Litwack Incretins and Insulin Secretion

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-12-381534-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 84, 472 Seiten

Reihe: Vitamins and Hormones

First published in 1943, Vitamins and Hormones is the longest-running serial published by Academic Press. The Editorial Board now reflects expertise in the field of hormone action, vitamin action, X-ray crystal structure, physiology, and enzyme mechanisms. Under the capable and qualified editorial leadership of Dr. Gerald Litwack, Vitamins and Hormones continues to publish cutting-edge reviews of interest to endocrinologists, biochemists, nutritionists, pharmacologists, cell biologists, and molecular biologists. Others interested in the structure and function of biologically active molecules like hormones and vitamins will, as always, turn to this series for comprehensive reviews by leading contributors to this and related disciplines. This volume focuses on insulin and IGFs. - Longest running series published by Academic Press - Contributions by leading international authorities

Autoren/Hrsg.

Litwack, Gerald

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Vitamins and Hormones: Incretins and Insulin Secretion;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Former Editors;6
5;Contents;8
6;Contributors;14
7;Preface;18
8;Chapter 1: Evolution of Genes for Incretin Hormones and their Receptors;20
8.1;I. Introduction;21
8.2;II. Evolution on Incretin Hormone Genes;24
8.3;III. Evolution of Incretin Hormone Receptor Genes;31
8.4;IV. Evolution of Incretins;34
8.5;Acknowledgments;35
8.6;References;36
9;Chapter 2: Pleiotropic Actions of the Incretin Hormones;40
9.1;I. Introduction;41
9.2;II. GIP and GLP-1 Actions: Hormonal and Neuronal Pathways;43
9.3;III. Effects of GIP and GLP-1 on Early Events During Feeding;46
9.4;IV. Effects of Incretins on Functions of the Endocrine Pancreas;47
9.5;V. Effects of GLP-1 on Food Intake and Satiety;63
9.6;VI. Gastrointestinal Effects of GIP and GLP-1;65
9.7;VII. Cardiovascular Effects of GIP and GLP-1;67
9.8;VIII. Effects of GIP and GLP-1 on Nutrient Storage and Flux;70
9.9;IX. Effects of GIP and GLP-1 on Bone;73
9.10;X. The Future;74
9.11;Acknowledgments;75
9.12;References;75
10;Chapter 3: Dietary Effects on Incretin Hormone Secretion;100
10.1;I. Introduction;101
10.2;II. Physiology of the Incretin Hormones;101
10.3;III. Dietary Influence on Incretin Hormone Secretion;104
10.4;IV. Mechanisms by Which Nutrients Stimulate Incretin Release;111
10.5;V. Incretin Responses in Obesity and Diabetes;116
10.6;VI. Therapeutic Implications;117
10.7;VII. Conclusions;119
10.8;Acknowledgments;120
10.9;References;120
11;Chapter 4: K-cells and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide in Health and Disease;130
11.1;I. History of K-cells and GIP;131
11.2;II. The GIP Gene and Regulation of its Expression;134
11.3;III. Anatomical Localization and Development of K-cells;136
11.4;IV. Secretion, Degradation, and Elimination of GIP;139
11.5;V. Biological Actions of GIP;145
11.6;VI. GIP and K-cells in Health and Disease;147
11.7;VII. Clinical Application of GIP and K-cells;152
11.8;References;154
12;Chapter 5: The Emerging Role of Promiscuous 7TM Receptors as Chemosensors for Food Intake;170
12.1;I. Introduction;172
12.2;II. Family C Receptors as Promiscuous Sensors for l-a-Amino acids, Peptides, Divalent cations, and Carbohydrates...;172
12.3;III. Family A Receptors as Promiscuous Sensors for Peptone and Free Fatty Acids (FFAs);183
12.4;IV. Therapeutic Perspectives;193
12.5;Acknowledgments;194
12.6;References;194
13;Chapter 6: Central Regulation of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Secretion;204
13.1;I. Introduction;205
13.2;II. Structure and Action of GIP;205
13.3;III. Regulation of GIP Secretion;207
13.4;IV. Neural Regulation of GIP Secretion;207
13.5;V. The Role of Autonomic Nervous System;207
13.6;VI. Concluding Remarks;215
13.7;References;215
14;Chapter 7: Incretin Hormone Secretion Over the Day;222
14.1;I. Introduction;223
