Mertens / Baylis / Mellor Bluetongue

1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-0-08-091897-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 506 Seiten

The third volume in the Institute of Animal Health (IAH) Biology of Animal Infections Series, Bluetongue discusses one of the most economically important diseases of domesticated livestock. Affecting primarily sheep particularly the improved mutton and wool breeds, it is now endemic in Africa, India, the Middle and Far East, Australia and the Americas, and over the last six years has caused a series of outbreaks throughout the Mediterranean region and central Europe. Bluetongue represent a paradigm not only for the other orbiviruses (such as African horse sickness virus, which shares the same vector species) but also for other insect transmitted diseases, including those of humans. - The only single definitive work that provides both historical and up to date data on the disease - Describes the latest developments in epidemiological modelling, molecular epidemiology and vaccine development, as well as explaining the current global epidemiology of the disease - Outlines the importance and possible mechanisms of overwintering, and the impact of global warming on the vectors and virus distribution

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mertens, Peter

Baylis, Matthew

Mellor, Philip

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Bluetongue;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Series Introduction;16
6;Preface;20
7;Acknowledgement;22
8;Chapter 1 Introduction;24
8.1;Background;24
8.2;Bluetongue, an emerging disease;25
9;Chapter 2 The history of bluetongue;30
9.1;Introduction;30
9.2;Geographical distribution;30
9.3;Host range;32
9.4;Aetiology;34
9.5;Transmission;36
9.6;Control;37
10;Chapter 3 Bluetongue virus, other orbiviruses and other reoviruses: Their relationships and taxonomy;46
10.1;Introduction;46
10.2;The genera of the family Reoviridae;51
10.3;The genus Orbivirus;52
10.4;Classification and differentiation of the Orbivirus species;53
10.5;The economically important orbiviruses;55
10.6;Emerging orbiviruses;58
10.7;Orbiviruses that can infect humans;59
10.8;Relationships with other reoviruses;60
10.9;Phylogenetic relationships of the orbivirus proteins;62
10.10;Phylogenetic relationships between the RNA- dependent RNA polymerase (Pol – RdRP) of the different orbiviruses;66
10.11;Phylogenetic relationships based on the sub-core shell T2 protein of bluetongue virus and other orbiviruses;67
10.12;Dating divergence times for bluetongue virus and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus serotypes;69
11;Chapter 4 Bluetongue virus replication and assembly;76
11.1;Introduction;76
11.2;Arrangement of proteins in the virus outer capsid and their role in virus entry;77
11.3;Functional dissection of the enzymatic core proteins;80
11.4;Assembly of the viral core;84
11.5;Assembly of the viral outer capsid;89
11.6;Release of progeny virions from infected cells;90
11.7;Concluding remarks;94
12;Chapter 5 Bluetongue virus: cell biology;100
12.1;Introduction;100
12.2;Bluetongue virus entry into the cellular host;101
12.3;Viral structures and their functions;104
12.4;Interaction of bluetongue virus with the cytoskeleton;110
12.5;Involvement of the cellular translation machinery during bluetongue virus infection;111
12.6;Fate of bluetongue virus-infected cells and virus egress;112
12.7;Conclusions;117
13;Chapter 6 The structure of bluetongue virus core and proteins;124
13.1;Introduction;124
13.2;The bluetongue virion structure;125
13.3;Genome packaging;128
13.4;Enzyme functions and location;131
13.5;Substrate and product-binding sites;133
13.6;Binding of dsRNA to the bluetongue virus core surface;139
13.7;Bluetongue virus outer capsid proteins VP2 and VP5;143
13.8;Bluetongue virus non-structural proteins;144
13.9;Bluetongue virus particle structure and cell entry mechanisms;148
14;Chapter 7 Molecular epidemiology studies of bluetongue virus;158
14.1;Introduction;158
14.2;Variable and conserved genome segments;160
14.3;BTV incursions into Europe;169
14.4;Phylogenetic analyses of BTV core/non-structural proteins and identification of reassortants;178
14.5;Conclusions/Discussion;179
15;Chapter 8 Bluetongue in the Indian subcontinent;190
15.1;Introduction;190
15.2;Geographical distribution and seasonality;191
15.3;Clinical bluetongue in sheep;193
