Loebenstein / Katis Control of Plant Virus Diseases

Seed-Propagated Crops
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-801264-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 90, 530 Seiten

Reihe: Advances in Virus Research

The first review series in virology and published since 1953, Advances in Virus Research covers a diverse range of in-depth reviews, providing a valuable overview of the field. The series of eclectic volumes are valuable resources to virologists, microbiologists, immunologists, molecular biologists, pathologists, and plant researchers. Volume 90 features articles on control of plant virus diseases. - Contributions from leading authorities - Comprehensive reviews for general and specialist use - First and longest-running review series in virology

Autoren/Hrsg.

Loebenstein, Gad

Katis, Nikolaos

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Control of Plant Virus Diseases: Seed-Propagated Crops;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Contributors;10
6;Preface;12
7;Chapter One: Management of Air-Borne Viruses by ``Optical Barriers´´ in Protected Agriculture and Open-Field Crops;14
7.1;1. Introduction;15
7.2;2. The Insects Vision Apparatus;15
7.2.1;2.1. UV vision and insects behavior;16
7.2.1.1;2.1.1. Effect of UV on insects dispersal and propagation;17
7.2.1.2;2.1.2. UV stimulated phototaxis of insects;18
7.2.1.3;2.1.3. Effect of UV reflection;19
7.3;3. Use of UV-Absorbing Cladding Materials for Greenhouse Protection Against the Spread of Insect Pests and Virus Diseases;20
7.3.1;3.1. Spectral transmission properties of UV-absorbing cladding materials;20
7.3.2;3.2. Effect of UV-absorbing films on the immigration of insect pests into greenhouses;22
7.3.3;3.3. Effect of UV filtration on the spread of insect-vectored virus diseases;24
7.3.4;3.4. Effect of UV filtration on crop plants;25
7.3.5;3.5. Effect of UV filtration on pollinators;27
7.3.6;3.6. Effect of UV filtration on insect natural enemies;29
7.3.7;3.7. Effect of UV-absorbing screens on the immigration of insect pests into greenhouses;30
7.3.8;3.8. Mode of action of UV-absorbing greenhouse cladding materials;31
7.4;4. Sticky Traps for Monitoring and Insects Mass Trapping;32
7.5;5. Soil Mulches;33
7.6;6. Reflective and Colored Shading Nets;36
7.7;7. Reflective Films Formed by Whitewashes;37
7.8;8. Prospects and Outlooks;39
7.9;References;39
8;Chapter Two: Transgenic Resistance;48
8.1;1. Introduction;49
8.2;2. Viral Protein-Mediated Resistance;50
8.2.1;2.1. Coat protein-mediated resistance;50
8.2.2;2.2. Replicase-mediated resistance;58
8.2.3;2.3. Movement protein-mediated resistance;71
8.2.4;2.4. Other viral protein-mediated resistance;73
8.2.4.1;2.4.1. Rep protein-mediated resistance;73
8.2.4.2;2.4.2. NIa protease-mediated resistance;73
8.2.4.3;2.4.3. P1 protein-mediated resistance;75
8.2.4.4;2.4.4. HCPro-mediated resistance;75
8.2.4.5;2.4.5. Other viral gene-mediated resistance;76
8.3;3. Viral RNA-Mediated Resistance;77
8.3.1;3.1. Noncoding single-stranded RNAs;78
8.3.1.1;3.1.1. Noncoding regions of viral genomes;78
8.3.1.2;3.1.2. Nontranslatable sense RNAs;79
8.3.1.3;3.1.3. Antisense RNAs;81
8.3.1.3.1;3.1.3.1. DNA viruses;81
8.3.1.3.2;3.1.3.2. RNA viruses;82
8.3.2;3.2. Satellite RNA;85
8.3.3;3.3. Defective-interfering RNAs/DNAs;87
8.3.4;3.4. Ribozymes;88
8.3.5;3.5. dsRNAs and hpRNAs;88
8.3.5.1;3.5.1. Cassava expressing hpRNAs;89
8.3.5.2;3.5.2. Citrus expressing hpRNAs;90
8.3.5.3;3.5.3. Cucurbits expressing hpRNAs;90
