Learning from the Past for the Future
E-Book, Englisch, 415 Seiten, eBook
ISBN: 978-3-642-14782-1
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
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Research
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Weitere Infos & Material
1;Dedicated to the Dear Memory of Prof. Dr. Cemil Cangir (1946-2010);6
2;Preface;8
3;Contents;10
4;Contributors;12
5;The Anthroscape Approach in Sustainable Land Use;18
5.1;1 Introduction;19
5.2;2 Materials and Methods;22
5.2.1;2.1 The Study Area;22
5.2.2;2.2 Driving Forces and Impacts of Misuse;26
5.2.3;2.3 Socio-Economy;27
5.2.4;2.4 Migration;27
5.2.5;2.5 Fragmentation;36
5.2.6;2.6 Natural Resources;37
5.2.7;2.7 Environmental Problems (Improper: - Land/Soil, and Water Use and - Crop Selection and Animal Production);37
5.2.8;2.8 Quantification of the Anthroscape;43
5.2.9;2.9 Quantification of the Carbon by NPP at the ALQCs;55
5.3;3 Results;58
5.4;4 Conclusion;60
5.5;References;65
6;Anthroscapes in the Light of the EU Soil Thematic Strategy;68
6.1;1 Introduction;68
6.2;2 The Importance of Anthroscapes Within the Soil Thematic Strategy;69
6.3;3 Some Relevant Anthroscapes in Europe;71
6.4;4 Conclusions;72
6.5;References;73
7;Soil Erosion-Desertification and the Middle Eastern Anthroscapes;74
7.1;1 Introduction;75
7.2;2 Materials and Methods;77
7.2.1;2.1 Materials;77
7.2.1.1;2.1.1 The Study Watersheds-Features, Land Use, Management and Monitoring Objectives;77
7.2.1.2;2.1.2 The Yatir Forest (Israel): Afforestation of a Semiarid Rangeland;77
7.2.1.3;2.1.3 Humret Es-Sahin Watershed (Jordan): Rangelands Rehabilitation over an Aridity Gradient;78
7.2.1.4;2.1.4 Southern Hebron Highlands (Palestinian National Authority): Promotion of Agro-Pastoral Systems Along an Aridity Gradient;80
7.2.1.5;2.1.5 Kzlöz Microcatchment (Turkey): Rehabilitation of Sylvi-Agro-Pastoral Watershed;81
7.2.1.6;2.1.6 Summary of Watersheds´ Features, Land Use, Management and Research Objectives;82
7.2.2;2.2 Methods;83
7.2.2.1;2.2.1 Precipitation;83
7.2.2.2;2.2.2 Runoff and Sediment;83
7.2.2.3;2.2.3 Soil-Erosion, Properties and Moisture;84
7.2.2.4;2.2.4 Vegetation;85
7.2.2.5;2.2.5 Trees;85
7.2.2.6;2.2.6 Non-woody (Herbaceous) Natural Vegetation;86
7.3;3 Results;87
7.3.1;3.1 Precipitation Features;88
7.3.2;3.2 Rainfall, Throughfall and Stemflow;88
7.3.3;3.3 Runoff and Sediment Discharge at the Watershed Scale;89
7.3.4;3.4 Relations Between Runoff and Rainfall;89
7.3.5;3.5 Relations Between Suspended Sediment and Runoff;91
7.3.6;3.6 Sediment Discharge in Relation to Watershed Management;94
7.3.7;3.7 Soil Erosion Through Gullying in Relations to Watershed Management;96
7.3.8;3.8 Watershed Processes at the Local Scale;96
7.3.9;3.9 Rainfall, Runoff and Sediment Deposition;97
7.3.10;3.10 Soil Cover, Runoff and Erosion;98
7.3.11;3.11 Soil Moisture Response to Soil Conservation Measures;99
7.3.12;3.12 The Effect of Afforestation on Soil Moisture;110
7.3.13;3.13 Soil Cover, Runoff, Soil Organic Matter and Soil Moisture;115
7.3.14;3.14 Vegetation;117
7.3.15;3.15 Trees;118
7.3.16;3.16 Non-woody Vegetation;120
7.3.17;3.17 Aggregate Measures of Vegetation Cover;120
