Martin Precipitation Hardening

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-4745-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 244 Seiten, Web PDF

Precipitation Hardening deals with precipitation hardening, an important method by which the resistance to plastic deformation of a metal crystal may be increased. The impact made by X-ray methods, dislocation concepts, and electron microscopy is highlighted. This book is divided into four sections and begins by outlining the broad basis of age-hardening, touching on topics such as the mechanisms of diffusion, phase equilibria, and nucleation. The X-ray metallography and electron microscopy of aging are examined next, along with changes in mechanical and physical properties on aging. This discussion is followed by a chapter on the metallography of aged alloys and theories of the mechanisms of hardening. The next section discusses the slip interference theory of the hardening of metals; precipitation hardening of aluminum-magnesium-zinc alloys and reversion through age-hardening; and the influence of small additions of silver on the aging of aluminum alloys. The final section outlines some theories of the mechanisms of hardening. This monograph will be useful to students and practitioners in the field of metallurgy.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Martin, J. W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Precipitation Hardening;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;10
6;Introduction;12
7;Part 1: Commentary;14
7.1;Chapter 1. The Basis of Age-hardening;16
7.1.1;1.1. General Introduction;16
7.1.2;1.2. More Recent Developments;17
7.1.3;1.3. Mechanisms of Diffusion;21
7.1.4;1.4. Phase Equilibria;24
7.1.5;1.5. Nucleation;28
7.2;Chapter 2. Changes in Mechanical and Physical Properties on Ageing;38
7.2.1;2.1. Introduction;38
7.2.2;2.2. Hardness;38
7.2.3;2.3. Tensile Properties;42
7.2.4;2.4. Electrical Resistivity;45
7.3;Chapter 3. X-ray and Electron Metallography of Ageing;52
7.3.1;3.1. X-ray Metallography;52
7.3.2;3.2. Electron Microscopy;56
7.4;Chapter 4. The Metallography of Deformed Alloys, and Theories of the Mechanisms of Hardening;67
7.4.1;4.1. Metallographic Observations;67
7.4.2;4.2. Theories of the Mechanism of Hardening;72
8;Part 2: Papers;96
8.1;SECTION I:;98
8.1.1;Chapter I.1. The Basis of Age-hardening;100
8.1.1.1;Aging of Duralumin;100
8.1.1.2;Easy Slip in Magnetized Plates;105
8.1.1.3;Small Hard Particles act as Keys;107
8.1.1.4;Number of Keys in a Duralumin Crystal;109
8.1.1.5;Adhesion between constituents;111
8.1.1.6;Similarity of Manganese Steel and Duralumin;112
8.2;SECTION II:;114
8.2.1;Chapter II.1. The Discovery of Age-hardening;116
8.2.1.1;PHYSICAL-METALLURGICAL EXPERIMENTS ON ALUMINIUM ALLOYS CONTAINING MAGNESIUM;116
8.2.2;Chapter II.2. Reversion;125
8.2.2.1;PRECIPITATION HARDENING OF ALUMINIUM-MAGNESIUM-ZINC ALLOYS AND REVERSION THROUGH AGE-HARDENING;125
8.2.3;Chapter II.3. Tensile Properties;128
8.2.3.1; THE PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF AGE-HARDENED ALUMINIUM ALLOYS;128
8.2.3.2;References;132
8.2.4;Chapter II.4. Resistivity Measurements;133
8.2.4.1;Introduction;133
8.2.4.2;Experimental;134
8.2.4.3;Summary;137
8.2.4.4;References;139
8.3;SECTION III:;140
8.3.1;Chapter III.1. The Discovery of G.P. Zones;142
8.3.1.1;Oscillating Crystal Method;143
8.3.1.2;The Laue Method;145
8.3.1.3;Conclusion;145
8.3.2;Chapter III.2. X-Ray Metallography of Ageing;147
8.3.2.1;Introduction;147
8.3.2.2;II. Experimental Techniques;148
8.3.2.3;III. The Structure of the Precipitates;151
8.3.2.4;IV. Structures Along the Ageing Curves;153
8.3.2.5;References;160
8.3.3;Chapter III.3. Electron Metallography of Ageing;161
8.3.3.1;II. The Supersaturated Solid Solution;161
8.3.3.2;III. The Formation of Zones;164
8.3.3.3;IV. The Formation of Intermediate Precipitates;168
8.3.3.4;V. Preferential Precipitation;177
8.3.3.5;VI. Interaction of Dislocations and Precipitates;181
8.3.3.6;VII. Precipitation-Hardening;184
8.3.3.7;VIII. Conclusions;186
8.3.3.8;References;186
8.3.4;Chapter III.4. Trace Element Effects;189
8.3.4.1;Experimental Details;189
8.3.4.2;Experimental Results;190
8.3.4.3;Discussion;198
8.3.4.4;Conclusions;201
8.3.4.5;References;202
8.4;SECTION IV:;204
8.4.1;Chapter IV.1. Quantitative Metallography;206
8.4.1.1;Particles of Uniform Size;207
8.4.1.2;References;208
8.4.2;Chapter IV.2. A Theory of Long-range Particle-dislocation Interaction;209
8.4.2.1;References;213
8.4.3;Chapter IV.3. Theory of Dislocation Bowing;214
8.4.4;Chapter IV.4. Verification of the Orowan Theory;216
8.4.4.1;References;220
8.4.5;Chapter IV.5. Theory of Yield with Particle Shear;221
8.4.5.1;Quantitative Evaluation of Short-range Interactions;221
8.4.6;Chapter IV.6. Theory of Work-hardening of Precipitation-hardened Alloys;227
8.4.6.1;Geometry of Slip, and Dislocation Density;229
8.4.6.2;Work Hardening of Group 2 Dispersion Hardened Alloys;234
8.4.6.3;Appendix I. Elongation without Lattice Rotation;242
8.4.6.4;References;244