8.3.5.4;3.5.4. Legumes expressing hpRNAs;90
8.3.5.5;3.5.5. Maize expressing hpRNAs;91
8.3.5.6;3.5.6. N. benthamiana expressing hpRNAs;91
8.3.5.7;3.5.7. Potato expressing hpRNAs;93
8.3.5.8;3.5.8. Prunus species expressing hpRNAs;93
8.3.5.9;3.5.9. Rice expressing hpRNAs;94
8.3.5.10;3.5.10. Soybean expressing hpRNAs;95
8.3.5.11;3.5.11. Sugar beet expressing hpRNAs;95
8.3.5.12;3.5.12. Sweet potato expressing hpRNAs;96
8.3.5.13;3.5.13. Tobacco expressing hpRNAs;96
8.3.5.14;3.5.14. Tomato expressing hpRNAs;98
8.3.5.15;3.5.15. Wheat expressing hpRNAs;98
8.3.5.16;3.5.16. Other plant species expressing hpRNAs;98
8.3.5.17;3.5.17. Various parameters affecting resistance;99
8.3.6;3.6. Artificial microRNAs;102
8.4;4. Nonviral-Mediated Resistance;106
8.4.1;4.1. Nucleases;106
8.4.2;4.2. Antiviral inhibitor proteins;108
8.4.2.1;4.2.1. Ribosome-inactivating proteins;108
8.4.2.2;4.2.2. Virus replication inhibitor protein;109
8.4.2.3;4.2.3. Artificial zinc finger protein;110
8.4.2.4;4.2.4. Peptide aptamers;110
8.4.2.5;4.2.5. Cationic peptides;111
8.4.3;4.3. Plantibodies;112
8.5;5. Host-Derived Resistance;114
8.5.1;5.1. Dominant resistance genes;114
8.5.2;5.2. Recessive resistance genes;116
8.5.3;5.3. Defense response factors;117
8.6;6. Conclusions and Perspectives;119
8.7;Acknowledgments;121
8.8;References;122
9;Chapter Three: Management of Whitefly-Transmitted Viruses in Open-Field Production Systems;160
9.1;1. Introduction;161
9.2;2. Whiteflies and the Viruses They Transmit;162
9.2.1;2.1. The whiteflies;162
9.2.2;2.2. The viruses;163
9.2.2.1;2.2.1. Betaflexiviridae, Carlavirus;164
9.2.2.2;2.2.2. Closteroviridae, Crinivirus;164
9.2.2.3;2.2.3. Geminiviridae, Begomovirus;165
9.2.2.4;2.2.4. Potyviridae, Ipomovirus;166
9.2.2.5;2.2.5. Secoviridae, Torradovirus;166
9.3;3. Management of Whitefly-Transmitted Viruses Using Pesticides;167
9.4;4. Management of Whitefly-Transmitted Viruses Using Cultural Practices;172
9.4.1;4.1. Plastic soil mulches;172
9.4.2;4.2. Virus-free seed/planting material;175
9.4.3;4.3. Crop placement-In space;175
9.4.4;4.4. Crop placement-In time;176
9.4.5;4.5. Trap crops;177
9.4.6;4.6. Intercropping;178
9.4.7;4.7. Physical barriers;178
9.4.8;4.8. Physical traps;179
9.4.9;4.9. Conclusions;180
9.5;5. Genetic Resistance;180
9.5.1;5.1. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus;181
9.5.2;5.2. Development of a controlled whitefly-mediated inoculation system;183
9.5.3;5.3. When should we inoculate?;184
9.5.4;5.4. Breeding tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) for resistance to TYLCV;186
9.5.5;5.5. Effect of TYLCV-resistant genotypes on virus epidemiology;188
9.5.6;5.6. Bean (P. vulgaris) resistance to TYLCV;190
9.5.7;5.7. Genetic resistance to the whitefly;192
9.6;6. Case Study1: Managing Begomoviruses and Ipomoviruses in Cassava;193
9.6.1;6.1. Principal components of management strategies for cassava viruses;193
9.6.2;6.2. Host plant resistance to cassava viruses;194
9.6.3;6.3. Phytosanitation;194
9.6.4;6.4. Other cultural practices;195
9.6.5;6.5. Vector control;196
9.6.6;6.6. Integrated control strategies;197
9.7;7. Case Study2: Management of Criniviruses;198
9.7.1;7.1. CYSDV: Managing crinivirus infection in the field;200
9.7.2;7.2. Identification and management of crop and weed reservoir hosts;201
9.7.3;7.3. Genetic resistance to the virus;201
9.7.4;7.4. Crinivirus management in transplanted crops;203
9.7.5;7.5. Summary;203
9.8;8. Concluding Remarks;204
9.9;References;205