7.3.18;3.18 Community Measures;127
7.4;4 Discussion and Conclusions;136
7.5;References;140
8;Soils of the Mediterranean Region, Their Characteristics, Management and Sustainable Use;142
8.1;1 Introduction;143
8.2;2 Description of Major Soils;144
8.2.1;2.1 Histosols;145
8.2.2;2.2 Anthrosols;146
8.2.3;2.3 Leptosols;147
8.2.4;2.4 Vertisols;148
8.2.5;2.5 Fluvisols;149
8.2.6;2.6 Gleysols, Solonchaks and Solonetz;149
8.2.7;2.7 Andosols;151
8.2.8;2.8 Kastanozems and Phaeozems;151
8.2.9;2.9 Umbrisols;151
8.2.10;2.10 Gypsisols, Durisols and Calcisols;152
8.2.11;2.11 Luvisols;154
8.2.12;2.12 Arenosols;154
8.2.13;2.13 Cambisols;155
8.2.14;2.14 Regosols;155
8.3;3 Soil Degradation and Soil Protection in the Mediterranean;156
8.4;4 Conclusions;157
8.5;References;158
9;Mountain Anthroscapes, the Case of the Italian Alps;160
9.1;1 Introduction;160
9.2;2 Negative Human Impacts Creating/Reshaping Anthroscapes;162
9.2.1;2.1 The Impacts of Winter Resorts: the Case of Ski Slides and Ski-Lift Facilities;162
9.2.2;2.2 The Mountain Off-Roading: A Growing Environmental Problem;164
9.2.3;2.3 Mining Dumps;166
9.2.4;2.4 Industrial and Civil Settlements Along Riversides and Valley Floors;166
9.2.5;2.5 Stone Quarrying;168
9.2.6;2.6 Waste Disposal in Mountain Areas;169
9.3;3 Positive Human Impacts and Inheritances Creating Anthroscapes;170
9.3.1;3.1 Mountain Terracing;170
9.3.2;3.2 Archaeological Imprints: From Palaeolithic to the Roman Ages and More;172
9.3.3;3.3 Pastureland, Overgrazing, Forestry;174
9.4;4 Conclusions;175
9.5;References;177
10;Development and Challenges of the Anthroscapes in the Clay Soil District of Eastern Norway;179
10.1;1 Introduction;179
10.1.1;1.1 Development and Characteristics of the Landscape Region Clay Soil District in Eastern Norway;181
10.1.2;1.2 Land Use and Land Management;185
10.1.3;1.3 Knowledge About Anthroscapes and the Implementation of a More Sustainable Land Management;193
10.2;References;194
11;Anthroscapes and Anthropogenic Soils in North-Western Sardinia: The Soils with Calcrete Horizon in the Alghero Area (Italy);195
11.1;1 Introduction;195
11.1.1;1.1 Anthrosols and Anthroscapes;195
11.1.2;1.2 Calcrete Pedogenesis and Calcium Carbonate Accumulation in Soils;196
11.2;2 The Study Area and its Land Use;198
11.2.1;2.1 The Reclamation Interventions;200
11.3;3 The Original Soils and the Anthropogenic Soils;201
11.4;4 Conclusions;206
11.5;References;207
12;Stimulated Soil Formation in a Degraded Anthroscape: A Case Study in Southeast Spain;208
12.1;1 Introduction;209
12.2;2 Materials and Methods;209
12.2.1;2.1 Study Area and Addition of Amendments;209
12.2.2;2.2 In Situ Characterization of Mine Tailings by Electrical Resistivity Measurement;210
12.2.3;2.3 Chemical and Mineral Characterization;211
12.2.4;2.4 Micromorphological Analysis;211
12.3;3 Results;211
12.3.1;3.1 In Situ Characterization of Materials in Tailing Deposits;211
12.3.2;3.2 Chemical and Salt Mineral Characterization;212
12.3.3;3.3 Micromorphology of Amended Mine Tailing Deposits;214
12.4;4 Discussion;214
12.4.1;4.1 Non-destructive Characterization of Mine Tailing Deposits;214