15.4;Serological prevalence of bluetongue in other animal species;199
15.5;Vectors;203
15.6;Bluetongue virus serotypes reported from Indian subcontinent;205
15.7;Diagnosis;207
15.8;Molecular epidemiology studies;209
15.9;Economic impact of bluetongue and control;210
15.10;Acknowledgments;212
16;Chapter 9 Current status of bluetongue virus in the Americas;220
16.1;Introduction;220
16.2;North America;221
16.3;Central America;228
16.4;South America;230
16.5;Virus–vector Interactions;233
16.6;Summary;235
16.7;Acknowledgments;235
17;Chapter 10 Bluetongue viruses in Australasia and East Asia;246
17.1;Introduction;246
17.2;Major studies of bluetongue virus in the region;247
17.3;Bluetongue disease in Australasia and East Asia;248
17.4;Bluetongue virus serotypes isolated in the region;249
17.5;The bluetongue virus genotypes in the region;252
17.6;The known and suspected Culicoides spp vectors;253
17.7;Conclusions;253
18;Chapter 11 Bluetongue in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin;258
18.1;Introduction;258
18.2;Bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean Basin, 1998–2005;259
18.3;Origins of the outbreaks;270
18.4;Vector species of Culicoides in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin;273
18.5;Bluetongue virus in Europe in 2006 and 2007;275
18.6;Mechanisms of overwintering;277
18.7;Summary;279
19;Chapter 12 Bluetongue virus in the mammalian host and the induced immune response;288
19.1;Introduction;288
19.2;Bluetongue virus infection of the ruminant host;289
19.3;Bluetongue virus replication in the ruminant host;290
19.4;Immune response;296
19.5;A potential bluetongue virus overwintering mechanism in the ruminant host;298
19.6;Conclusive remarks;300
20;Chapter 13 Clinical signs and pathology;308
20.1;Introduction;308
20.2;Clinical signs;309
20.3;The pathogenesis of bluetongue virus infection;311
20.4;Persistent bluetongue virus infection of cattle;313
20.5;Bluetongue in other animal species;314
21;Chapter 14 Bluetongue virus in the insect host;318
21.1;Introduction;318
21.2;Culicoides biting midges;319
21.3;Bluetongue virus;319
21.4;Vector species of Culicoides;320
21.5;Infection and replication of bluetongue virus in vector Culicoides;324
21.6;Bluetongue virus infection and susceptibility rates in vector species of Culicoides;326
21.7;Barriers to the infection, dissemination and transmission of arboviruses in insect vectors;328
21.8;A possible overwintering mechanism of bluetongue virus in vector Culicoides;330
21.9;Effects of temperature on arbovirus infection and transmission by insect vectors;332
21.10;Effect of temperature on bluetongue virus infection by vector Culicoides;332
21.11;Summary;335
22;Chapter 15 Rates of bluetongue virus transmission between Culicoides sonorensis and sheep;344
22.1;Introduction;344
22.2;Materials and methods;346
22.3;Results;350
22.4;Discussion;360
22.5;Acknowledgements;363
23;Chapter 16 Bluetongue virus and climate change;366
23.1;Introduction;366
23.2;The shifting pattern of European bluetongue epidemics;367
23.3;Evidence linking patterns in bluetongue to climate change;370
23.4;Extended distribution of the major Old World vector, C. imicola;373
23.5;Involvement of Palearctic vectors in bluetongue virus transmission in Europe;374
23.6;Why is the bluetongue virus–Culicoides episystem responsive to climate change?;378
23.7;A global view of climate change and bluetongue epidemiology;379
23.8;Acknowledgements;381
24;Chapter 17 Bluetongue virus diagnosis;388
24.1;Introduction;388
24.2;Clinical diagnosis;392
24.3;Virus isolation;393
24.4;Antibody/antigen-based assays;394
24.5;Molecular assays;400
24.6;Detection of BTV in Culicoides midges;407
24.7;Ring-trials and proficiency testing;409
24.8;Diagnostic samples;410
24.9;The future;411
25;Chapter 18 Bluetongue virus vaccines past and present;420
25.1;Introduction;420
25.2;Multiple BTV serotypes;424
25.3;Attenuated 'live' vaccines;425
25.4;Live vaccine 'platforms';430
25.5;Inactivated BTV vaccines;431
25.6;Subunit vaccines;432
25.7;Differentiating infected from vaccinated animals;437
25.8;Adjuvants;440
25.9;Regulations and acceptability;442
25.10;Concluding remarks;443
26;Chapter 19 Bluetongue control strategies;452
26.1;Introduction;452
26.2;Risk factors;453
26.3;The BT virus;456
26.4;Methods of surveillance and monitoring;457
26.5;Modelling;461
26.6;Methods of control;461
26.7;Control strategies;464
26.8;International legislation;468
27;Chapter 20 Conclusions;476
28;Glossary;482
29;Index;488