10;Chapter Four: Control of Plant Virus Diseases in Cool-Season Grain Legume Crops;220
10.1;1. Introduction;221
10.2;2. Surveys, Importance, Losses, Economics in Relation to Virus Control and Control Methods;222
10.3;3. Host Resistance;234
10.3.1;3.1. Selection and breeding for virus resistance;234
10.3.2;3.2. Resistance to potyviruses;234
10.3.3;3.3. Resistance to luteo-, polero-, and nanoviruses;239
10.3.4;3.4. Resistance to alphamo- and cucumoviruses;240
10.3.5;3.5. Breeding for vector resistance;241
10.3.6;3.6. Transgenic virus resistance;241
10.4;4. Phytosanitary Measures;242
10.4.1;4.1. Healthy seeds;242
10.4.2;4.2. Roguing;243
10.4.3;4.3. Removal of wild hosts, volunteers, and crop residues;243
10.5;5. Cultural Practices;243
10.5.1;5.1. Isolation, avoiding successive side-by-side plantings, and crop rotation;243
10.5.2;5.2. Early canopy development and high plant density;244
10.5.3;5.3. Sowing date;244
10.5.4;5.4. Narrow row spacing and high seeding rate;245
10.5.5;5.5. Groundcover;245
10.5.6;5.6. Early maturing cultivars;246
10.5.7;5.7. Nonhost barrier, tall nonhost cover crop, and mixed cropping with a nonhost;246
10.5.8;5.8. Planting upwind or using windbreaks;247
10.6;6. Chemical Control;247
10.6.1;6.1. Nonpersistent viruses;248
10.6.2;6.2. Persistent viruses;248
10.7;7. Biological Control;249
10.8;8. Integrated Approaches;249
10.9;9. Implications of Climate Change and New Technologies;252
10.10;10. Conclusions;252
10.11;References;254
11;Chapter Five: Control of Cucurbit Viruses;268
11.1;1. Introduction;269
11.2;2. Growing Healthy Seeds in a Healthy Environment;273
11.2.1;2.1. Use of healthy seeds and seedlings;274
11.2.1.1;2.1.1. Modes of seed transmission;275
11.2.1.2;2.1.2. How to prevent seed transmission;276
11.2.1.3;2.1.3. Seedling quality;276
11.2.2;2.2. Limiting virus sources near cucurbit crops;277
11.2.2.1;2.2.1. Weeds: Important virus sources;277
11.2.2.2;2.2.2. Other potential virus sources;278
11.2.2.3;2.2.3. Avoiding overlapping crops;278
11.3;3. Altering the Activity of Vectors;279
11.3.1;3.1. Actions against viruses transmitted by manual operations;280
11.3.2;3.2. Actions against soil-borne viruses;280
11.3.3;3.3. Actions against insect-borne viruses;280
11.3.3.1;3.3.1. Protected crops;281
11.3.3.2;3.3.2. Field crops;282
11.4;4. Making Cucurbits Resistant to Viruses;285
11.4.1;4.1. Grafting on resistant rootstock;286
11.4.2;4.2. Mild-strain cross-protection;286
11.4.2.1;4.2.1. Cross-protection against ZYMV;287
11.4.2.2;4.2.2. Other mild strains of cucurbit viruses;287
11.4.2.3;4.2.3. Limitations of cross-protection;288
11.4.3;4.3. Conventional breeding for resistance;288
11.4.3.1;4.3.1. Diversity of virus-resistance mechanisms in cucurbits;289
11.4.3.2;4.3.2. Resistance durability, an important issue;293
11.4.4;4.4. Transgenic resistance in cucurbits;295
11.4.4.1;4.4.1. Diversity of transgenic resistances;296
11.4.4.2;4.4.2. Commercial use of transgenic virus-resistant cultivars;297
11.4.4.3;4.4.3. Risk assessment studies;297
11.5;5. Concluding Remarks;299
11.6;References;302
12;Chapter Six: Virus Diseases of Peppers (Capsicum spp.) and Their Control;310
12.1;1. Introduction;311
12.2;2. The Main Viruses Infecting Peppers;312
12.2.1;2.1. Aphid-transmitted viruses;312
12.2.1.1;2.1.1. Potyviruses;312
12.2.1.2;2.1.2. Cucumoviruses;315
12.2.1.3;2.1.3. Poleroviruses;316
12.2.1.4;2.1.4. Other aphid-transmitted viruses of pepper;317
12.2.2;2.2. Whitefly-transmitted viruses;318
