Litwack Vitamin K

1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-0-08-057006-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 300 Seiten, Web PDF

Vitamin K, one of the group of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K), has come into prominence lately because its activity as a blood coagulation factor impinges on the widespread occurrence of deep vein thrombosis in the human population especially in the older age group. This volume focuses, not only on the problem of blood coagulation and hypercoagulability, but upon the individual status of vitamin K in the human.
First published in 1943, Vitamins and Hormones is the longest-running serial published by Academic Press. Under the capable and qualified editorial leadership of Dr. Gerald Litwack, Vitamins and Hormones continues to publish cutting-edge reviews of interest to endocrinologists, biochemists, nutritionists, pharmacologists, cell biologists, and molecular biologists.
*Focuses on the problem of blood coagulation and hypercoagulability as well as bone metabolism and vascular biology
*In the category of basic science, contributions cover: VKOR1, the quinone reductases including structure, function and mechanism, vitamin K-dependent carboxylation, the actions of Gas6, vitamin K2-mediated apoptosis and other topics
*In the category of disease-related subjects, contributions cover warfarin therapy, diabetic nephropathy, bone health, including osteoporosis and tumor cell suppression, as well as other topics

Autoren/Hrsg.

Litwack, Gerald

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;14
4;Preface;20
5;Chapter 1: Determinants of Vitamin K Status in Humans;22
5.1;I. Introduction;23
5.2;II. Assessment of Vitamin K Status;23
5.3;III. Nongenetic Determinants;26
5.4;IV. Genetic Determinants;35
5.5;V. Conclusions and Future Directions;37
5.6;Acknowledgments;38
5.7;References;38
6;Chapter 2: VKORC1 and the Vitamin K Cycle;44
6.1;I. Vitamin K Cycle: Limiting Step of Carboxylation;45
6.2;II. VKOR: Is It a Complex?;48
6.3;III. VKORC1 in Clinical Practice;50
6.4;IV. Conclusion;52
6.5;Acknowledgment;221
6.6;References;221
7;Chapter 3: The Vitamin K Cycle;56
7.1;I. Introduction;57
7.2;II. Vitamin K Biosynthesis;58
7.3;III. Vitamin K Cycle;60
7.4;IV. Physiological Role of Vitamin K Dependent Proteins;65
7.5;V. Clinical Phenotypes Related to the Vitamin K Pathway in Man;68
7.6;VI. Conclusions and Perspectives;74
7.7;Acknowledgments;75
7.8;References;75
8;Chapter 4: Structure, Function, and Mechanism of Cytosolic Quinone Reductases;84
8.1;I. Introduction;85
8.2;II. Quinone Reductase Type 1;86
8.3;III. Quinone Reductase Type 2;98
8.4;IV. Disclaimer;100
8.5;References;221
9;Chapter 5: Quinone Oxidoreductases and Vitamin K Metabolism;106
9.1;I. Vitamin K and Vitamin K Cycle;107
9.2;II. Quinone Oxidoreductases;108
9.3;III. Quinone Oxidoreductases and Reduction of Vitamin K to Hydroquinone;112
9.4;IV. Quinone Oxidoreductases and Metabolic Detoxification or Activation of Vitamin K;114
9.5;V. Quinone Oxidoreductases and Anticancer Effects of Vitamin K;116
9.6;VI. Future Perspectives;117
9.7;Acknowledgments;221
9.8;References;221
10;Chapter 6: Structure and Function of Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase;124
10.1;I. Introduction;125
10.2;II. Purification of VKOR;127
10.3;III. Mechanism of Vitamin K Epoxide Reduction Catalyzed by VKOR;131
10.4;IV. Identification of the Active Site of VKOR;136
10.5;V. Warfarin Inhibition of VKOR;138
10.6;VI. Membrane Topology of VKOR;143
10.7;VII. Conclusion;145
10.8;References;146
11;Chapter 7: Vitamin K Dependent Carboxylation;152
11.1;I. Vitamin K-Dependent Protein Function;153
11.2;II. Vitamin K Forms;155
11.3;III. Mechanism of Carboxylation;156
11.4;IV. Functional Regions of the Carboxylase;159
11.5;V. Vitamin K Reduction Is Required for Carboxylation in Tissue;163
11.6;VI. Carboxylation Interfaces with Secretion;165
11.7;VII. The Capacity of Vitamin K-Dependent Protein Carboxylation Is Limited in Cultured Cells;167
11.8;VIII. Summary;169
11.9;References;221
12;Chapter 8: Vitamin K-Dependent gamma-Glutamylcarboxylation: An Ancient Posttranslational Modification;178
12.1;I. Introduction;179
12.2;II. Reviews;180
12.3;III. gamma-Carboxylation Reaction;180
12.4;IV. Vitamin K Cycle;182
12.5;V. Mechanism of gamma-Carboxylation;183
12.6;VI. Proposed Topology of gamma-Glutamyl Carboxylase;183
12.7;VII. Substrate Recognition (Propeptide);184
12.8;VIII. Structure-Function Relationship;185
12.9;IX. Expression of GGCX During Development;187
12.10;X. Gla-Containing Proteins and gamma-Carboxylase in Urochordate;187
