Nash, Anthony A.

Dalziel, Robert G.

Fitzgerald, J. Ross

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Mims’ Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface;8
6;1 General Principles;10
6.1;Bibliography;16
7;2 Attachment to and Entry of Microorganisms into the Body;18
7.1;Introduction;18
7.2;Adhesion/Entry: Some General Considerations;23
7.3;The Skin;24
7.3.1;Small Bites;25
7.3.2;Large Bites;25
7.4;Respiratory Tract;26
7.5;Gastrointestinal Tract;29
7.5.1;Mechanisms of Attachment to and Invasion of the Gastrointestinal Tract;33
7.5.1.1;General Considerations;33
7.5.1.2;Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC);34
7.5.1.3;Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC);35
7.5.1.3.1;Shigella;35
7.5.1.3.2;Salmonella;36
7.5.2;Histotoxic Salmonella;36
7.5.3;Nonhistotoxic Salmonella;37
7.5.3.1;Yersinia;37
7.5.3.2;Campylobacter jejuni;37
7.5.3.3;Giardia lamblia;38
7.5.3.4;Entamoeba histolytica;38
7.6;Oropharynx;38
7.7;Urinogenital Tract;40
7.8;Conjunctiva;42
7.9;The Normal Microbiota;43
7.9.1;Importance of the Normal Microbiota to the Host;44
7.9.2;Opportunistic Infection;46
7.10;Exit of Microorganisms from the Body;48
7.10.1;Respiratory Tract;49
7.10.2;Saliva;50
7.10.3;Skin;51
7.10.4;Intestinal Tract;51
7.10.5;Urinogenital Tract;53
7.10.6;Blood;56
7.10.7;Miscellaneous;56
7.10.8;No Shedding;56
7.11;Bibliography;57
8;3 Early Stages of Infection After Pathogen Entry;60
8.1;Growth in Epithelial Cells;60
8.2;Intracellular Microorganisms and Spread Through the Body;63
8.3;Subepithelial Invasion;65
8.3.1;The Inflammatory Response;66
8.3.2;Tissue Fluids;70
8.3.3;Lymphatics and Lymph Nodes;70
8.3.4;Phagocytic Cells;71
8.4;Nutritional Requirements of Invading Microbes;72
8.5;Bibliography;73
9;4 Encounter of Microbes with Phagocytic Cells;76
9.1;Cell Biology of Phagocytosis;78
9.2;Phagocytosis in Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes;79
9.3;Phagocytosis in Macrophages;84
9.4;Microbial Strategy in Relation to Phagocytes;86
9.4.1;Inhibition of Chemotaxis or the Mobilisation of Phagocytic Cells;87
9.4.2;Inhibition of Adsorption of Microorganism to Surface of Phagocytic Cell;90
9.4.3;Inhibition of Phagocytosis – Opsonins;90
9.4.4;Inhibition of Fusion of Lysosome with Phagocytic Vacuole;93
9.4.5;Escape from the Phagosome;93
9.4.6;Resistance to Killing and Digestion in the Phagolysosome;94
9.5;Growth in the Phagocytic Cell;95
9.6;Killing the Phagocyte;97
9.7;Entry into the Host Cell Other Than by Phagocytosis;98
9.8;Consequences of Defects in the Phagocytic Cell;99
9.9;Summary;101
9.10;Bibliography;101
10;5 The Spread of Microbes Through the Body;104
10.1;Direct Spread;105
10.2;Microbial Factors Promoting Spread;106
10.3;Spread Via Lymphatics;106
10.4;Spread Via the Blood;108
10.4.1;Blood–Tissue Junctions;108
10.4.2;Form in Which Microorganism Is Carried in the Blood;113
10.4.2.1;Free in the Plasma;113
10.4.2.2;Leucocyte (White Cell) Associated;113
10.4.2.3;Red Cell Associated;114
10.4.2.4;Platelet Associated;115
10.4.3;Reticuloendothelial System;115
10.4.4;Haematogenous Spread and the Nature of the Vascular Bed;117