12.2.2.1;2.2.1. Crinivirus;318
12.2.2.2;2.2.2. Begomoviruses;318
12.2.3;2.3. Thrips-transmitted viruses;322
12.2.3.1;2.3.1. Tospoviruses;322
12.2.3.2;2.3.2. Ilarviruses;325
12.2.4;2.4. Viruses of pepper with other invertebrate vectors;326
12.2.5;2.5. Viruses not transmitted by invertebrate vectors;326
12.2.5.1;2.5.1. Tobamoviruses;326
12.2.5.2;2.5.2. Tombusvirus;327
12.3;3. Management of Viruses Infecting Peppers;327
12.3.1;3.1. Cultural and phytosanitary practices;327
12.3.2;3.2. Vector management with insecticides;333
12.3.3;3.3. Mild-strain cross-protection;334
12.3.4;3.4. Host plant resistance against viruses;335
12.3.4.1;3.4.1. Resistance to CMV;335
12.3.4.2;3.4.2. Resistance to potyviruses;340
12.3.4.3;3.4.3. Resistance to tospoviruses;342
12.3.4.4;3.4.4. Resistance against begomoviruses;343
12.3.4.5;3.4.5. Resistance to tobamoviruses;344
12.3.5;3.5. Natural resistance to virus vectors;346
12.3.6;3.6. Transgenic resistance;347
12.4;4. Discussion and Conclusions;349
12.5;References;356
13;Chapter Seven: Control of Virus Diseases in Soybeans;368
13.1;1. Introduction;369
13.2;2. Soybean Mosaic Virus;371
13.2.1;2.1. Biology;371
13.2.2;2.2. Management;378
13.3;3. Bean Pod Mottle Virus;380
13.3.1;3.1. Biology;380
13.3.2;3.2. Management;382
13.4;4. Soybean Vein Necrosis Virus;383
13.4.1;4.1. Biology;383
13.4.2;4.2. Management;383
13.5;5. Tobacco Ringspot Virus;384
13.5.1;5.1. Biology;384
13.5.2;5.2. Management;385
13.6;6. Soybean Dwarf Virus;386
13.6.1;6.1. Biology;386
13.6.2;6.2. Management;387
13.7;7. Peanut Mottle Virus;388
13.7.1;7.1. Biology;388
13.7.2;7.2. Management;388
13.8;8. Peanut Stunt Virus;389
13.8.1;8.1. Biology;389
13.8.2;8.2. Management;389
13.9;9. Alfalfa Mosaic Virus;390
13.9.1;9.1. Biology;390
13.9.2;9.2. Management;391
13.10;10. Management: Present and Prospects;391
13.11;Acknowledgments;395
13.12;References;396
14;Chapter Eight: Control of Virus Diseases in Maize;404
14.1;1. Introduction;405
14.2;2. Virus Diseases of Maize;405
14.2.1;2.1. Maize dwarf mosaic;407
14.2.2;2.2. Maize streak;408
14.2.3;2.3. Maize chlorotic dwarf;409
14.2.4;2.4. Maize mosaic;409
14.2.5;2.5. Maize stripe;410
14.2.6;2.6. Maize rayado fino (maize fine stripe);410
14.2.7;2.7. Maize rough dwarf;411
14.2.8;2.8. Mal de Río Cuarto;412
14.2.9;2.9. Maize chlorotic mottle and corn (maize) lethal necrosis;413
14.2.10;2.10. High Plains disease;414
14.3;3. Disease Emergence and Control;415
14.3.1;3.1. Removal of pathogen reservoirs;415
14.3.2;3.2. Distrupting vector-maize interactions;417
14.3.3;3.3. Pathogen resistance in maize;417
14.4;4. Development of Virus-Resistant Crops;422
14.4.1;4.1. Screening methods;423
14.4.2;4.2. Virus isolates and disease development;424
14.5;5. Genetics of Resistance to Virus Diseases;425
14.5.1;5.1. Breeding methods and results;427
14.6;6. Toward Understanding Virus Resistance Mechanisms in Maize;428
14.6.1;6.1. Mechanisms of virus resistance in maize;429
14.7;7. Conclusion;431
14.8;Acknowledgments;431
14.9;References;431
15;Chapter Nine: Tropical Food Legumes: Virus Diseases of Economic Importance and Their Control;444
15.1;1. Introduction;445
15.2;2. Virus Diseases of Major Food Legumes;447
15.2.1;2.1. Soybean;447
15.2.1.1;2.1.1. Mosaic;452
15.2.1.2;2.1.2. Dwarf;454
15.2.1.3;2.1.3. Bud blight;455
15.2.1.4;2.1.4. Brazilian bud blight;456
15.2.1.5;2.1.5. Yellow mosaic due to begomoviruses;457
15.2.2;2.2. Groundnut;458
15.2.2.1;2.2.1. Rosette;458
15.2.2.2;2.2.2. Spotted wilt;461
15.2.2.3;2.2.3. Bud necrosis;463
