Malins Biological Effects

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-5957-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 520 Seiten, Web PDF

Effects of Petroleum on Arctic and Subarctic Marine Environments and Organisms, Volume II: Biological Effects examines the biological effects of petroleum on marine ecosystems and organisms in Arctic and subarctic regions. The effects of petroleum on disease and disease resistance in marine fish and invertebrates are analyzed, along with the metabolism of petroleum hydrocarbons and their accumulation and biotransformation in marine organisms. The consequences of oil fouling on marine mammals are also considered. Comprised of nine chapters, this volume begins with a discussion on the acute toxic effects of petroleum on Arctic and subarctic marine organisms, together with the bioassay techniques used to conduct acute toxicity tests. The next chapter assesses the effects of petroleum on marine fish and invertebrates, with emphasis on their disease and disease resistance. Subsequent chapters explore the metabolism of petroleum hydrocarbons and their accumulation and biotransformation in marine organisms; the sublethal effects of petroleum on the physiology, behavior, growth and development, and reproduction of bacteria, algae, and invertebrates; the biological effects of petroleum on fish, birds, and marine mammals; and the effects of oil fouling and oil spills. This book will be of interest to marine scientists and ecologists as well as environmental policymakers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Malins, Donald C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Biological Effects;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Contributors;14
6;Preface;16
7;Acknowledgments;17
8;Contents of Volume I;21
9;CHAPTER 1. ACUTE TOXIC EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC MARINE ORGANISMS;22
9.1;I. INTRODUCTION;22
9.2;II.
ACUTE BIOASSAY TECHNIQUES;25
9.3;III.
ACUTE TOXICITY OF PETROLEUM;35
9.4;IV. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS;36
9.5;V.
CONCLUSIONS;38
9.6;VI.
PROSPECTUS;40
9.7;VII.
REFERENCES;42
10;CHAPTER 2. MARINE FISH AND INVERTEBRATE DISEASES, HOST DISEASE RESISTANCE, AND PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM;116
10.1;I.
INTRODUCTION;117
10.2;II.
PRINCIPAL DISEASES OF ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC MARINE SPECIES;119
10.3;III.
DISEASE RESISTANCE MECHANISMS OF VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES;150
10.4;IV.
EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON DISEASE AND DISEASE RESISTANCE;159
10.5;V.
PROSPECTUS;169
10.6;VI.
REFERENCES;169
11;CHAPTER 3. METABOLISM OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: ACCUMULATION AND BIOTRANSFORMATION IN MARINE ORGANISMS;196
11.1;I.
INTRODUCTION;196
11.2;II.
UPTAKE, DISTRIBUTION, AND DISCHARGE OF PETROLEUM AND CONSTITUENTS;197
11.3;III.
ENZYME SYSTEMS GOVERNING THE METABOLISM OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS;250
11.4;IV.
FORMATION AND STRUCTURE OF METABOLIC PRODUCTS;265
11.5;V.
ALTERATIONS IN BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS;271
11.6;VI.
FOOD WEB MAGNIFICATION;280
11.7;VII.
PROSPECTUS;282
11.8;VIII.
REFERENCES;283
12;CHAPTER 4. SUBLETHAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON EXPOSURES: BACTERIA, ALGAE, AND INVERTEBRATES;292
12.1;I.
INTRODUCTION;293
12.2;II.
BACTERIA;294
12.3;III.
ALGAE;295
12.4;IV.
COELENTERATES;302
12.5;V.
ANNELIDS;305
12.6;VI.
ARTHROPODS;306
12.7;VII.
MOLLUSCS;316
12.8;VIII.
ECHINODERMS;323
12.9;IX.
CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTUS;325
12.10;X.
REFERENCES;329
13;CHAPTER 5. SUBLETHAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON EXPOSURES: FISH;340
13.1;I.
INTRODUCTION;340
13.2;II.
BEHAVIOR;341
13.3;III.
PHYSIOLOGY;343
13.4;IV.
DELAYED EFFECTS;349
13.5;V.
PROSPECTUS;353
13.6;VI.
REFERENCES;353
14;CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON ECOSYSTEMS;358
14.1;I.
BACKGROUND;358
14.2;II.
HABITATS;361
14.3;III.
POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES;363
14.4;IV.
ECOSYSTEMS;370
14.5;V.
PROSPECTUS;371
14.6;VI.
REFERENCES;373
15;CHAPTER 7. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON MARINE BIRDS;380
15.1;I.
INTRODUCTION;380
15.2;II.
EFFECTS OF SPILLAGE ON MORTALITY;381
15.3;III.
PHYSICAL AND SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM;395
15.4;IV.
PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS;411
15.5;V.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF BIRDS CITED;413
15.6;VI.
REFERENCES;414
16;CHAPTER 8. CONSEQUENCES OF OIL FOULING ON MARINE MAMMALS;420
16.1;I.
BACKGROUND;420
16.2;II.
A CONTROLLED STUDY ON SEALS;421
16.3;III.
IMPLICATIONS;427
16.4;IV.
REFERENCES;430
17;CHAPTER 9. EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS IN ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC ENVIRONMENTS;432
17.1;I.
INTRODUCTION;432
17.2;II.
ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC OIL SPILLS;437
17.3;III.
PACIFIC SUBARCTIC AND ARCTIC OCEAN AS POTENTIAL OIL SPILL AREAS;478
17.4;IV.
PROSPECTUS;488
17.5;V.
REFERENCES;488
18;List of Abbreviations;498
19;Geographical Name Index;500
20;Scientific Name Index;504
21;Subject Index;514