Jütte | Reconstructing European Copyright Law for the Digital Single Market | E-Book | sack.de
E-Book

E-Book, Englisch, Band 10, 594 Seiten, Format (B × H): 153 mm x 227 mm

Reihe: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Jütte Reconstructing European Copyright Law for the Digital Single Market


Between Old Paradigms and Digital Challenges

E-Book, Englisch, Band 10, 594 Seiten, Format (B × H): 153 mm x 227 mm

Reihe: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

ISBN: 978-3-8452-7875-9
Verlag: Nomos
Format: PDF
 Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

The book critically examines the current process of reforming the copyright system in the European Union. On the basis of core elements of the harmonised copyright acquis, the work exposes the shortcomings of current reform proposals with a view to establishing a digital single market. In this regard, it is highlighted that the existing directives and regulations lack fundamental principles that could serve as a basis for a systematically structured European copyright, and that also the current reform proposals do not reflect such an approach. These deficits are addressed by fundamental approaches for an EU copyright reform. For this purpose, three legislative options are discussed. The work takes a clear position in the current debate of EU copyright reform and offers starting points from which a more systematic and coherent copyright system can be developed.
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Autoren/Hrsg.

Jütte, Bernd Justin

Fachgebiete

Weitere Infos & Material

1;Cover;1
2; Introduction;31
2.1; A. Copyright Old and New;32
2.2; B. A historical perspective: Copyright before digitization;37
2.3; C. Outline and Structure;45
2.3.1; I. Four factors to rule copyright;45
2.3.1.1; 1. Efficiency and certainty;45
2.3.1.2; 2. Balance;46
2.3.1.3; 3. System;46
2.3.2; II. Structure;47
3; Chapter 1. Copyright in a Digital EU – Problems & Policy;51
3.1; A. The Modern Copyright Dilemma;51
3.1.1; I. Specificities of digital reproduction;52
3.1.1.1; 1. New reproductions;53
3.1.1.2; 2. New uses;54
3.1.1.3; 3. Different authorization-markets;54
3.1.2; II. Aggravating factors;57
3.1.2.1; 1. Problems with moral rights;57
3.1.2.2; 2. Fragmentation and effects of harmonization;58
3.1.3; III. The poles of the copyright balance;60
3.1.3.1; 1. Rightsholder interests;63
3.1.3.2; 2. (Private) User interests;64
3.1.3.3; 3. Interests of businesses (and the Commission);65
3.2; B. The Digital Agenda of the European Union;66
3.2.1; I. Single Market Act;67
3.2.2; II. A Single Market for Intellectual Property Rights;68
3.2.3; III. Green Paper on the online distribution of audiovisual works;72
3.2.4; IV. Continued efforts and external input;75
3.2.4.1; 1. Stakeholder dialogue “Licenses for Europe”;76
3.2.4.2; 2. The Public Consultation on the review of EU copyright;77
3.2.5; V. The new “Digital Single Market Strategy”;79
3.2.5.1; 1. A leaked White Paper;81
3.2.5.2; 2. The Commission 2015 Work Programme;84
3.2.5.3; 3. The “Reda Report”;85
3.2.5.4; 4. The Digital Single Market Strategy;90
3.3; C. Elements of a European Copyright Framework for the Digital Single Market;94
4; Chapter 2. Copyright (Regulation) in the Single Market;99
4.1; A. International Copyright Legislation with EU Relevance;100
4.1.1; I. Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886);105
4.1.2; II. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS, 1994);108
4.1.3; III. WIPO Internet Treaties;110
4.2; B. EU Copyright Legislation;111
4.2.1; I. The centerpiece of EU copyright – the InfoSoc Directive (2001/29/EC);112
4.2.2; II. Vertical harmonization – extending rightsholder protection;113
4.2.3; III. Purposeful copyright management – orphans and online music;115
4.2.4; IV. Interim conclusion: restrictive trends in EU copyright harmonization;116