15.2.2.4;2.2.4. Stem necrosis;465
15.2.2.5;2.2.5. Clump;466
15.2.2.6;2.2.6. Mottle and stripe;467
15.2.2.7;2.2.7. Yellow mosaic;469
15.2.3;2.3. Common bean;469
15.2.3.1;2.3.1. Common mosaic and black root;469
15.2.3.2;2.3.2. Golden mosaic, golden yellow mosaic, and dwarf mosaic;471
15.2.3.3;2.3.3. Mosaic due to CMV;473
15.2.4;2.4. Cowpea;474
15.2.5;2.5. Pigeonpea;477
15.2.5.1;2.5.1. Sterility mosaic;477
15.2.5.2;2.5.2. Yellow mosaic;480
15.2.6;2.6. Mungbean and urdbean;481
15.2.6.1;2.6.1. Yellow mosaic;481
15.2.6.2;2.6.2. Leaf curl;483
15.2.6.3;2.6.3. Leaf crinkle;484
15.2.7;2.7. Chickpea;484
15.2.7.1;2.7.1. Stunt;484
15.2.7.2;2.7.2. Chlorotic dwarf;485
15.2.8;2.8. Pea;487
15.2.8.1;2.8.1. Mosaic caused by PSbMV and BYMV;487
15.2.8.2;2.8.2. Enation mosaic;488
15.2.8.3;2.8.3. Top yellows;488
15.2.9;2.9. Faba bean;488
15.2.9.1;2.9.1. Necrotic yellows and necrotic stunt;488
15.2.9.2;2.9.2. Leaf roll;489
15.2.9.3;2.9.3. Mosaic and necrosis;489
15.2.9.4;2.9.4. Mottle;490
15.2.10;2.10. Lentil;490
15.2.10.1;2.10.1. Yellows and stunt;490
15.2.10.2;2.10.2. Mosaic and mottle;491
15.3;3. Virus Diseases of Minor Food Legumes;492
15.3.1;3.1. Hyacinth bean;492
15.3.2;3.2. Horse gram;493
15.3.3;3.3. Lima bean;493
15.4;4. Conclusions and Future Prospects;494
15.5;Acknowledgments;495
15.6;References;495
16;Index;520

Leseproben

Chapter One Management of Air-Borne Viruses by “Optical Barriers” in Protected Agriculture and Open-Field Crops
Yehezkel Antignus*,1    * Plant Pathology and Weed Research Department, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
1 Corresponding author: email address: [e-mail] Abstract
The incurable nature of viral diseases and the public awareness to the harmful effects of chemical pest control to the environment and human health led to the rise of the integrated pest management (IPM) concept. Cultural control methods serve today as a central pivot in the implementation of IPM. This group of methods is based on the understanding of the complex interactions between disease agents and their vectors as well as the interactions between the vectors and their habitat. This chapter describes a set of cultural control methods that are based on solar light manipulation in a way that interferes with vision behavior of insects, resulting in a significant crop protection against insect pests and their vectored viruses. Keywords IPM UV vision of insects UV effects on insects behavior UV-absorbing films and greenhouse protection against insects Sticky yellow traps Reflective soil mulches Whitewashes Colored shading nets 1 Introduction
Insect-borne plant viruses may cause severe losses to many annual and perennial crops of a high economic value. Insect vectors of plant viruses are found in 7 of the 32 orders of the class Insecta and are therefore responsible for severe epidemics that form a threat to the world's agricultural industry. Insect vectors transmit plant viruses by four major transmission modes that are supported by a number of viral and insect proteins (Raccah & Fereres, 2009). The obligatory parasitism of plant viruses and their intimate integration within the plant cell requires an indirect approach for their control. This chapter will focus on the use of light manipulation to affect insects vision behavior in a way that interferes with their flight orientation, their primary landing on the crop, and the secondary dispersal within the crop. Manipulation of light signals simultaneously diminishes the insect immigration into the crop and reduces feeding contacts between the insect vector and the host plant, thus lowering significantly virus disease incidence. 2 The Insects Vision Apparatus