12.4.2;4.2 Plant Establishment in Mine Tailings;215
12.4.3;4.3 Simultaneous Additions of OM and Calcite Stimulate Soil Formation in Anthroscapes;216
12.5;5 Conclusions;216
12.6;References;217
13;Asian Anthroscapes: China and Taiwan;219
13.1;1 Introduction;220
13.2;2 Origin and Development of Soil Science in Ancient China;221
13.3;3 Anthropogenic Soils in China;223
13.3.1;3.1 Formation of Paddy Soils in China;224
13.3.2;3.2 The Degradation of Soil Organic Matter;225
13.3.3;3.3 Eluviation and Illuviation of Cations;226
13.3.4;3.4 Eluviation and Illuviation of Iron and Manganese;227
13.3.5;3.5 Decomposition and Synthesis of Clay Minerals;227
13.3.6;3.6 Paddification Processes in Paddy Soils;227
13.3.7;3.7 Cultivated Horizon;228
13.3.8;3.8 Plowpan;228
13.3.9;3.9 Percogenic Horizon;229
13.3.10;3.10 Linthitic Horizon or Illuvial Horizon;229
13.3.11;3.11 Gley Horizon;229
13.3.12;3.12 Anthropic Epipedon of Anthrosols;229
13.3.13;3.13 Siltigic (or Irragric) Epipedon;230
13.3.14;3.14 Cumulic Epipedon;230
13.3.15;3.15 Fimic Epipedon;231
13.3.16;3.16 Anthrostagnic Epipedon;231
13.3.17;3.17 Hydragric Horizon;232
13.3.18;3.18 Carbon Stocks in Paddy Soils of China;232
13.3.19;3.19 Pedogenic Iron and Manganese Characteristics of Paddy Soil Chronosequences in China;235
13.3.20;3.20 Fimic Characterization of Anthrosols in China;237
13.3.21;3.21 Anthroscapes in Taiwan;239
13.3.22;3.22 Gleyization Process of Paddy Soils in Taiwan;239
13.3.23;3.23 Redoximorphic Features (Clay Accumulation and Segregation of Iron and Manganese);240
13.3.24;3.24 Paddy Soils on the Red Alluvial Soils in Northern Taiwan;241
13.3.25;3.25 Paddy Soils of Slate Alluvial Soils in Central Taiwan;244
13.3.26;3.26 Paddy Soils of Sandstone and Shale Alluvial Soils in Southern Taiwan;247
13.3.27;3.27 Classification of Paddy Soils in Taiwan;248
13.4;4 Conclusion;251
13.5;References;252
14;An Anthroscape from Morocco: Degraded Rangeland Systems and Introduction of Exotic Plant Material and Technology;256
14.1;1 Introduction;257
14.2;2 The Study Area;258
14.3;3 The Anthroscape Before the Interventions;260
14.4;4 The Newly Created Anthroscape;263
14.5;5 Discussion and Conclusions;266
14.6;References;269
15;The Historical Anthroscape of Adana and the Fertile Lands;271
15.1;1 Introduction;271
15.2;2 Components of the Ancient Anthroscape;273
15.2.1;2.1 Irrigation;273
15.2.1.1;2.1.1 Irrigation Versus the People of Adana;274
15.2.1.2;2.1.2 Horse Driven Wells;274
15.2.2;2.2 Diversion Canals Served After a 1,000-Year Period;276
15.2.3;2.3 Floods Reinforcing Fertility;279
15.2.4;2.4 Benefiting from Fauna and Agriculture;279
15.2.5;2.5 Satsneferru, the Egyptian Nurse;280
15.2.6;2.6 Adana, the Paradise for Spinnable Fibres;281
15.2.7;2.7 Lions Preventing Agriculture;282
15.2.8;2.8 The Turks in Çukurova;283
15.2.9;2.9 The Cotton Anthroscape of Adana;284
15.2.10;2.10 lbrahim Pasha´s Contributions;285
15.2.11;2.11 The American Civil War and the Cotton of Adana;286
15.2.12;2.12 The Decrease of the Cotton Plantations in Adana;289
15.2.13;2.13 Phoenicians Calling at Adana Ports;290
15.2.14;2.14 Prognose and Medication;291
15.2.15;2.15 The Reign of the Romans;293
