Moore Fairness in International Trade

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-8840-6
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 1, 214 Seiten

Reihe: The International Society of Business, Economics, and Ethics Book Series

This book arises out of papers delivered at the World Congress of the International Society of Business, Economics and Ethics (ISBEE) held in Cape Town in 2008. There are two sections. First, a number of key papers provide an insight into global business, wealth creation and welfare issues with particular reference to the African continent - appropriate for a Congress that was based in South Africa and drew wide participation from African scholars. Second, it provides the output from a global research project on "Fairness in International Trade" which ran over the two years prior to the Congress. This project drew together the work of scholars in five regions across the globe and is the first time that such a global perspective has been attempted.

This book is aimed at academics working in the area of international trade or development economics particularly those who have an interest in the ethical dimensions of trade. It will also be of interest to students of development economics and business ethics particularly at Masters and Doctoral level.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Moore, Geoff

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Contributors;8
3;Introduction to Fairness in International Trade;10
3.1;Part I: Economic Development, Wealth Creation and Africa;10
3.2;Part II: Fairness in International Trade A Global Perspective;12
4;Part I Economic Development, Wealth Creation and Africa;17
4.1;1 The Bottom Billion and What We Can Do to Help;18
4.1.1;1.1 Introduction;18
4.1.2;1.2 Paul Collier;18
4.1.3;References;23
4.2;2 A Rich Concept of Wealth Creation Beyond Profit Maximization and Adding Value;24
4.2.1;2.1 Need for a Fresh Look at the Creation of Wealth;24
4.2.1.1;2.1.1 Winners and Losers in the Process of Wealth Creation Over the Last 50 Years;25
4.2.1.2;2.1.2 Wealth Creation: A Blind Spot of CSR?;30
4.2.1.3;2.1.3 What Is the Economic Underpinning of ''Maximizing Shareholder Value'' and ''Adding Value''?;30
4.2.2;2.2 Conceptual Clarifications: What Is the Creation of Wealth?;31
4.2.3;2.3 Challenges for Business Ethics;37
4.2.4;2.4 Conclusion;39
4.2.5;References;40
4.3;3 Cultural Values, Economic Growth and Development;42
4.3.1;3.1 Introductory Background;42
4.3.2;3.2 The Issues at Stake;43
4.3.3;3.3 Making Sense of the Neo-liberals Claim;43
4.3.4;3.4 Questioning the Link Between Self-Interest and Economic Growth;45
4.3.5;3.5 Viewing the Principle of Self-Interest Against Its Historico-cultural Background;48
4.3.5.1;3.5.1 Human Sovereignty;48
4.3.5.2;3.5.2 Individual Sovereignty;48
4.3.5.3;3.5.3 Freedom;49
4.3.5.4;3.5.4 Private Property;49
4.3.5.5;3.5.5 Materialism;50
4.3.5.6;3.5.6 Reason;50
4.3.6;3.6 Cultural Values, Economic Growth and Development: The Necessary Link;52
4.3.7;3.7 Linking African Cultural Values to Africas Economic Growth and Development;54
4.3.8;3.8 Conclusion;57
4.3.9;References;58
4.4;4 Black Economic Empowerment and the Post-Apartheid South African Quest for the Domestication of Western Capitalism;62
4.4.1;4.1 Lay Peoples Discussion on South African Black Economic Empowerment (BEE);62
4.4.2;4.2 Introduction;64
4.4.3;4.3 BEE/Ingidenisation/Africanisation and the Colonial Heritage;66
4.4.4;4.4 BEE/Indigenisation/Africanisation and the Problem of Emulation;71
4.4.5;4.5 BEE/Indigenisation/Africanisation as Mistaken Policies;77
