Mehta / Bhide / Kumar Poverty, Chronic Poverty and Poverty Dynamics

Policy Imperatives
1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-981-13-0677-8
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 275 Seiten

This book discusses critical policy issues that need to be addressed if India wishes to achieve the SDG 1 based elusive goal of ending poverty in the country. In its nine chapters, it takes the readers through trends and estimates of poverty in India, explains changes in the way it has been measured over time and the factors that lead to persistence of poverty, draws attention to the fact that hunger is both a cause and an effect of poverty and has gender and age dimensions too. The book revisits strategies that were successful in addressing poverty emanating from situations of conflict, presents a discussion on migration as a critical coping mechanism among poor, analyses the links between ill health and poverty as well as education and poverty to draw attention to the policy imperatives that need attention.
India's report card on poverty remains dismal even though there is recognition of the importance of reducing or eliminating or ending it at both national and global levels. Despite rapid economic growth and improvement on a range of development indicators, an unacceptably high proportion of India's population continues to suffer poverty in multiple dimensions. SDG 1 or 'ending poverty in all its forms everywhere' cannot be achieved unless policies and poverty alleviation programmes understand and address chronic poverty and its dynamics. This requires that we estimate and understand the extent of poverty, the factors that lead to people getting stuck in it and the ways this can be addressed. It also requires understanding the dynamic nature of poverty or the fact that many of those who are poor are able to move out of poverty as well as the fact that many others who are not poor become impoverished. These are the issues that are comprehensively examined and addressed in this book.
In addition to students, teachers and researchers in the areas of development, economic growth, equity and welfare, the book is also of great interest to policy makers, planners and non-government agencies who are concerned with understanding and addressing poverty-related issues in the developing countries.

Aasha_Kapur Mehta is Professor of Economics at the Indian Institute of Public Administration. She studied at Delhi School of Economics, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi and Iowa State University, USA. She is a McNamara fellow and a Fulbright Scholar. She was a Member of Working Groups for the 11th and 12th Plans; chaired two subgroups; served as a Member of the core group of the Cabinet Secretariat Ad-hoc Task Force for reviewing RFDs of Ministries/Departments of Government of India and State Governments; and Member of Committees constituted by Ministries such as MoRD, MoPR, MoSPI and MWCD. She was invited as an expert to assist Niti Aayog in formulating the Rural Economy chapter for the Vision, Strategy and Action Plan document. She has led the work of the Chronic Poverty Research Centre in India for more than a decade. Her publications are on poverty, human and gender development indicators, multi-dimensional deprivation, gender issues, gender budgeting and data gaps. Shashanka_Bhide is presently Director of Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS), Chennai. He was a senior researcher at the National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi before joining MIDS. He received his PhD from Iowa State University, USA and Masters from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. He has worked in the areas of macroeconomic modelling and forecasting, agricultural economics, infrastructure and issues relating to chronic poverty in rural India.
Anand Kumar is a Fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla since 2016. Prior to this he worked as a Professor of Sociology at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, from 1998. He received an MA in Sociology at the Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, 1972; an MPhil in Sociology at the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, 1975; and a PhD in Sociology at the University of Chicago in 1986. He was a Lecturer in Sociology at BHU from 1979 to 1989, an Associate Professor of Sociology at JNU from 1990 to 1998. He also taught as India Chair in Germany (Albert Ludwig University, Freiburg) and GSP Scholar at Humboldt University (Berlin, Germany). He was a Fulbright Visiting Scholar at Tufts University from January to May 2013, International Faculty at Innsbruck University (Austria), GSP faculty at FLACSO (Buenos Aires, Argentina), Visiting Professor at NEHU, Shillong, Kashmir University, Srinagar and Central University of Tripura. He was President of the Indian Sociological Society (2013 - 2015). Amita Shah is an economist, with wide-ranging experience of conducting research on various aspects of development studies. She is presently working with Centre for Development Alternatives (CFDA), Ahmedabad, as a Honorary. Fellow. Prior to this she was a Professor and Director of Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Ahmedabad. She has worked closely with a number of bilateral and multilateral organisations besides a number of government agencies and ministries at the center and state level, and participated in an informed process of policy formulation. She has extensively undertaken collaborative research both within and outside India. She has published about 100 research papers in professional journals and has co-authored/ edited four books. She has been invited as a Visiting Fellow/Scholar to academic institutions in United Kingdom, China, France, Netherlands, and Canada. She was President of Indian Society for Ecological Economics (2013-15).

