Mayer / Pizer HIV Prevention

A Comprehensive Approach
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-08-092129-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 696 Seiten

HIV/AIDS continues to be the pandemic of our times and there has not been a comprehensive medically based AIDS prevention book published in the last 5 years. It is estimated that 36 to 45 million people including 2-3 million children already are infected worldwide and an additional 4-7 million more are infected each year. There are about 6,000 new infections daily and about 12 million AIDS orphans. People receiving AIDS treatments feel well and have no detectable viral load, but still can infect others. And even when a vaccine is found, it will take many years before it can be administered across the developing world.
* Discusses all aspects of AIDS prevention, from epidemiology, molecular immunology and virology to the principles of broad-based public health prevention interventions.
* Special focus on the array of interventions that have been proven effective through rigorous study
* Identifies new trends in HIV/AID epidemiology and their impact on creating and implementing prevention interventions
* Incorporates virology, biology, infectious diseases, vaccinology, microbicides and research methodologies into AIDS prevention

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mayer, Kenneth H.

Pizer, H. F.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;HIV prevention: A comprehensive approach;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Contents;8
5;Foreword;12
6;About the editors;18
7;Notes on contributors;20
8;Acknowledgments;40
9;Introduction;42
10;Part I: Epidemiological and biological issues in HIV prevention;50
10.1;Chapter 1 Current and future trends: implications for HIV prevention;52
10.1.1;Estimates and projections: methodology and refinements;54
10.1.2;Sub-pandemics in different world regions;55
10.1.3;Conceptual framework for HIV prevention;58
10.1.4;Multimodality of risk factors and impact on prevention interventions;61
10.1.5;Future trends;64
10.1.6;Conclusions;65
10.1.7;References;65
10.2;Chapter 2 Understanding the biology of HIV-1 transmission: the foundation for prevention;72
10.2.1;The assault force: HIV in genital secretions;73
10.2.2;Establishing a beachhead: the cellular organization of genital tract and rectal tissues, and early events in HIV sexual transmission;78
10.2.3;Summary and future directions;85
10.2.4;References;86
10.3;Chapter 3 HIV vaccines;94
10.3.1;Transmission and immunology of HIV and associated vaccine challenges;95
10.3.2;Challenges for HIV vaccine development;97
10.3.3;Vaccine approaches and evaluations;100
10.3.4;Vaccine candidates;102
10.3.5;Vaccine trials;109
10.3.6;The future of HIV vaccine efforts;120
10.3.7;Conclusions;121
10.3.8;Acknowledgment;121
10.3.9;References;122
10.4;Chapter 4 Microbicides;126
10.4.1;The biological rationale for microbicides;127
10.4.2;Microbicide development;129
10.4.3;The microbicide pipeline;132
10.4.4;Challenges to microbicide development;134
10.4.5;Socio-cultural perspectives on trial conduct in the developing world;137
10.4.6;Microbicides as part of the broader prevention agenda;141
10.4.7;Providing access to microbicides;143
10.4.8;Microbicide development remains a critical component of HIV prevention research;144
10.4.9;References;144
10.5;Chapter 5 Using antiretrovirals to prevent HIV transmission;148
10.5.1;HIV transmission;148
10.5.2;HIV in genital secretions;149
10.5.3;ART pharmacology;150
10.5.4;ART to Prevent Transmission of HIV;153
10.5.5;ART for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP);156
10.5.6;Clinical studies of non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis;159
10.5.7;Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV transmission;164
10.5.8;ART as public health prevention;167
10.5.9;ART and sexual behaviors: non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis;169
10.5.10;ART resistance;172
10.5.11;Possible future strategies for ART as prevention: acute HIV infection;172