15.2.16;2.16 The Inherited Practices of the Adana Region;293
15.2.17;2.17 The Traditional Tomato Crop of Adana;294
15.2.18;2.18 The Keli-Calcrete/River Terraces;295
15.3;References;296
16;Impact of Shifting Agriculture on the Sustainability of Anthroscapes in Sarawak, Malaysia;297
16.1;1 Introduction;297
16.2;2 Shifting Cultivation;299
16.3;3 Impact Analyses;300
16.3.1;3.1 Land Capability;300
16.3.2;3.2 Stewardship Versus Ownership;300
16.3.3;3.3 Degradation of Non-renewable Resources;301
16.4;4 Viable Options;301
16.4.1;4.1 Multidisciplinary Approach;301
16.4.2;4.2 Spatial Data;301
16.4.3;4.3 Relocation;303
16.5;5 Conclusions;303
16.6;References;303
17;Roman Mining Landscapes in the Murcia Region, SE Spain: Risk Assessment of Mine Ponds;305
17.1;1 Introduction;306
17.2;2 Materials and Methods;306
17.2.1;2.1 Study Area;306
17.2.2;2.2 Geochemical Characterization;307
17.2.3;2.3 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging;308
17.2.4;2.4 Hydrological Analysis;309
17.3;3 Results;310
17.3.1;3.1 Geochemical Characterization;310
17.3.1.1;3.1.1 Surface Metals Distribution;310
17.3.1.2;3.1.2 Spatial Distribution of Metals;312
17.3.1.3;3.1.3 Metals Distribution in the Ponds;313
17.3.2;3.2 Geo-Electrical Characterization by the Electrical Resistivity Imaging Method;314
17.3.3;3.3 Hydrological Analysis;317
17.4;4 Conclusions;321
17.5;References;321
18;Anthroscape of the Mediterranean Coastal Area in the Context of Hydrogeology: Projected Impacts of Climate Change;323
18.1;1 Introduction;324
18.2;2 A Mathematical Tool for Evaluating the Hydrogeologic Anthroscape;325
18.3;3 Description of the Study Area;326
18.3.1;3.1 Physiography and Climate;326
18.3.2;3.2 Hydrogeology and Mathematical Model;327
18.4;4 Scenarios;330
18.5;5 Calibration of Mathematical Model;332
18.6;6 Projected Results;334
18.6.1;6.1 Changes in Lagoon Water Salinity;334
18.6.2;6.2 Changes in the Groundwater Table;335
18.6.3;6.3 Changes in Groundwater Salinity;335
18.6.4;6.4 Changes in Groundwater Velocity Vectors;339
18.6.5;6.5 Salt Accumulation on the Land Surface;339
18.7;7 Discussion and Conclusions;341
18.8;References;342
19;Re-evaluating Indigenous Technologies for Sustainable Soil and Water Management in the Sahel: A Case Study from Niger;345
19.1;1 Introduction;345
19.2;2 Landscape and Land Management in Southwestern Niger;346
19.2.1;2.1 Landscape of Southwestern Niger;346
19.2.2;2.2 Soil Properties;347
19.2.3;2.3 Pearl Millet Cultivation and Fertility Management;348
19.2.4;2.4 Desertification Process;349
19.2.5;2.5 Successes and Failures of the New Land Management Efforts;349
19.3;3 Revealing Mechanisms of Sustainable Conservation Techniques;350
19.3.1;3.1 Common Conservation Techniques;350
19.3.2;3.2 Experiments Undertaken on the Working Mechanism of the Conservation Techniques;351
19.3.2.1;3.2.1 Location of the Study Site;351
19.3.2.2;3.2.2 Design of the Test Field;352
19.3.3;3.3 Results, the Working Mechanisms of Conservation Works;353
19.3.3.1;3.3.1 Effect of Conservation Works on Decreasing Surface Runoffs;353
19.3.3.2;3.3.2 Effect of Water-Harvesting at the Bund;354
19.3.3.3;3.3.3 Spatial Variability of Surface Permeability;354