14.2;II. GIP and GLP-1 Secretion After Meal Ingestion;223
14.3;III. Regulation of GIP and GLP-1 Secretion;225
14.4;IV. Mechanisms of GIP and GLP-1 Secretion;228
14.5;V. GIP and GLP-1 Secretion Over the Day;228
14.6;VI. Incretin Hormone Secretion in Glucose Intolerance and Disease States;230
14.7;VII. GIP and GLP-1 Secretion in Fasting State;233
14.8;VIII. Conclusion and Perspective;234
14.9;Acknowledgments;235
14.10;References;235
15;Chapter 8: Using the Lymph Fistula Rat Model to Study Incretin Secretion;240
15.1;I. Introduction;241
15.2;II. The Incretin Hormones;242
15.3;III. Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal and Lymphatic Systems;246
15.4;IV. The Lymph Fistula Model;248
15.5;V. Using the Lymph Fistula Rat Model to Study Incretin Secretion;251
15.6;VI. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions;261
15.7;Acknowledgments;263
15.8;References;263
16;Chapter 9: Structural Basis for Ligand Recognition of Incretin Receptors;270
16.1;I. G-Protein-Coupled Receptors;271
16.2;II. The GLP-1 Receptor;273
16.3;III. The GIP Receptor;286
16.4;IV. Common and Divergent Features of GLP-1R and GIPR Ligand Binding;290
16.5;References;293
17;Chapter 10: Epac2-Dependent Rap1 Activation and the Control of Islet Insulin Secretion by Glucagon-Like Peptide-1;298
17.1;I. Introduction;299
17.2;II. PKA and Epac2 Regulate Insulin Secretion from beta Cells;299
17.3;III. Epac2 Activates Rap1 GTPase;302
17.4;IV. Rap1 Effectors and Their Potential Roles in the Control of GSIS;304
17.5;V. Interactions of Epac2 with Secretory Granule-Associated Proteins;313
17.6;VI. Conclusions;315
17.7;Acknowledgments;316
17.8;References;316
18;Chapter 11: Central GLP-1 Actions on Energy Metabolism;322
18.1;I. Introduction;323
18.2;II. CNS Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Energy Intake;324
18.3;III. CNS Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Glucose Metabolism;327
18.4;IV. CNS Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Lipid Metabolism;329
18.5;V. Future Directions;330
18.6;Acknowledgments;332
18.7;References;332
19;Chapter 12: Glucagon-Like Peptide-1:...;338
19.1;I. Introduction;339
19.2;II. GLP-1 in Metabolism;340
19.3;III. GLP-1 in Satiety;342
19.4;IV. GLP-1 in GI Motility;343
19.5;V. GLP-1 in Perspective;346
19.6;Acknowledgments;346
19.7;References;347
20;Chapter 13: The Role of GLP-1 in Neuronal Activity and Neurodegeneration;350
20.1;I. A Causal Link Between Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease;351
20.2;II. An Insulin-Supporting Messenger: Glucagon-Like Peptide-1;353
20.3;III. GLP-1 Analogues Have Neuroprotective Effects in Mouse Models of AD;361
20.4;IV. Many Other Growth Factors Show Neuroprotective Effects;365
20.5;Acknowledgments;366
20.6;References;366
21;Chapter 14: Wnt and Incretin Connections;374
21.1;I. What Are Incretins, What They Do, Where, and How;375
21.2;II. WNTs: What They Are and What They Do;379
21.3;III. WNT/beta-catenin Increases the Synthesis of Incretins;383
21.4;IV. Does WNT Influence Incretin Secretion?;388
21.5;V. Does WNT Influence Incretin Receptors and/or Their Signaling?;389
21.6;VI. Do Incretins Influence Wnt Signaling? GLP-1 Uses WNT Effectors in Pancreas;390
21.7;VII. What is the Meaning of the Wnt-Incretin Interplay for Health and Disease?;391
21.8;VIII. Perspectives;394
21.9;Acknowledgments;396
21.10;References;397
22;Chapter 15: Incretin-Based Therapy and Type 2 Diabetes;408
22.1;I. Introduction;409
22.2;II. The Incretin Hormones;411
22.3;III. Incretin Hormones in Type 2 Diabetes;415
22.4;IV. Incretin-Based Therapy;416
22.5;V. Conclusion and Perspectives;423
22.6;References;424
23;Chapter 16: GPR119 Agonists for the Potential Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Related Metabolic Disorders;434
23.1;I. Introduction;435
23.2;II. GPR119 Receptor Expression;437
23.3;III. GPR119 Signaling and Deorphanization;438
23.4;IV. GPR119 Agonism and Glucose Homeostasis;439
23.5;V. GPR119 Agonists: Medicinal Chemistry;442
23.6;VI. Conclusions;460
23.7;Acknowledgments;460
23.8;References;461
24;Index;468
25;Colour Plate;474