10.5.12;Conclusions;174
10.5.13;Acknowledgments;175
10.5.14;References;175
10.6;Chapter 6 Male circumcision and HIV prevention;187
10.6.1;Observational data on male circumcision and heterosexual HIV acquisition in men;187
10.6.2;Male circumcision and HIV acquisition in men who have sex with men;189
10.6.3;Randomized trials of male circumcision for HIV prevention in men;190
10.6.4;Biological evidence for the protective effects of circumcision for HIV prevention in men;193
10.6.5;Circumcision and STI acquisition in men;195
10.6.6;Male circumcision and HIV/STI infections in women;197
10.6.7;The safety of male circumcision;198
10.6.8;The prevalence and acceptability of male circumcision;199
10.6.9;Male circumcision and behavioral disinhibition or risk compensation;200
10.6.10;Modeling of the effects of male circumcision on population HIV incidence, the number of surgeries and cost per HIV infection averted;200
10.6.11;Scale-up of circumcision programs;201
10.6.12;References;203
11;Part II: Behavioral issues in HIV prevention;208
11.1;Chapter 7 Payoff from AIDS behavioral prevention research;210
11.1.1;Periods in AIDS prevention research;212
11.1.2;Conclusions;236
11.1.3;Acknowledgments;237
11.1.4;References;237
11.2;Chapter 8 Individual interventions;244
11.2.1;Stage 1: Common theoretical models applicable to individual interventions for HIV prevention;246
11.2.2;Stage 2: Selected efficacy trials of HIV prevention interventions based on the conceptual models;254
11.2.3;Stage 3: Summary and conclusions;273
11.2.4;Acknowledgment;276
11.2.5;References;276
11.3;Chapter 9 Couples' voluntary counseling and testing;281
11.3.1;Prevention through behavior change remains the best tool to control the epidemic;281
11.3.2;CVCT and correct and consistent condom use: what is known to work at the dyad level;282
11.3.3;Towards sustainable HIV prevention: structural and economic aspects, psychosocial elements, and social norms;285
11.3.4;Controversies: past and present;290
11.3.5;Best practices: a day in the life of a same-day CVCT clinic;292
11.3.6;Monitoring and evaluation of CVCT services;296
11.3.7;Twenty years of barriers and progress/concrete gains as CVCT evolves;298
11.3.8;Conclusion;300
11.3.9;References;301
11.4;Chapter 10 Updating HIV prevention with gay men: current challenges and opportunities to advance health among gay men;308
11.4.1;What is the evidence base for efficacy of HIV prevention efforts among gay men?;310
11.4.2;What are the current challenges in HIV prevention work among gay men?;311
11.4.3;Community viral load approaches to HIV prevention: reducing risk by changing context;315
11.4.4;How can we translate efficacy into effectiveness?;316
11.4.5;Towards a prevention cocktail: strategies to move HIV prevention among gay men forward;317
11.4.6;Steps toward the creation of a prevention cocktail;319
11.4.7;References;320
11.5;Chapter 11 Reducing sexual risk behavior among men and women with HIV infection;322
11.5.1;Sexual behavior among PLWHA;323
11.5.2;Intervention research addressing reduction in HIV transmission risk among PLWHA;329
11.5.3;Integration of HIV prevention programs into the clinical setting;336
11.5.4;Conclusions;339
11.5.5;References;340
11.6;Chapter 12 Injection drug use and HIV: past and future considerations for HIV prevention and interventions;346
11.6.1;Political and social context of injection drug use;346
11.6.2;Epidemiology of HIV infection among IDUs;348
11.6.3;Factors that have informed prevention and intervention strategies;353
11.6.4;Successful and unsuccessful interventions;362
11.6.5;Future directions;371
11.6.6;Acknowledgment;372
11.6.7;References;372
11.7;Chapter 13 HIV risk and prevention for non-injection substance users;381
11.7.1;Types of interventions used to treat substance use problems;383
11.7.2;Alcohol;385
11.7.3;Non-alcohol substance use;389
11.7.4;Use of other substances and HIV risk;398
11.7.5;Conclusions;401
11.7.6;References;401
11.8;Chapter 14 Preventing HIV among sex workers;417
11.8.1;Epidemiology, HIV risk and vulnerability among sex workers;418