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mehta, Aasha Kapur

Bhide, Shashanka

Kumar, Anand

Shah, Amita

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface;7
3;Acknowledgements;9
4;Contents;11
5;Editors and Contributors;12
6;Acronyms;15
7;List of Figures;21
8;List of Tables;22
9;List of Boxes;26
10;1 Introduction;27
10.1;1 Introduction;27
10.2;2 Poverty Trends, Measures and the SDGs;29
10.3;3 Poverty Dynamics;30
10.4;4 Hunger and Poverty;30
10.5;5 Conflict and Poverty;31
10.6;6 Migration as a Coping Mechanism;31
10.7;7 Ill Health and Poverty;32
10.8;8 Education and Poverty;33
10.9;9 Achieving SDG1;33
10.10;10 Limitations;34
11;2 Poverty Trends and Measures;35
11.1;1 Introduction;35
11.2;2 Trends in Poverty: Incidence and Determinants;36
11.2.1;2.1 The Poverty Line;38
11.2.2;2.2 Global Standards for Measuring Extreme Poverty;43
11.3;3 Social, Spatial and Occupational Concentration of Poverty;44
11.4;4 Factors Affecting the Incidence of Poverty;55
11.5;5 Growth and Incidence of Poverty;57
11.6;6 Bands of Vulnerability or Poverty;58
11.7;7 Conclusions;59
11.8;References;59
12;3 A Review of Poverty Dynamics Issues;63
12.1;1 Introduction;63
12.2;2 Drivers, Maintainers And Interrupters;65
12.3;3 Dynamics of Poverty: Entry, Escape And Traps;67
12.3.1;3.1 Poverty Persistence, Entry and Escape: Findings of Panel Data-Based Studies;68
12.3.2;3.2 Characteristics of Chronic Poverty;71
12.3.3;3.3 Factors Reducing Persistence or Enabling Exit from Poverty;72
12.3.4;3.4 Factors Leading to Entry into Poverty;73
12.4;4 Assessing Future Prospects of Poverty Reduction;74
12.5;5 Summary and Conclusions;76
12.6;References;77
13;4 Hunger, Under-Nutrition and Food Security in India;80
13.1;1 Introduction;80
13.2;2 Types and Dimensions of Hunger;82
13.2.1;2.1 Self-reported Hunger;83
13.2.2;2.2 Food Insecurity;85
13.2.3;2.3 Calorie Consumption;88
13.2.4;2.4 BMI;91
13.2.5;2.5 Under-nourished Children;92
13.2.6;2.6 Factors Other Than Food that Lead to Malnutrition;93
13.2.7;2.7 Child Mortality;94
13.3;3 Composite Hunger Index by IFPRI;95
13.4;4 Analysis of Major Programmes and Policy Options;96
13.5;5 What Needs to Be Done?;98
13.5.1;5.1 PDS;103
13.5.2;5.2 Food Security Act, 2013;104
13.5.3;5.3 Cash Transfers;105
13.5.4;5.4 Reducing Leakages Through Technology;106
13.5.5;5.5 School Meals;107
13.5.6;5.6 Nutrition Programmes for Children Below 5 Years;108
13.5.6.1;5.6.1 ICDS – Some Evaluations;108
13.5.7;5.7 Governance Issues;109
13.5.8;5.8 Summing Up;113
13.6;References;114
14;5 Addressing Poverty and Conflict: Learning from a Gandhian Initiative in Mushahari (Muzaffarpur, Bihar);118
14.1;1 Introduction: Poverty, Conflict and Beyond;118
14.1.1;1.1 The Mushahari Experience;123
14.2;2 Contextualising the Mushahari Experience;125
14.2.1;2.1 Background to Mushahari Block;125
14.2.2;2.2 The Conflict in Mushahari;127
14.3;3 Sarvodaya Response to the Challenges of Poverty and Maoist Violence: The Mushahari Plan;129
14.4;4 Strengths and Limits of the Gram Swaraj Approach;133
14.5;5 Poverty and Society in Mushahari: The Post-conflict Scene;137
14.5.1;5.1 Caste and Village Profile;140
14.5.2;5.2 Incidence of Chronic Poverty;140