4.4.6;4.6 BEE/Indigenisation/Africanisation and Global Capitalism;79
4.4.7;4.7 Conclusion;80
4.4.8;References;81
4.5;5 Ethical Sourcing and Moral Responsibility in Global Business: Is the Common Good the Missing Factor? The Case of the Cut Flower Industry in Kenya;83
4.5.1;5.1 Introduction;83
4.5.2;5.2 Kenya Floriculture in Global Business;84
4.5.3;5.3 The Concept of Ethical Sourcing and Social Responsibility in Global Business: The Problematic of Its Application in the Kenya Cut Flower Industry;88
4.5.3.1;5.3.1 Flower Labelling Program (FLP);89
4.5.3.2;5.3.2 The Ethical Sourcing Audits;90
4.5.3.3;5.3.3 Business Management Models, Ethical Sourcing and Social Responsibility;91
4.5.3.4;5.3.4 'Ethical Sourcing' Under the Agency Model of Business Management;92
4.5.3.5;5.3.5 'Ethical Sourcing' Under the Stakeholder Model of Business Management;94
4.5.3.6;5.3.6 The Betrayal of MSP-Generated Base Codes in Kenya Cut Flower 'Ethical Sourcing' Audits;96
4.5.3.7;5.3.7 Exploitation: A 'Grassroots' Experience in the Cut Flower Industry in Kenya;98
4.5.4;5.4 Common Good: The Missing Factor in Ethical Sourcing and Social Responsibility in Global Business;101
4.5.4.1;5.4.1 Globalization and Ethics;101
4.5.4.2;5.4.2 Ethical Sourcing and Social Responsibility from a Common Good Perspective;104
4.5.5;5.5 Conclusion and Recommendations;105
4.5.5.1;5.5.1 The Role of Global Business;105
4.5.5.1.1;5.5.1.1 The Principle of Human Dignity;106
4.5.5.1.2;5.5.1.2 The Principles of Beneficence and Non-maleficence;106
4.5.5.1.3;5.5.1.3 The Principle of Justice;107
4.5.5.2;5.5.2 The Role of International Bodies;107
4.5.5.3;5.5.3 The Role of Political Authorities;108
4.5.6;References;108
5;Part II Fairness in International TradeA Global Perspective;111
5.1;6 Fair Global Trade: A Perspective from Africa;112
5.1.1;6.1 Introduction;112
5.1.1.1;6.1.1 Personal and Hermeneutical Limitation;112
5.1.1.2;6.1.2 The Complex Notion of ''Africa'' and Its Dire Socio-economic Development Needs;113
5.1.2;6.2 Historical Background to the Current Debates About Fair Global Trade;114
5.1.2.1;6.2.1 The Slave Trade;115
5.1.2.2;6.2.2 Colonialism13 and Post-colonial Africa;117
5.1.2.3;6.2.3 The Evolution of the Contemporary Monetary and Trade Regime;119
5.1.3;6.3 Africas Expectations of the WTO and Doha Trade Negotiations;122
5.1.3.1;6.3.1 Values;122
5.1.3.2;6.3.2 Participation;122
5.1.3.3;6.3.3 Agenda;123
5.1.3.4;6.3.4 Trade Liberalization and ''Aid for Trade'';123
5.1.3.5;6.3.5 African Union Initiatives and the Question of Identity;123
5.1.4;6.4 Differential Treatment and Prioritarian Justice;124
5.1.5;6.5 Ubuntu as Guiding Philosophy for a New Trade Regime?;126
5.1.6;References;127
5.2;7 Fairness in International Trade and Investment: Latin American Challenges;129
5.2.1;7.1 Introduction;129
5.2.2;7.2 Fairness in International Trade;129
5.2.3;7.3 Perception of Fairness in Workings and Outcomes of the WTO in Latin America;130
5.2.4;7.4 Ethical Issues Regarding the WTO in Latin America;133
5.2.4.1;7.4.1 Protectionism and Barriers Suffered by Latin American Countries;137
5.2.4.2;7.4.2 Sustainable Development and the Environment;139
5.2.4.3;7.4.3 Moral Norms Framework;141
5.2.5;7.5 Developments in Latin America to Address the Ethical Issues;142
5.2.6;7.6 Final Considerations;144
5.2.7;References;147
5.3;8 Fairness in International Trade and Business Ethics: A Japanese Perspective;150
5.3.1;8.1 Introduction;150
5.3.2;8.2 Formal Position of the Japanese Government on the WTO;151
5.3.2.1;8.2.1 Free Trade and the WTO Are Indispensable for Development;151