10.4.4.1;Central Nervous System;119
10.4.4.2;Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle;119
10.4.4.3;The Skin;119
10.4.4.4;The Foetus;122
10.4.4.5;Miscellaneous Sites;124
10.5;Spread Via Other Pathways;124
10.5.1;Cerebrospinal Fluid;124
10.5.2;Pleural and Peritoneal Cavities;125
10.5.3;Nerves;125
10.6;Bibliography;126
11;6 The Immune Response to Infection;128
11.1;Antibody Response;135
11.1.1;Types of Immunoglobulin;135
11.1.2;Protective Action of Antibodies;140
11.2;T-Cell-Mediated Immune Response;142
11.3;NK Cells;144
11.4;Macrophages, Neutrophils and Mast Cells;145
11.5;Complement and Related Defence Molecules;148
11.6;Conclusions Concerning the Immune Response to Microorganisms;152
11.7;Bibliography;153
12;7 Microbial Strategies in Relation to the Immune Response;154
12.1;Induction of Immunological Tolerance;155
12.1.1;Prenatal Infection;155
12.1.2;Desensitisation of Immune Cells by Circulating Antigens;156
12.1.3;Molecular Mimicry;157
12.1.4;Conclusion About Inducing Tolerance;158
12.2;Immunosuppression;159
12.2.1;General Immunosuppression;159
12.2.2;Antigen-Specific Suppression and Regulatory T Cells;161
12.3;Absence of a Suitable Target for the Immune Response;163
12.4;Microbial Presence in Bodily Sites Inaccessible to the Immune Response;164
12.5;Induction of Inappropriate Antibody and T-Cell Responses;165
12.6;Antibodies Mopped up by Soluble Microbial Antigens;167
12.7;Local Interference with Immune Forces;168
12.8;Reduced Interferon Induction or Responsiveness;171
12.9;Antigenic Variation;172
12.9.1;Antigenic Variation Within the Infected Individual;172
12.9.2;Antigenic Variation at the Population Level;174
12.10;Bibliography;178
13;8 Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage;180
13.1;Infection with No Cell or Tissue Damage;185
13.2;Direct Damage by Microorganisms;186
13.3;Microbial Toxins;188
13.3.1;Protein Toxins;189
13.3.1.1;Toxins Which Act Extracellularly;189
13.3.1.2;Toxins Which Damage Membranes;190
13.3.1.2.1;Proteases;190
13.3.1.2.2;Phospholipases;190
13.3.1.2.2.1;Clostridium perfringens a-Toxin;190
13.3.1.2.3;Pore-Forming Toxins;191
13.3.1.2.3.1;Cholesterol-Binding Cytolysins;191
13.3.1.2.4;Pneumolysin;191
13.3.1.2.4.1;RTX Toxins;193
13.3.1.2.4.2;Staphylococcal a-Toxin;194
13.3.1.2.4.3;Detergent-Like Toxins;194
13.3.1.2.4.4;Binary Toxins;194
13.3.1.3;Toxins with Intracellular Targets;195
13.3.1.3.1;Self-Translocation;195
13.3.1.3.2;Direct Injection;195
13.3.1.3.3;Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis;195
13.3.1.3.4;Translocation of Toxiphore into the Cytoplasm;196
13.3.1.3.4.1;Direct Escape from Endosome;196
13.3.1.3.4.2;Route to Endoplasmic Reticulum;196
13.3.1.3.5;Intracellular Targets;199
13.3.1.4;Superantigens: Toxins with Multiple Biological Activities;199
13.3.1.5;Significance of Toxins in Disease;204
13.3.1.5.1;Cholesterol-Binding Cytolysins;204
13.3.1.5.2;Corynebacterium diphtheriae;204
13.3.1.5.3;ShT and ShLT;204
13.3.1.5.4;Vibrio cholerae and CT;206
13.3.1.5.5;Bordetella pertussis Toxin (Pertussigen);209
13.3.1.5.6;Clostridial Neurotoxins;210
13.3.1.5.7;Anthrax Toxin;211