19.3.3.4;3.3.4 Growth of Millet in Relation to Water Availability;355
19.4;4 Discussion: Wise Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Land Use;357
19.4.1;4.1 Soil Surface Management;357
19.4.2;4.2 Conserving Trees for Conserving Field;358
19.4.3;4.3 A Strategy to Adapt to Erratic Precipitation;359
19.5;5 Conclusion;360
19.6;References;361
20;Local Wisdom of Land and Water Management: The Fundamental Anthroscape of Japan;363
20.1;1 Introduction;363
20.2;2 ``Suido´´: Paddy Cultivation Based Land and Water Management System of Japan;364
20.2.1;2.1 Suido;364
20.2.2;2.2 Formation of Suido in Japan;366
20.3;3 ``Satoyama´´: Expression of Suido in Japan;366
20.3.1;3.1 Satoyama;366
20.3.2;3.2 History of Satoyama;368
20.3.3;3.3 Significance of Satoyama System;369
20.3.4;3.4 Conservation of Satoyama;370
20.4;4 Depression of Suido;370
20.5;5 Rehabilitation of Suido;371
20.5.1;5.1 Adaptive Management;371
20.5.2;5.2 ``Mitameshi´´: An Adaptive Management Strategy for Better Human-Nature Relationships;372
20.6;6 Conclusions;373
20.7;References;374
21;Reconstructing the Past by Regenerating Biodiversity: A Treatise on Weed Contribution to Soil Quality at a Post-cultivation Succession;375
21.1;1 Introduction;376
21.1.1;1.1 The Weeds;376
21.1.2;1.2 Studies on Soils;377
21.2;2 Materials and Methods;377
21.2.1;2.1 Materials;377
21.2.1.1;2.1.1 Location and Soils;377
21.2.1.2;2.1.2 Weeds;378
21.2.2;2.2 Methods;378
21.2.2.1;2.2.1 Weeds;378
21.2.2.2;2.2.2 Soils;378
21.3;3 Results;380
21.3.1;3.1 The Weed Succession from 1998 to 2008;380
21.3.2;3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Water Stable Aggregates (WSA) Within the Weed Rhizospheres;382
21.3.3;3.3 Micromorphological (Sub-microscopic) Properties of the WSA;385
21.4;4 Conclusions;386
21.5;References;389
22;Economic and Social Impact of the Degraded Antroscapes;391
22.1;1 Introduction;391
22.2;2 Brief History of the Traditional Economic Growth Theory;394
22.3;3 Back to Convergence in Economic Growth;397
22.3.1;3.1 The Antroscape and Environmental Externalities;398
22.4;4 The Degraded Antroscape;402
22.5;5 Sustainability Strategy;406
22.5.1;5.1 SWOT Analysis;406
22.5.2;5.2 Affordability Analysis;406
22.5.3;5.3 Livelihood Analysis;407
22.5.4;5.4 Pest Analysis;407
22.5.4.1;5.4.1 Political Factors;407
22.5.4.2;5.4.2 Economic Factors;408
22.5.4.3;5.4.3 Socio-cultural Factors;408
22.5.4.4;5.4.4 Technological Factors;408
22.5.4.5;5.4.5 Inter-Sectoral Strategy;409
22.5.4.6;5.4.6 Education and Skills Strategy;409
22.6;6 The Degregation Issue;410
22.7;7 The Cost of Degradation;412
22.7.1;7.1 Benefit Cost Analysis;414
22.7.2;7.2 Valuing Changes in Production;414
22.7.3;7.3 Averting and Mitigating Behavior;415
22.7.4;7.4 Travel Cost Method;415
22.7.5;7.5 Hedonic Prices;416
22.7.6;7.6 Contingent Valuation Method;416
22.7.7;7.7 Quantifying Health Services;417
22.7.8;7.8 Valuing Health Effects;417
22.7.8.1;7.8.1 Quantification of Environmental Degradation;418
22.7.8.2;7.8.2 Quantification of Consequences of Degradation;418
22.7.8.3;7.8.3 A Monetary Valuation of the Consequences;418
22.8;8 Conclusion;419
22.9;References;419
23;Index;422