5.3.2.2;8.2.2 Provisions on Exemptions Are Necessary;151
5.3.2.3;8.2.3 List of Annexes;152
5.3.3;8.3 From the WTO-Centered to the Bilateral EPA Approach;153
5.3.3.1;8.3.1 Shifting to Bilateral Economic Partnership Agreements;154
5.3.3.2;8.3.2 Five Characteristics of Japan's EPAs;154
5.3.3.3;8.3.3 Is the WTO Effective and Fair?;155
5.3.3.4;8.3.4 Is the Outcome of Japan's EPAs Fair?;155
5.3.3.5;8.3.5 Is the Process of Japan's EPAs Fair?;157
5.3.4;8.4 A Typical Ethical Issue for Japan: Protecting Rice Farming;157
5.3.4.1;8.4.1 Issues of Agriculture;158
5.3.4.2;8.4.2 High Tariff Rates on Agricultural Products;158
5.3.4.3;8.4.3 Mutli-functionality;159
5.3.4.4;8.4.4 Food Security;160
5.3.4.5;8.4.5 Other Factors: Environmental Impact and Food Safety;160
5.3.4.6;8.4.6 Protecting Rice Farming;161
5.3.5;8.5 Reconsideration of Globalization and the WTO: Poverty Reduction;161
5.3.5.1;8.5.1 The Ultimate Purpose of Globalization in the Original Position;162
5.3.5.2;8.5.2 Criticism Against the WTO;163
5.3.5.3;8.5.3 The Ultimate Purpose of the WTO;164
5.3.5.4;8.5.4 How to Make Use of Globalization;164
5.3.6;8.6 Initiatives by the Japanese Government: TICAD and MDGs;165
5.3.6.1;8.6.1 World Food Crisis and TICAD IV;166
5.3.6.2;8.6.2 Boosting Rice Production in Africa;166
5.3.6.3;8.6.3 Sustainable Management of Water Resources;167
5.3.6.4;8.6.4 Major Initiatives Related to Millennium Development Goals (MDGs);167
5.3.6.5;8.6.5 Mobilizing Private Sector and Japan's ODA Policy;168
5.3.6.6;8.6.6 Establishing Economic Infrastructure in the TICAD Process;169
5.3.6.7;8.6.7 MDG Initiatives in the TICAD Process;171
5.3.7;8.7 Initiatives by Leading Japanese Corporations: Education and Basic Infrastructure;171
5.3.7.1;8.7.1 Contributions Corporations Can Make;172
5.3.7.2;8.7.2 Improvement of Educational Environment;172
5.3.7.3;8.7.3 Improvement of Basic Infrastructure;173
5.3.8;8.8 Summary and Closing Remarks;174
5.3.8.1;8.8.1 Answering the First Question;174
5.3.8.2;8.8.2 Answering the Second Question;174
5.3.8.3;8.8.3 Answering the Third Question (1): Protecting Rice Farming;175
5.3.8.4;8.8.4 Answering the Third Question (2): Poverty Reduction;175
5.3.8.5;8.8.5 Remaining Issues;176
5.3.9;References;177
5.4;9 Fairness in International Trade and Investment: North American Perspectives;178
5.4.1;9.1 Introduction;178
5.4.2;9.2 Bilateral and Multilateral Trade Relations in North America: Recent Developments;179
5.4.2.1;9.2.1 Three Asymmetries;180
5.4.2.2;9.2.2 North America and the WTO;181
5.4.3;9.3 Several North American Normative Perspectives on Fairness in International Trade and Investment;186
5.4.3.1;9.3.1 Protectionism and the Prevailing Liberal Views of Fair Play;186
5.4.3.2;9.3.2 The Liberal Search for Distributive Justice;188
5.4.3.3;9.3.3 Questions, Criticisms, and Dissent from Non-liberal Perspectives;190
5.4.4;9.4 Open Political Processes and Fundamental Considerations;192
5.4.5;9.5 Fairness and Transfer Pricing;196
5.4.6;9.6 Conclusion;201
5.4.7;References;203
5.5;10 Fairness in International Trade: The Case of Economic Partnership Agreements;206
5.5.1;10.1 Introduction;206
5.5.2;10.2 The Background to EUACP International Trade Relations;207
5.5.3;10.3 Economic Partnership Agreements and Their Predicted Effects and Associated Issues;211
5.5.4;10.4 The Stop EPAs Campaign;215
5.5.5;10.5 EPAs The Current Situation;216
5.5.6;10.6 Assessing Fairness in International Trade;218
5.5.7;10.7 An Assessment of the Fairness of EPAs;222
5.5.8;10.8 Conclusion;224
5.5.9;10.9 Appendix 1;225
5.5.10;10.9 Appendix 2;226
5.5.11;References;226
5.6;Index;228