4.3; C. The CJEU’s Jurisprudence in Relation to Copyright;118
4.3.1; I. The (early) copyright case-law;118
4.3.2; II. The recent case-law;120
4.4; D. The status quo;122
5; Chapter 3. Elements of a European Copyright Framework for the Digital Single Market;125
5.1; A. Territoriality and the Demands of the Single Market;127
5.1.1; I. Managing multiple rights;128
5.1.2; II. The principle of territoriality in the EU;130
5.1.3; III. Conflicts with the single market;132
5.1.4; IV. The Principle of territoriality applied to copyright protected works;134
5.1.4.1; 1. Basic EU exhaustion;134
5.1.4.2; 2. Regional and international exhaustion;139
5.1.4.2.1; a. Regional exhaustion in the EU – legislative certainty;140
5.1.4.2.2; b. International exhaustion in the US – an upset;141
5.1.4.3; 3. Territoriality applied to digital works;142
5.1.5; V. Exhaustion of digital content in the EU;145
5.1.5.1; 1. Classifying digital content;146
5.1.5.2; 2. Distinguishing goods from services;147
5.1.5.3; 3. Exhausting digital content;149
5.1.5.4; 4. FAPL/Murphy – can services be exhausted?;150
5.1.5.4.1; a. Exhaustion and services;153
5.1.5.4.2; b. Exhaustion and communication to the public;155
5.1.5.5; 5. UsedSoft v. Oracle – software downloads lead to exhaustion;157
5.1.5.5.1; a. The Opinion of AG Bot;158
5.1.5.5.2; b. The Judgment of the Court;165
5.1.5.5.3; c. The post-UsedSoft excitement;167
5.1.5.6; 6. Beyond UsedSoft – exhaustion and other types of digital content?;168
5.1.5.6.1; a. Germany – resale denied;169
5.1.5.6.2; b. The Netherlands – a waiting game;175
5.1.5.6.3; c. German-Dutch disagreements;181
5.1.5.7; 7. The uncertain future of digital exhaustion in the EU;182
5.1.5.7.1; a. Application of exhaustion to digital content;183
5.1.5.7.2; b. Functional equivalence of tangible and digital works;184
5.1.5.7.3; c. Market impact;186
5.1.5.8; 8. Interpretative accommodation of exhaustion under the InfoSoc Directive;188
5.1.5.8.1; a. Is exhaustion applicable to services?;188
5.1.5.8.2; b. Necessary reproductions;191
5.1.5.8.3; c. Preventing piracy;193
5.1.6; VI. Different continent, same problem: the US;194
5.1.6.1; 1. Infringements;195
5.1.6.2; 2. Defenses;196
5.1.6.3; 3. ReDigi’s consequences – in comparison;198
5.1.6.3.1; a. Sale v. license (goods v. services?);199
5.1.6.3.2; b. Moving files through time and space;200
5.1.6.3.3; c. Flexibilities;202
5.1.7; VII. Coping with territoriality;204
5.1.7.1; 1. Territoriality is there to stay;205
5.1.7.2; 2. Exhaustion off-balance;207
5.1.7.2.1; a. Physical goods;207
5.1.7.2.2; b. Digital files;208
5.1.7.2.3; c. It is services, not sales!;211
5.1.7.3; 3. Coping with territoriality, and (maybe) rebalancing exhaustion;214
5.1.7.4; 4. Is territoriality upsetting the digital common market?;215
5.1.7.4.1; a. The ‘secondary’ market;215
5.1.7.4.2; b. The ‘primary’ market – establishment and collisions;217
5.1.8; VIII. Striking the balance;218
5.1.8.1; 1. Striking the balance for rightsholders;219
5.1.8.2; 2. Striking the balance for users;220
5.1.8.3; 3. Rebalancing exhaustion;222
5.1.8.3.1; a. Value for money;223
5.1.8.3.2; b. Distribution of risk;225
5.1.8.3.3; c. Ownership permits resale;225
5.1.9; IX. The future of territoriality and exhaustion;227
5.2; B. (Digital) Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright;231
5.2.1; I. Limitations and exceptions as part of the copyright system;233
5.2.1.1; 1. The consent barrier;233
5.2.1.2; 2. The different roles of L&Es;235
5.2.1.3; 3. L&Es in current EU copyright policy;236
5.2.2; II. L&Es in the EU copyright system;238
5.2.2.1; 1. The L&Es of the InfoSoc Directive;242
5.2.2.2; 2. The exhaustive list of Article 5 InfoSoc;244
5.2.2.3; 3. The dominance of exclusive rights;245
5.2.2.4; 4. The narrow scope of L&Es;246
5.2.2.4.1; a. Narrow interpretation of L&Es;247
5.2.2.4.2; b. A turn of the tide;249
