Lea Jr. / Nickens / Wells Gas Well Deliquification

2. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-056940-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 608 Seiten

Liquid loading can reduce production and shorten the lifecycle of a well costing a company millions in revenue. A handy guide on the latest techniques, equipment, and chemicals used in de-watering gas wells, Gas Well Deliquification, 2nd Edition continues to be the engineer's choice for recognizing and minimizing the effects of liquid loading. The 2nd Edition serves as a guide discussing the most frequently used methods and tools used to diagnose liquid loading problems and reduce the detrimental effects of liquid loading on gas production.
With new extensive chapters on Coal Bed Methane and Production this is the essential reference for operating engineers, reservoir engineers, consulting engineers and service companies who supply gas well equipment. It provides managers with a comprehensive look into the methods of successful Production Automation as well as tools for the profitable use, production and supervision of coal bed gases.
•Turnkey solutions for the problems of liquid loading interference
•Based on decades of practical, easy to use methods of de-watering gas wells
•Expands on the 1st edition's useful reference with new methods for utilizing Production Automation and managing Coal Bed Methane

James F. Lea, Jr. is the Chair of the Petroleum Engineering Department of Texas Tech University, where he has taught since 1999. Previous to his teaching experience, Dr. Lea worked in the industry for 20 years for Amoco as a special research associate and team leader of the Optimization and Production Group. He taught at the University of Arkansas from 1975 to 1978, and, before that, he worked as a senior research engineer at the famed Sun Oil Company in Richardson, Texas. Dr. Lea holds 8 patents and has co-authored 2 books, including one from Pennwell, and has himself authored numerous articles.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lea Jr., James F.

Nickens, Henry V.