11.8.2;Elements of effective interventions;426
11.8.3;The intervention gap and the need to scale up sex-worker interventions;434
11.8.4;Model programs from around the world;436
11.8.5;Challenges for setting up HIV prevention programs for sex workers;439
11.8.6;References;440
11.9;Chapter 15 Interventions with youth in high-prevalence areas;448
11.9.1;Epidemiology of HIV infection in youth;450
11.9.2;Young women and sexual risk;451
11.9.3;Reducing HIV risk;457
11.9.4;HIV prevention interventions in youth;461
11.9.5;Lessons learned from interventions targeted at youth;475
11.9.6;Conclusion;476
11.9.7;References;477
11.10;Chapter 16 Interventions with incarcerated persons;485
11.10.1;Epidemiology: the epidemic of incarceration in the United States;485
11.10.2;Prevention interventions;490
11.10.3;HIV/AIDS in international prisons;503
11.10.4;Future directions;505
11.10.5;Acknowledgments;506
11.10.6;References;506
11.11;Chapter 17 Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV;513
11.11.1;Progress in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV;514
11.11.2;Factors affecting mother-to-child transmission;514
11.11.3;Principles of prevention of MTCT: a comprehensive approach;515
11.11.4;Preventing mother-to-child transmission in high-resource settings: PMTCT advances;517
11.11.5;Preventing MTCT in low-resource settings: advances;519
11.11.6;Infant feeding: mother-to-child transmission through breastfeeding;524
11.11.7;From research to implementation;529
11.11.8;References;529
12;Part III: Structural and technical issues in HIV prevention;540
12.1;Chapter 18 Harm reduction, human rights and public health;542
12.1.1;Review of harm reduction interventions among vulnerable populations;545
12.1.2;The HIV epidemic among sex workers;548
12.1.3;The HIV epidemic among MSM;550
12.1.4;The HIV epidemic among incarcerated populations;552
12.1.5;Interplay between harm reduction, human rights and public health;554
12.1.6;Discussion;557
12.1.7;References;558
12.2;Chapter 19 HIV testing and counseling;565
12.2.1;History of HIV testing and counseling;565
12.2.2;HIV testing and counseling and behavior change;568
12.2.3;HIV testing and counseling models;572
12.2.4;Expanding HIV testing and counseling to reach specific populations;576
12.2.5;Continuing challenges and emerging issues;581
12.2.6;Advancing HIV testing and counseling;584
12.2.7;References;585
12.3;Chapter 20 Structural interventions in societal contexts;591
12.3.1;Venue-based approaches: wine shops to red-light districts;591
12.3.2;Social-network based approaches: prevention targeted at negotiating safe sex;593
12.3.3;Daughters, wives, and mothers: the impact of subordinating women in the home and community;595
12.3.4;Socially-driven public health responses;600
12.3.5;Targeting the individual in HIV prevention: condoms and antiretrovirals;604
12.3.6;Socially relevant HIV prevention;607
12.3.7;References;608
12.4;Chapter 21 Evaluating HIV/AIDS programs in the US and developing countries;612
12.4.1;Issues in defining the evaluation design;612
12.4.2;Types of summative evaluation;615
12.4.3;Major challenges in evaluating HIV/AIDS programs;627
12.4.4;Conclusion;630
12.4.5;References;630
12.5;Chapter 22 Adapting successful research studies in the public health arena: going from efficacy trials to effective public health interventions;632
12.5.1;Evaluating efficacy, effectiveness, and impact of biological interventions on HIV and STI incidence;633
12.5.2;Evaluating efficacy, effectiveness, and impact of behavioral interventions on HIV and STI risk behavior;636
12.5.3;Promoting the successful implementation of science-based HIV prevention: the CDC's approach;637
12.5.4;Emerging issues and challenges;646
12.5.5;Conclusions;651
12.5.6;Acknowledgment;653
12.5.7;Disclaimer;653
12.5.8;References;653
13;Index;660
13.1;A;660
13.2;B;662
13.3;C;664
13.4;D;668
13.5;E;668
13.6;F;670
13.7;G;670
13.8;H;671
13.9;I;673
13.10;J;675
13.11;K;675
13.12;L;676
13.13;M;676
13.14;N;678
13.15;O;680
13.16;P;680
13.17;R;682
13.18;S;683
13.19;T;687
13.20;U;688
13.21;V;689
13.22;W;691
13.23;Y;691
13.24;Z;692