5.2.3; III. Categories of L&Es for digital uses – Content and processes;254
5.2.3.1; 1. Fundamental rights;257
5.2.3.2; 2. Commercial vs. non-commercial uses;260
5.2.3.3; 3. User-generated content;262
5.2.3.4; 4. Copy-reliant technologies;265
5.2.3.5; 5. Technological processes – facilitating the Internet;270
5.2.4; IV. Adapting L&Es for digital uses;272
5.2.4.1; 1. Extension of L&Es;273
5.2.4.1.1; a. Creating a dangerous precedent;273
5.2.4.1.2; b. Expected repetitions;274
5.2.4.1.3; c. Continuing inflexibility and uncertainty;274
5.2.4.1.4; d. The uncertainties of implementation;275
5.2.4.2; 2. Altered interpretation;276
5.2.4.2.1; a. Wide interpretation;277
5.2.4.2.2; b. Extension by analogy;279
5.2.4.2.3; c. Limits of non-restrictive interpretation;282
5.2.4.3; 3. The three-step test;283
5.2.4.3.1; a. Origins of a ‘flexible’ norm;284
5.2.4.3.2; b. The three-step test in EU copyright;287
5.2.4.3.3; c. The untapped potential of the three-step test – making the test work;293
5.2.4.3.3.1; i. Application by the judiciary;294
5.2.4.3.3.2; ii. Each step revisited;295
5.2.4.3.3.3; iii. Order of interpretation;305
5.2.4.3.4; d. Limitations of the three-step test;310
5.2.4.3.5; e. Making the test work;312
5.2.4.4; 4. Adopting fair use;315
5.2.4.4.1; a. Advantages and disadvantages of fair use;319
5.2.4.4.2; b. Is fair use really that flexible?;322
5.2.4.4.3; c. Limitations of fair use;325
5.2.4.4.4; d. Implanting fair use;326
5.2.4.5; 5. Including an open norm;330
5.2.5; V. Revising L&Es for digital uses;331
5.2.5.1; 1. The locus of an open norm;334
5.2.5.2; 2. The notion of an open norm;335
5.2.5.3; 3. An inspired open norm;337
5.2.5.3.1; a. Fundamental rights and technological developments – shifting standards;341
5.2.5.3.2; b. Abandoning restrictive interpretation;342
5.2.5.3.3; c. Compatibility with the three-step test;343
5.2.5.4; 4. Introducing technological neutrality;344
5.2.5.5; 5. Addressing rightsholder concerns;346
5.2.5.5.1; a. Economic interests;347
5.2.5.5.2; b. Non-economic interests;350
5.2.5.5.3; c. Limiting contractual freedom;351
5.2.5.6; 6. What future for L&Es?;353
5.2.5.6.1; a. Ideally!;354
5.2.5.6.2; b. Realistically?;355
5.2.5.6.3; c. Critically;356
5.3; C. Technological Protection Measures (TPMs);360
5.3.1; I. TPMs in modern copyright law;363
5.3.1.1; 1. The ratio of TPMs;364
5.3.1.2; 2. The relevance of TPMS;365
5.3.1.2.1; a. Control over content;366
5.3.1.2.2; b. Trust and security;367
5.3.2; II. Legal protection of TPMs;369
5.3.2.1; 1. Legislation on TPMs;369
5.3.2.2; 2. Interpretation of Article 6 InfoSoc Directive;372
5.3.2.2.1; a. TPMs and fair remuneration;374
5.3.2.2.2; b. TPMs and control;376
5.3.3; III. Claiming access – circumventing TPMs;378
5.3.3.1; 1. Mod-chips and consoles;379
5.3.3.2; 2. Breaking files and access-controls;382
5.3.3.3; 3. Excluding ‘lawful circumvention’;383
5.3.3.3.1; a. Digital exception;384
5.3.3.3.2; b. Exclusion by contract;388
5.3.3.4; 4. Uncertainties and the territorial dimension;389
5.3.4; IV. Disabling legal uses;390
5.3.4.1; 1. Over-employment;391
5.3.4.2; 2. Technological limits;392
5.3.5; V. Protecting rights – protecting use(r)s;393
5.3.5.1; 1. The ability to enable;394
5.3.5.2; 2. The ability to protect interests;395
5.3.5.2.1; a. Property rights;395
5.3.5.2.2; b. Fundamental rights;395
5.3.5.2.3; c. Rebalanced TPMs;400
5.3.6; VI. Do TPMs need reform?;401
5.3.6.1; 1. TPMs protect business models;403
5.3.6.2; 2. Clarification of the relation between TPMs and L&Es;404
5.3.6.2.1; a. Primacy of L&Es over TPMs;406
5.3.6.2.2; b. Removal of effective obstacles;408
5.3.6.2.3; c. Increased efficiency;408
5.3.6.3; 3. Technological measures in the digital market;409
5.3.6.3.1; a. Steps in the right direction;410
5.3.6.3.2; b. Legislative tasks;411
5.4; D. Collective Copyright Management;414
5.4.1; I. Collective management in a nutshell;416