Wells, Michael

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Table of contents;6
3;CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION;18
3.1;1.1 INTRODUCTION;18
3.2;1.2 MULTIPHASE FLOW IN A GAS WELL;19
3.3;1.3 WHAT IS LIQUID LOADING?;21
3.4;1.4 PROBLEMS CAUSED BY LIQUID LOADING;22
3.5;1.5 DELIQUIFYING TECHNIQUES PRESENTED;23
3.6;1.6 SOURCE OF LIQUIDS IN A PRODUCING GAS WELL;25
3.7;1.7 REFERENCES;28
4;CHAPTER 2: RECOGNIZING SYMPTOMS OF LIQUID LOADING IN GAS WELLS;30
4.1;2.1 INTRODUCTION;30
4.2;2.2 PRESENCE OF ORIFICE PRESSURE SPIKES;31
4.3;2.3 DECLINE CURVE ANALYSIS;32
4.4;2.4 DROP IN TUBING PRESSURE WITH RISE IN CASING PRESSURE;33
4.5;2.5 PRESSURE SURVEY SHOWING LIQUID LEVEL;34
4.6;2.6 WELL PERFORMANCE MONITORING;36
4.7;2.7 ANNULUS HEADING;36
4.8;2.8 LIQUID PRODUCTION CEASES;40
4.9;2.9 SHOOTING FLUID LEVELS ON FLOWING GAS WELLS;41
4.10;2.10 SUMMARY;46
4.11;2.11 REFERENCES;47
5;CHAPTER 3: CRITICAL VELOCITY;48
5.1;3.1 INTRODUCTION;48
5.2;3.2 CRITICAL FLOW CONCEPTS;48
5.3;3.3 CRITICAL VELOCITY AT DEPTH;58
5.4;3.4 CRITICAL VELOCITY IN HORIZONTAL WELL FLOW;60
5.5;3.5 REFERENCES;62
6;CHAPTER 4: SYSTEMS NODAL ANALYSIS;64
6.1;4.1 INTRODUCTION;64
6.2;4.2 TUBING PERFORMANCE CURVE;66
6.3;4.3 RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR);67
6.4;4.4 INTERSECTIONS OF THE TUBING CURVE AND THE DELIVERABILITY CURVE;71
6.5;4.5 TUBING STABILITY AND FLOWPOINT;73
6.6;4.6 TIGHT GAS RESERVOIRS;75
6.7;4.7 NODAL EXAMPLE„TUBING SIZE;76
6.8;4.8 NODAL EXAMPLE„SURFACE PRESSURE EFFECTS: USE COMPRESSION TO LOWER SURFACE PRESSURE;77
6.9;4.9 SUMMARY NODAL EXAMPLE OF DEVELOPING IPR FROM TEST DATA WITH TUBING PERFORMANCE;78
6.10;4.10 CHOKES;81
6.11;4.11 MULTIPHASE FLOW FUNDAMENTALS;83
6.12;4.12 SUMMARY;94
6.13;4.13 References;94
7;CHAPTER 5: SIZING TUBING;98
7.1;5.1 INTRODUCTION;98
7.2;5.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SMALLER TUBING;98
7.3;5.3 CONCEPTS REQUIRED TO SIZE SMALLER TUBING;99
7.4;5.4 SIZING TUBING WITHOUT IPR INFORMATION;104
7.5;5.5 FIELD EXAMPLE 1„RESULTS OF TUBING CHANGE-OUT;105
7.6;5.6 FIELD EXAMPLE 2„RESULTS OF TUBING CHANGE-OUT;105
7.7;5.7 PRE- AND POST-EVALUATION;106
7.8;5.8 WHERE TO SET THE TUBING;111
7.9;5.9 HANGING OFF SMALLER TUBING FROM THE CURRENT TUBING;111
7.10;5.10 SUMMARY;113
7.11;5.11 REFERENCES;113
8;CHAPTER 6: COMPRESSION;116
8.1;6.1 INTRODUCTION;116
8.2;6.2 COMPRESSION HORSEPOWER AND CRITICAL VELOCITY;117
8.3;6.3 SYSTEMS NODAL ANALYSIS AND COMPRESSION;119
8.4;6.4 THE EFFECT OF PERMEABILITY ON COMPRESSION;122
8.5;6.5 PRESSURE DROP IN COMPRESSION SUCTION;123
8.6;6.6 WELLHEAD VERSUS CENTRALIZED COMPRESSION;124
8.7;6.7 DOWNSTREAM GATHERING AND COMPRESSION’S EFFECT ON UPLIFT FROM DELIQUIFYING INDIVIDUAL GAS WELLS;125
8.8;6.8 COMPRESSION ALONE AS A FORM OF ARTIFICIAL LIFT;126
8.9;6.9 COMPRESSION WITH FOAMERS;126
8.10;6.10 COMPRESSION AND GAS LIFT;126
8.11;6.11 COMPRESSION WITH PLUNGER LIFT SYSTEMS;127
8.12;6.12 COMPRESSION WITH BEAM PUMPING SYSTEMS;128
8.13;6.13 COMPRESSION WITH ESP SYSTEMS;130
8.14;6.14 TYPES OF COMPRESSORS;130
8.15;6.15 GAS JET COMPRESSORS OR EJECTORS;135
8.16;6.16 OTHER COMPRESSORS;137
8.17;6.17 SUMMARY;137
8.18;6.18 REFERENCES;138
9;CHAPTER 7: PLUNGER LIFT;140
9.1;7.1 INTRODUCTION;140
9.2;7.2 PLUNGERS;143
9.3;7.3 PLUNGER CYCLE;144
9.4;7.4 PLUNGER LIFT FEASIBILITY;146
9.5;7.5 PLUNGER SYSTEM LINE-OUT PROCEDURE;154
9.6;7.6 PROBLEM ANALYSIS;166
9.7;7.7 TWO-PIECE PLUNGER: TYPE OF CONTINUOUS FLOW PLUNGER;189
9.8;7.8 SELECTION OF PLUNGER;191
9.9;7.9 CASING PLUNGER FOR WEAK WELLS;204
9.10;7.10 PLUNGER WITH SIDE STRING: LOW PRESSURE WELL PRODUCTION;206
9.11;7.11 PLUNGER SUMMARY;207
9.12;7.12 REFERENCES;208
10;CHAPTER 8: USE OF FOAM TO DELIQUIFY GAS WELLS;210
10.1;8.1 INTRODUCTION;210
10.2;8.2 FOAM ASSISTED LIFT (FAL);213