13.3.1.5.8;Clostridium difficile;211
13.3.2;Fungal Exotoxins;212
13.3.3;Cell-Associated Toxins;212
13.3.4;Endotoxins;213
13.3.4.1;Location in Cell Envelope;213
13.3.4.2;Structure;213
13.3.4.3;Immunochemistry and Seroclassification;215
13.3.4.4;Biological Properties;215
13.3.4.5;General Observations on Toxins;217
13.4;Indirect Damage via Inflammation;218
13.5;Indirect Damage via the Immune Response (Immunopathology);219
13.5.1;Type 1: Anaphylactic Reactions;221
13.5.2;Type 2: Cytolytic or Cytotoxic Reactions;222
13.5.3;Type 3: Immune Complex Reactions;222
13.5.3.1;Glomerulonephritis and Vasculitis;223
13.5.3.2;Allergic Alveolitis;227
13.5.3.3;Other Immune Complex Effects;227
13.5.4;Type 4: Cell-Mediated Reactions;227
13.6;Other Indirect Mechanisms of Damage;229
13.6.1;Stress, Haemorrhage, Placental Infection and Tumours;229
13.6.2;Co-infections;231
13.7;Diarrhoea;232
13.8;Bibliography;239
14;9 Recovery from Infection;242
14.1;Immunological Factors in Recovery;242
14.1.1;Antibody;243
14.1.2;Cell-Mediated Immunity;247
14.2;Inflammation;251
14.3;Complement;252
14.4;Interferons;254
14.5;Multimechanistic Recovery: An Example;256
14.6;Temperature;258
14.7;Tissue Repair;259
14.7.1;In the skin;260
14.7.2;In the Respiratory Tract;260
14.7.3;In the Liver;261
14.7.4;In the Foetus;261
14.8;Resistance to Re-Infection;262
14.9;Bibliography;264
15;10 Failure to Eliminate Microbe;266
15.1;Latency;268
15.1.1;Viable But Noncultivable Forms;273
15.2;Persistent Infection with Shedding;273
15.3;Epidemiological Significance of Persistent Infection with Shedding;276
15.4;Persistent Infection Without Shedding;277
15.5;Significance for the Individual of Persistent Infections;279
15.6;Conclusions;280
15.7;Bibliography;280
16;11 Host and Microbial Factors Influencing Susceptibility;282
16.1;Genetic Factors in the Microorganism;283
16.2;Genetic Factors in the Host;288
16.2.1;Age of Host;290
16.2.2;Sex of Host;292
16.2.3;Malnutrition of the Host;293
16.3;Stress and Hormonal Factors;295
16.4;Other Factors;298
16.5;Bibliography;298
17;12 Vaccines and How They Work;300
17.1;Introduction;300
17.1.1;What Is a Vaccine?;301
17.1.2;What Do We Ask of an Ideal Vaccine?;301
17.2;General Principles;302
17.2.1;The Vaccine Should Induce the Right Type of Immune Response;302
17.2.2;The Vaccine Should Induce an Immune Response in the Right Place;302
17.2.3;The Vaccine Should Induce an Immune Response to the Right Antigens;302
17.2.4;Resistance to Some Infectious Diseases Does Not Depend on Immunity to the Infectious Agent;302
17.2.5;There Are Important Differences in Principle Between Killed and Live Vaccines;303
17.2.6;Factors Determining the Duration of Resistance;303
17.2.7;The Concept of Attenuation;303
17.2.8;The Concept of Monotypic Microbes;306
17.2.9;Adjuvants;306
17.2.10;The Age at Which Vaccines Should Be Given;307
17.3;Complications and Side Effects of Vaccines;308
17.3.1;The Development of New Vaccines;308
17.3.2;Attenuated Viruses and Bacteria as Carriers;310
17.4;Reverse Vaccinology;310
17.5;Bibliography;311
18;Appendix;314
19;Conclusions;322
20;Glossary;326
21;Index;332