Joseph / Soorya / Thurm Autism Spectrum Disorder

1., 2015
ISBN: 978-1-61676-404-3
Verlag: Hogrefe Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 106 Seiten

Reihe: Advances in Psychotherapy - Evidence-Based Practice

Compact, authoritative guide to effective diagnosis and empirically supported treatments for autism spectrum disorder.

This latest addition to the Advances in Psychotherapy–Evidence-Based Practice series is a straightforward yet authoritative guide to effective diagnosis and empirically
supported treatments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The book starts by reviewing DSM-5 and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria, current theories and models, and prevalence rates for ASD and related neurodevelopmental disorders. It explains the differences between the disorders and changes in criteria and names (such as Asperger’s syndrome, childhood and atypical autism, pervasive developmental disorder, Rett’s syndrome) over time. It then provides clear guidance on evaluation of ASD and comorbidities, with practical outlines and examples to guide practice.
The core of the book that follows is a clear description of current interventions and their empirical support, including psychosocial, pharmacological, educational,
social skills, and complementary/alternative treatments. Clinical vignettes and marginal notes highlighting the key points help make it an easy-to-use resource,
incorporating the latest scientific research, that is suitable for all mental health providers dealing with ASD.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Joseph, Lisa

Soorya, Latha V.

Soorya, Lathia V.

Thurm, Audrey

Fachgebiete

• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Autismus und Asperger-Syndrom
• Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Allgemeine Psychologie Differentielle Psychologie, Persönlichkeitspsychologie Psychologische Diagnostik, Testpsychologie
• Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Psychotherapie / Klinische Psychologie Psychopathologie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Autism Spectrum Disorder;1
1.1;Table of Contents;6
2;1 Description;8
3;2 Theories and Models of ASD;24
4;3 Diagnosis and Treatment Indications;29
5;4 Treatments for Core and AssociatedSymptoms of ASD;48
6;5 Further Reading;90
7;6 References;91
8;7 Appendix: Tools and Resources;104

Leseproben

2 Theories and Models of ASD (p. 17-18)

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5; APA, 2013), ASD is characterized as a neurodevelopmental disorder, indicating that the behavioral symptoms, manifestations, and indicators of the disorder are neurological and developmental in origin. Categorization as a disorder described as neurodevelopmental reflects current thinking from the vast research that has been conducted in the last 4 decades regarding the etiology of the disorder. In the past, beginning in the 1940s, psychiatric, psychoanalytic, and biological models have all been used to describe ASD.

2.1 Early Theories and Models of ASD

2.1.1 Leo Kanner

The behavioral symptoms of ASD were first described by the Austrian psychiatrist Leo Kanner. In 1943, Kanner used the terminology autistic disturbances of affective contact to describe the behaviors he observed in 11 pediatric patients. Kanner noted that the disorder was probably present from birth, and was marked most prominently by social impairment, which he postulated was the symptom that most distinguished autism from other disorders. This social impairment was present along with communication impairment and the presence of repetitive behaviors.

Social impairment, or “autistic aloneness,” was defined as a desire to be alone, detachment from others, and an inability to relate to others. Parents had reported that this symptom was present in early development, as the children he described did not use anticipatory gestures to be picked up, nor did they nestle when held. Impairment in the communicative use of language was also noted in this cohort. Kanner later summarized that 3 of the 11 children did not develop language, and 8 had articulation difficulties, pronominal reversal, echolalia, and stereotyped language (Kanner & Eisenberg, 1955). The symptoms of restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests were defined as desire for sameness, ritualistic behaviors, always following “the same prescribed course,” and using exactly the same language and actions, repetitive play with objects, including spinning objects, and a “fascination” with objects. Around the same time that Kanner was observing these symptoms in his patients, the Viennese physician Hans Asperger noted similar symptoms in a group of male children in Germany. He reported the presence of social interaction deficits and stereotyped behaviors, which he termed “autism,” but noted that in this (Asperger & Frith, 1991). As the conceptualization of ASD expanded, it was the absence of communicative and cognitive impairments that differentiated Asperger’s disorder from autism.

2.1.2 Psychoanalytical Perspective

Although Kanner believed that biological factors might be responsible for autism, he also believed that parenting practices played a part in the development of this disorder, describing the parents of his patients as aloof and cold, and noting that these parents had obsessive tendencies. As has since been noted (Baker, 2010), this claim slowed any understanding of the disorder and damaged both children and families. In 1967, psychologist Bruno Bettelheim described mothers of children with ASD as “refrigerator mothers”; by withholding affection from their children, these mothers caused autism (Bettelheim, 1967). Deficits in parenting skills were also highlighted as the cause of autism in several other studies, with difficulties ranging from communication skills to the structure of the home environment (Behrens & Goldfarb, 1958; Clerk, 1961). Fortunately, these theories were not supported by studies; clinical observations demonstrated no differences in the parenting skills and
parental warmth of parents of children with ASD and non-ASD controls (e.g., Cox, Rutter, Newman, & Bartak, 1975).