12.11;XI. Drosophila gamma-Glutamyl Carboxylase;188
12.12;XII. gamma-Carboxylated Peptides in Conus;188
12.13;XIII. Conus gamma-Glutamyl Carboxylase;195
12.14;XIV. Future Prospects;196
12.15;Acknowledgments;198
12.16;References;198
13;Chapter 9: Vitamin K-De pendent Actions of Gas6;206
13.1;I. Introduction;207
13.2;II. Gas6 Structure;207
13.3;III. Cellular Effects of Gas6;208
13.4;IV. Interaction with TAM Receptor Molecules and Signal Transduction in the Gas6/TAM Ligand/Receptor System;212
13.5;V. Role of the Gas6/TAM System in Vascular Biology;215
13.6;VI. Gas6 in Innate Immunity: A Modulator of the Inflammatory Response;216
13.7;VII. Further Functions of Gas6/TAM Receptors in Cellular Homeostasis;218
13.8;VIII. Overlapping Functions of Gas6 and Protein S;218
13.9;IX. The Implications of Vitamin K in Gas6 Function;220
13.10;Acknowledgment;221
13.11;References;221
14;Chapter 10: Vitamin K2-Mediated Apoptosis in Cancer Cells: Role of Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential;232
14.1;I. Introduction;233
14.2;II. Growth-Inhibitory Effect of Vitamin K2;234
14.3;III. Induction of Differentiation of Leukemia Cells by Vitamin K2;234
14.4;IV. Induction of Apoptosis by Vitamin K2 in Human Cancer Cells;235
14.5;V. Association with Reduced Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (DeltaPsim);238
14.6;VI. Conclusion;242
14.7;References;243
15;Chapter 11: VKORC1: A Warfarin-Sensitive Enzyme in Vitamin K Metabolism and Biosynthesis of Vitamin K-Dependent Blood Coagulation Factors;248
15.1;I. Introduction;249
15.2;II. The Vitamin K-Dependent gamma-Carboxylation System;252
15.3;III. Genetics of Warfarin Resistance;262
15.4;IV. Future Perspectives;263
15.5;References;221
16;Chapter 12: Warfarin Therapy: Influence of Pharmacogenetic and Environmental Factors on the Anticoagulant Response to Warfarin;268
16.1;I. Introduction;269
16.2;II. Vitamin K and Vitamin K Antagonists and Blood Coagulation;270
16.3;III. Pharmacology of Warfarin;272
16.4;IV. Influence of Environmental Factors on the Anticoagulant Response to Warfarin;274
16.5;V. Influence of Pharmacogenetics on the Anticoagulant Response to Warfarin;278
16.6;VI. Conclusion;282
16.7;References;221
17;Chapter 13: Vitamin K and Thrombosis;286
17.1;I. Introduction;287
17.2;II. Pharmacology of Vitamin K;287
17.3;III. Therapeutic Uses of Vitamin K;290
17.4;IV. Patients with Major Hemorrhage;292
17.5;V. Patients Without Bleeding but Prolonged INR;292
17.6;VI. New Physiologic Functions of Vitamin K;295
17.7;VII. Warfarin Effects on Vitamin K;296
17.8;VIII. Summary;297
17.9;References;221
18;Chapter 14: Congenital Bleeding Disorders of the Vitamin K-Dependent Clotting Factors;302
18.1;I. Introduction;304
18.2;II. Congenital Prothrombin (Factor II) Deficiency;306
18.3;III. Congenital Factor VII Deficiency;324
18.4;IV. Congenital Factor IX Deficiency (Hemophilia B);339
18.5;V. Congenital Factor X Deficiency;350
18.6;VI. Combined Congenital Deficiency of FII, FVII, FIX, FX;368
18.7;VII. Deficiency of Protein Z;375
18.8;VIII. Conclusions;376
18.9;References;221
19;Chapter 15: Role of Growth Arrest-Specific Gene 6 in Diabetic Nephropathy;396
19.1;I. Introduction;397
19.2;II. Role of Gas6 in STZ-I nduced Diabetic Rats;398
19.3;III. In Vitro Effect of Gas6 in Mesangial Cells;402
19.4;IV. Role of the Akt Pathway in Diabetic Nephropathy;403
19.5;V. High Glucose Induces Mesangial Hypertrophy Via Gas6/Axl In Vitro;407
19.6;VI. Study Using Gas6-Knockout Mice;409
19.7;VII. Conclusions;410
19.8;Acknowledgments;412
19.9;References;412
20;Chapter 16: Vitamin K and Bone Health in Adult Humans;414
20.1;I. Introduction;415
20.2;II. Vitamin K Intake and Bone Health;418
20.3;III. Reasons for the Inconsistent Results;426
20.4;IV. Vitamin K Recommendations;429
20.5;V. Anticoagulation Treatment and Risk of Osteoporosis;430
20.6;VI. Interactions Between Vitamin K and Vitamin D;431
20.7;VII. Discussion and Conclusion;432
20.8;References;432
21;Chapter 17: Diagnosis of Osteoporosis with Vitamin K as a New Biochemical Marker;438
21.1;I. Introduction;439
21.2;II. The Important Role of Vitamin K in Bone Metabolism;442
21.3;III. Biochemical Markers as Indices of Bone Turnover;449
21.4;Acknowledgments;450
21.5;References;221
22;Chapter 18: Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Vitamin K;456
22.1;I. Introduction;456
22.2;II. Antitumor Effects of VK;457
22.3;III. Mechanism of Growth Inhibition of HCC Cells by VK2;458
22.4;IV. Analysis of Tumor Recurrence Suppression Following Liver Cancer Treatment;460
22.5;V. Future Tasks;461
22.6;References;221
23;Index;464