10.3;8.3 METHODS OF APPLICATION OF SURFACTANTS;225
10.4;8.4 CAPILLARY LIFT TECHNOLOGY;227
10.5;8.5 REFERENCES;256
11;CHAPTER 9: HYDRAULIC PUMPING;258
11.1;9.1 INTRODUCTION;258
11.2;9.2 JET PUMPS;279
11.3;9.3 PISTON PUMPS;284
11.4;9.4 REFERENCES;298
12;CHAPTER 10: USE OF BEAM PUMPS TO DELIQUIFY GAS WELLS;300
12.1;10.1 INTRODUCTION;300
12.2;10.2 BASICS OF BEAM PUMP OPERATION;301
12.3;10.3 PUMP-OFF CONTROL;305
12.4;10.4 GAS SEPARATION TO KEEP GAS OUT OF THE PUMP;309
12.5;10.5 HANDLING GAS THROUGH THE PUMP;331
12.6;10.6 INJECT LIQUIDS BELOW A PACKER;339
12.7;10.7 OTHER PROBLEMS INDICATED BY THE SHAPE OF THE PUMP CARD;341
12.8;10.8 SUMMARY;344
12.9;10.9 REFERENCES;345
13;CHAPTER 11: GAS LIFT;348
13.1;11.1 INTRODUCTION;348
13.2;11.2 CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT;350
13.3;11.3 INTERMITTENT GAS LIFT;350
13.4;11.4 GAS LIFT SYSTEM COMPONENTS;352
13.5;11.5 CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT DESIGN OBJECTIVES;353
13.6;11.6 GAS LIFT VALVES;354
13.7;11.7 GAS LIFT COMPLETIONS;357
13.8;11.8 GAS LIFT WITHOUT GAS LIFT VALVES;367
13.9;11.9 SPECIFICS OF GAS LIFTING GAS WELLS;369
13.10;11.10 SUMMARY;374
13.11;11.11 REFERENCES;375
14;CHAPTER 12: ELECTRIC SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS;378
14.1;12.1 INTRODUCTION;378
14.2;12.2 THE ESP SYSTEM;379
14.3;12.3 WHAT IS A GASSYŽ WELL?;382
14.4;12.4 COMPLETIONS AND SEPARATORS;385
14.5;12.5 SPECIAL PUMP (STAGES);389
14.6;12.6 INJECTION OF PRODUCED WATER;391
14.7;12.7 ESP HYBRID SYSTEMS AND LOW LIQUID VOLUME ESP;393
14.8;12.8 SUMMARY;398
14.9;12.9 REFERENCES;398
15;CHAPTER 13: PROGRESSING CAVITY PUMPS;400
15.1;13.1 INTRODUCTION;400
15.2;13.2 PROGRESSING CAVITY PUMPING SYSTEM;401
15.3;13.3 WATER PRODUCTION HANDLING;403
15.4;13.4 GAS PRODUCTION HANDLING;404
15.5;13.5 SAND/COAL FINES PRODUCTION HANDLING;405
15.6;13.6 CRITICAL TUBING FLOW VELOCITY;410
15.7;13.7 DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS;410
15.8;13.8 PUMP LANDING DEPTH;413
15.9;13.9 RESTRICTED OR NO-FLOW SCENARIOS;413
15.10;13.10 PRESENCE OF CO2;414
15.11;13.11 CORROSION INHIBITORS;415
15.12;13.12 CYCLIC HARMONICS;416
15.13;13.13 PC PUMP SELECTION;417
15.14;13.14 ELASTOMER SELECTION;419
15.15;13.15 SUMMARY;419
15.16;13.16 REFERENCE;420
16;CHAPTER 14: COAL BED METHANE;422
16.1;14.1 INTRODUCTION;422
16.2;14.2 CBM ECONOMIC IMPACT;423
16.3;14.3 CBM RESERVOIRS;424
16.4;14.4 CBM PRODUCTION;430
16.5;14.5 REFERENCES;439
17;CHAPTER 15: PRODUCTION AUTOMATION;440
17.1;15.1 INTRODUCTION;440
17.2;15.2 BRIEF HISTORY;442
17.3;15.3 AUTOMATION EQUIPMENT;445
17.4;15.4 GENERAL APPLICATIONS;472
17.5;15.5 UNIQUE APPLICATIONS FOR GAS WELL DELIQUIFICATION;482
17.6;15.6 AUTOMATION ISSUES;530
17.7;15.7 CASE HISTORIES;550
17.8;15.8 SUMMARY;555
17.9;15.9 REFERENCES;556
18;APPENDIX A: DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL VELOCITY EQUATIONS;562
18.1;A.1 INTRODUCTION;562
18.2;A.2 EQUATION SIMPLIFICATION;565
18.3;A.3 TURNER EQUATIONS;565
18.4;A.4 COLEMAN ET AL. EQUATIONS;566
18.5;A.5 REFERENCES;566
19;APPENDIX B: DEVELOPMENT OF PLUNGER LIFT EQUATIONS;568
19.1;B.1 INTRODUCTION;568
19.2;B.2 MINIMUM CASING PRESSURE;568
19.3;B.3 MAXIMUM CASING PRESSURE;570
19.4;B.4 SUMMARY;571
19.5;B.5 REFERENCE;571
20;APPENDIX C: GAS FUNDAMENTALS;572
20.1;C.1 INTRODUCTION;572
20.2;C.2 PHASE DIAGRAM;572
20.3;C.3 GAS APPARENT MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY;573
20.4;C.4 GAS LAW;574
20.5;C.5 Z FACTOR;575
20.6;C.6 GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR;577
20.7;C.7 PRESSURE INCREASE IN STATIC COLUMN OF GAS;578
20.8;C.8 CALCULATE THE PRESSURE DROP IN FLOWING DRY GAS WELL: CULLENDER AND SMITH METHOD [5];579
20.9;C.9 PRESSURE DROP IN A GAS WELL PRODUCING LIQUIDS;581
20.10;C.10 GAS WELL DELIVERABILITY EXPRESSIONS;582
20.11;C.11 REFERENCES;586
21;Index;588