Leseproben

" (S. 27-28)



3.1 Introductory Background

The intention behind this chapter is to raise awareness of the importance of cultural beliefs and values as an important factor, one of the root-sources of economic development that should be taken seriously, particularly in Africa. So far little or no attention has been paid to the cultural factor in Africa’s economic development. Cultural values in Africa have been mostly perceived negatively in economic matters both by African economists, policymakers and planners themselves as well as the consultants of the international institutions and Western donors.

As a consequence, there is a tendency to shift away from them, even from those values such as solidarity and cooperation which, nowadays, are important in today’s economic business. Much attention is concentrated on the claim that appropriate economic policies (mostly neo-liberal policies) necessarily achieve economic growth and development. Accordingly, this chapter consists of six major points. In the first point I will outline the issues that are at stake in the whole reflection.

The second point considers the sense of neo-liberal’s claim and underlines its limits. The third point questions the link between self-interest and economic growth and development by considering the economic experiences of East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this point is to suggest that one needs to look beyond the mere concept of self-interest as the basis of economic development. In the fourth section I will review the principle of self-interest against its historico-cultural background in order to show that what led to economic development is not the self-interest per se but rather cultural beliefs and values that produced it.

My main objective is to show the necessary link between cultural values, economic growth and development (fifth section), by paying more attention on the case of Africa (sixth section). In the conclusion I summarize the macro-argument and give the implications of my reflection. PROOF 3.2 The Issues at Stake Four key issues are at stake in this reflection. The first one is the issue of the impact of people’s cultural beliefs and values on economic development. I am aware that certain cultural beliefs and values of a people could enhance or hamper their economic development. In this reflection, and as far as African economic development is concerned, I am much more inclined to place weight on those beliefs and values that would likely enhance economic development.

The second issue is a practical follow up of the first: it is the whole issue of how what people believe and value can be validated in terms of policies of economic development. Nowadays, the concept of participation has become the catchword in developing countries. However, it is not enough for people to “participate” if the model of economic development proposed to them is based on a cultural foundation which is not theirs. Participation in a perspective of economic development which is not rooted in one’s cultural beliefs and values could only be contingent rather than essential. I believe that participation could only be essential if it applies to those economic development projects that are founded on the beliefs and values of the people concerned.

The third issue is the philosophical foundation of economic development. In effect, what people believe and value are based on their being or ontological status. In other words, the beliefs and values people hold are a reflection of their identity, that is, their sense of self. Thus, ultimately, it is from this ontological status that a given people structure its own economic development that cannot easily be transferred to another people whose ontological status is different. What we are as a people determines the way we structure and shape our economic development (economy being, qualitatively, a cultural phenomenon) (see Throsby, 2001: 7ff).

Yet, and this is the fourth issue at stake, the way people view themselves and live in the world can be enhanced or hampered by others with whom they do not share the ontological status, as has been the case with slavery and colonisation or other forms of domination. The problem here is the refusal of the difference based on the fact that a group of people can feel powerful enough to universalise its way of life, thus undermining the whole issue of particularity. How can what certain people claim to be universal be appropriated in another context that has its own particularities (see Gyekye, 1997)? Cultural values matter (cf. Harrison and Huntington, 2000; Sen, 2006, Ch. 6); and my effort will consist in showing how they matter (see Section 3.6)."