Insects perceive light through a single pair of compound eyes which facilitate a wide field of vision. The basic unit of the compound eyes is the ommatidium which rests on a basement membrane. The corneagen cells are located atop a long retinula formed by long neurons and secondary pigment cells. A crystalline cone lies within the corneagen cells. The dorsal surface of the ommatidium is covered with the corneal lens which is a specialized part of insect cuticle. Part of each retinula cell is a specialized area known as a rhabdomere. A nerve axon from each retinula cell projects through the basement membrane into the optic nerve. Ommatidia are functionally isolated because the retinula cells are surrounded by the secondary pigment cells (Diaz & Fereres, 2007). Vision involves the transduction of light energy into a bioelectric signal within the nervous system. The first events in this process take place in the retinula cells. The fine structure of rhabdomeres consists of thousands of closely packed tubules (microvilli). The visual pigments occur mainly in these rhabdomeric microvilli. It has been suggested that the small diameter of each microvillus inhibits free rotation of visual pigments. This specific orientation may be the molecular basis of insects' sensitivity to polarized light. Photobiological processes in the insect eye occur in a narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum between 300 and 700 nm. Visual pigments initiate vision by absorbing light in this spectral region. These pigments are a class of membrane-bound proteins known as opsins that are conjugated with a chromophore. Visual pigments whose chromophore is retinal are called rhodopsins. The visual pigments of all invertebrates, including insects, crustaceans, and squids, are all rhodopsins. According to which parameter of the light is being used or what information is extracted from the primary sensory data, vision is often divided into subcategories like polarization vision (Wehner & Labhart, 2006), color vision, depth perception, and motion vision (Borst, 2009). Polarization arises from the scattering of sunlight within the atmosphere enabling the insect to infer the location of the sun in the sky. The polarization plane is detected by an array of specialized photoreceptors (Heinze & Homberg, 2007). Many insects can discriminate between light wavelength (color) (Fukushi, 1990) its contrast and intensity. Motion signals are also part of vision cues that serve as a rich information source on the environment in which the insect is acting (Borst, 2009; Diaz & Fereres, 2007). 2.1 UV vision and insects behavior
In insects, the different visual pigments (opsins) are segregated into different subsets of cells that form the ommatidium. In the fruit fly Drosophila, seven genes encoding different opsins have been identified and sequenced (Hunt, Wilkie, Bowmaker, & Poopalasundaram, 2001). The ability of insects and mites (McEnrone & Dronka, 1966) to perceive light signals in the UV range (300–400 nm) is associated with the presence of specific photoreceptors within their compound eye. UV receptors of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) as in other herbivorous insects are present in the dorsal eye region (Mellor, Bellingham, & Anderson, 1997; Vernon & Gillespie, 1990). Many insects have two rhodopsins, one with maximum absorption in ultraviolet wavelengths (365 nm) and one with maximum absorption in the green part of the spectrum (540 nm) (Borst, 2009; Matteson, Terry, Ascoli, & Gilbert, 1992). UV component of the light spectrum plays an important role in aspects of insect behavior, including orientation, navigation, feeding, and interaction between the sexes (Mazokhin-Porshnykov, 1969; Nguyen, Borgemeister, Max, & Poehling, 2009; Seliger, Lall, & Biggley, 1994). The involvement of UV rays in the flight behavior of some economically important insect pests has been studied by several workers (Coombe, 1982; Issacs, Willis, & Byrne, 1999; Kring, 1972; Matteson et al., 1992; Moericke, 1955; Mound, 1962; Vaishampayan, Kogan, Waldbauer, & Wooley, 1975; Vaishampayan, Waldbauer, & Kogan, 1975). 2.1.1 Effect of UV on insects dispersal and propagation Whiteflies [Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)] dispersal pattern under UV-absorbing films was examined using a release-recapture experiment. In “walk-in” tunnels covered with a UV-absorbing film and an ordinary film, a grid of yellow-sticky traps was established forming two concentric circles: an inner and an external. Under UV-absorbing films, significantly higher numbers of whiteflies were captured on the internal circle of traps than that on the external circle. The number of whiteflies that were captured on the external circle was much higher under regular covers, when compared with UV-absorbing covers, suggesting that filtration of UV light hindered the ability of whiteflies to disperse in a UV-deficient environment (Antignus, Nestel, Cohen, & Lapidot, 2001). Following artificial infestation of pepper plants with the peach aphid [Myzus persicae (Sulzer)] in commercial tunnels, covered with a UV-absorbing film, aphid population growth and spread were significantly lower compared to tunnels covered with an ordinary film. In laboratory experiments, no differences in development time (larvae to adult) were observed when aphids were maintained in a UV-deficient environment. However, propagation was faster in cages covered with the regular film. The numbers of aphids was 1.5–2 times greater in cages or commercial tunnels covered with an ordinary film. In all experiments, the number of trapped winged aphids was significantly lower under UV-absorbing films. It was suggested that elimination of UV from the light spectrum reduces flight activity and dispersal of the alate aphids (Chyzik, Dobrinin, & Antignus, 2003). Mazza, Izaguirre, Zavala, Scopel, and Ballaré (2002) reported that in choice situations Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), favored areas with ambient UV-A (320–400 nm) radiation compared with areas where this part of the light spectrum was blocked. This type of behavior was explained by the relatively broad gap between the peak sensitivities of the photoreceptors that are responsible for sensing the UV range (365 nm) and the visible light (540 nm). It was assumed that under UV-deficient environment formed by the photoselective film, UV receptors are not stimulated by the ambient light, lacking the short wavelength (< 400 nm) and thus did not trigger the dispersal flight of thrips. Moreover, it was hypothesized that if only the 540-nm receptor is activated, thrips should be unable to discriminate colors but only light brightness...