5.4.1.1; 1. Collective rights management in a historical perspective;417
5.4.1.2; 2. Systematic territoriality;418
5.4.1.3; 3. Collective management in the copyright acquis;420
5.4.2; II. Collective copyright management in multi-territorial digital markets;421
5.4.2.1; 1. Legal responses to economic solutions in the EU;423
5.4.2.1.1; a. IFPI Simulcasting: exception for concerted practices;423
5.4.2.1.2; b. CISAC: a crackdown on segmented markets;425
5.4.2.1.3; c. Impetus for anti-territorial legislation;427
5.4.2.2; 2. The early cross-sectoral approach;428
5.4.2.2.1; a. The Parliament’s Resolution;428
5.4.2.2.2; b. The Commission’s reply;430
5.4.2.3; 3. Shifting licensing landscapes;432
5.4.2.3.1; a. Narrowed scope: online music services;434
5.4.2.3.2; b. Relations between CMOs, users and rightsholders;435
5.4.2.3.3; c. Abandoning territorial licensing;436
5.4.2.3.4; d. Split repertoires;437
5.4.2.3.5; e. No effective harmonization;439
5.4.2.4; 4. Collective management and multi-territorial licensing;441
5.4.2.4.1; a. Control of CMO activities;445
5.4.2.4.1.1; i. Options;445
5.4.2.4.1.2; ii. Policy choice;446
5.4.2.4.2; b. Multi-territorial licensing for musical works;447
5.4.2.4.2.1; i. Options;448
5.4.2.4.2.2; ii. Policy choice;449
5.4.2.4.3; c. The proposed Directive on Collective Management;450
5.4.2.4.3.1; i. Governance and transparency;451
5.4.2.4.3.2; ii. Multi-territorial licensing;454
5.4.2.4.4; d. Critique;457
5.4.2.4.5; e. The final Directive;460
5.4.2.4.5.1; i. Definition of CMO;461
5.4.2.4.5.2; ii. Governance and transparency;462
5.4.2.4.5.3; iii. Multi-territorial licensing;465
5.4.2.4.5.4; iv. Individualized exercise of exclusive online-rights;466
5.4.3; III. The future of multi-territoriality and modern digital distribution;468
5.4.3.1; 1. Unadopted solutions and their merits and shortcomings;469
5.4.3.1.1; a. Extended collective licensing;470
5.4.3.1.2; b. The country-of-origin principle;471
5.4.4; IV. Collective management in a digital environment;472
5.4.4.1; 1. Transversal issues;476
5.4.4.1.1; a. CMOs and copyright L&Es;476
5.4.4.1.2; b. CMOs and TPMs, complementing or replacing?;478
5.4.4.2; 2. The future of EU collective management;479
6; Chapter 4. Efficient and Balanced European Copyright for the Digital Single Market;485
6.1; A. Essential Pillars for a European Copyright System;486
6.1.1; I. Efficient copyright management;487
6.1.2; II. Defining the balance in copyright - “Guided Flexibility”;490
6.1.2.1; 1. Terminological injustice;493
6.1.2.2; 2. Defining the actors;494
6.1.2.2.1; a. Users;494
6.1.2.2.2; b. Intermediaries;496
6.1.2.3; 3. Finding the balance;497
6.1.2.3.1; a. The balance must be flexible;498
6.1.2.3.2; b. The balance must be based on principles;499
6.1.2.3.3; c. The balance must be fair;504
6.2; B. The Pieces and the Puzzle;506
6.3; C. Legislative options for the “Copyright Dilemma”;508
6.3.1; I. Update of the InfoSoc Directive;510
6.3.1.1; 1. Defining exclusive rights;512
6.3.1.2; 2. The Pandora’s Box of L&Es;514
6.3.1.3; 3. Complementary additions;515
6.3.2; II. European Copyright Code;515
6.3.2.1; 1. Advantages of coherent and directly applicable legislation;517
6.3.2.2; 2. Territoriality, again! The inefficiency of ‘mere’ harmonization;519
6.3.3; III. Unitary Copyright;520
6.3.3.1; 1. Scope of a unitary copyright title;524
6.3.3.1.1; a. Replacing national titles;525
6.3.3.1.2; b. Sectoral protection;525
6.3.3.1.3; c. Parallel existing titles or replacement of national copyrights;526
6.3.3.2; 2. An ‘elegant’ solution;528
6.3.3.3; 3. The perspective for a unitary copyright title;532
6.3.4; IV. One out of three?;532
6.3.4.1; 1. Urgent problems need quick responses;534
6.3.4.2; 2. A word on competence;535
6.4; D. Perspective;537
7; Summary;549
8; Table of Legislation and Cases;557
9; Bibliography;567

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