14.5.3;5.3 Occupations and Unemployment;140
14.5.4;5.4 Landholding in the Region;142
14.5.5;5.5 Migration;146
14.5.6;5.6 Summing Up;146
14.6;6 Towards Conclusions;147
14.7;References;149
15;6 Changing Scenario of Migration and Poverty in India: Reflections and Issues;151
15.1;1 Migration and Poverty in India: A Multi-patterned Reality;151
15.2;2 Migration and Poverty: Select Review of Evidence and Perspective;154
15.2.1;2.1 What Does the Official Data Show?;154
15.2.2;2.2 Migration Over Time;155
15.3;3 Migration and Rural Poverty: Some Perspectives;156
15.3.1;3.1 Short-Term Migration;157
15.3.2;3.2 Short-Term Migration and Poverty Over Time Among Major States;159
15.4;4 Short-Term Migration Among States: Evidence from Selected Villages;162
15.5;5 Migration Among Households in Select Villages: Understanding the Variations in a Micro-setting in MP;167
15.6;6 Summing up and Way Forward;170
15.7;References;174
16;7 Ill Health and Poverty: Policy Imperatives for Achieving SDG3;176
16.1;1 The Context;176
16.2;2 India’s Health Outcomes and Disease Burden: A Comparison with Selected Countries;179
16.2.1;2.1 State of Health;179
16.2.1.1;2.1.1 Disease Burden;179
16.2.1.2;2.1.2 Morbidity, Anaemia and Malnutrition;182
16.2.1.3;2.1.3 Contribution of Different Diseases to Death;185
16.2.2;2.2 Spatial Differences in Outcomes;187
16.2.2.1;2.2.1 Status of Health Outcomes in Large States: 2014–15 and 2015–2016;187
16.2.3;2.3 Positive and Negative Trends in Health Outcomes in Large States: 2014–15 and 2015–16;188
16.3;3 Health Financing;190
16.4;4 National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), State of Health Provisioning and Disease Burden;192
16.5;5 Implementing Programmes for Better Outcomes;209
16.6;References;214
17;8 Interface Between Education and Poverty in India: Eluding Goals and Search for New Perspectives?;218
17.1;1 Education and Expectations;219
17.1.1;1.1 Relationship between Education and Poverty;219
17.1.2;1.2 Constitutional Obligations and State Response: The Education Miracle in India;220
17.1.3;1.3 Economic Growth and Returns to Education: Does It Help the Poor and Chronic Poor?;221
17.1.4;1.4 Unfinished Agenda and Policy Initiatives;222
17.1.5;1.5 Objectives;224
17.2;2 Education for Income and Empowerment: Setting the Context;225
17.2.1;2.1 Mapping the Education Gap Among States and Communities;228
17.2.2;2.2 Enrolment and Dropout;229
17.2.3;2.3 Literacy Rates and Educational Attainment;231
17.3;3 Income and Education Poverty;233
17.3.1;3.1 Link Between Literacy and Poverty Across States;235
17.4;4 Poverty and Education among Social Groups;236
17.4.1;4.1 Education and Chronic Poverty;238
17.5;5 Returns to Education: A Review of Evidence and Issues;240
17.6;6 The Unfinished Tasks and Future Options: Discussion of Selected Policy Issues;242
17.7;7 Concluding Remarks;251
17.8;Appendix;252
17.9;References;259
18;9 Conclusions;263
18.1;1 Achieving SDG1 Through Core of the Core Schemes: NSAP and MGNREGS;266
18.1.1;1.1 National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP);266
18.2;2 MGNREGS;268
18.3;3 What Needs to Be Done to End Poverty;269
18.4;References;271
19;Index;272