Jenner / Biggio Neurosteroids and Brain Function

1. Auflage 2001
ISBN: 978-0-08-054423-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 46, 208 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: International Review of Neurobiology

International Review of Neurobiology, Volume 46 presents in-depth reviews on such ground-breaking topics as assembly and intracellular trafficking of GABA A receptors, D-1 dopamine receptors, and Alzheimer's disease. This series offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date information available and is a must for anyone in the field. - Includes a historical overview of neurosteroid research - Contains a chapter on neurosteroid biosynthesis and regulation - Presents current methods of neurosteroid measurement and analysis - Discusses neurosteroid function in both the normal and the pathological brain - Chapters address the function of neurosteroid in: Stress, Receptor plasticity and function, Learning and Memory, Alcohol use, Depression

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jenner, Peter

Biggio, Giovanni

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Contents;6
3;Contributors;14
4;Preface;18
5;Chapter 1. Neurosteroids: Beginning of the Story;22
5.1;I. Introduction;23
5.2;II. Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Neurosteroids: Related Behavioral Effects;28
5.3;III. Receptors and Related Activities of Neurosteroids;34
5.4;IV. Conclusions;46
5.5;References;47
6;Chapter 2. Biosynthesis of Neurosteroids and Regulation of Their Synthesis;54
6.1;I. What Is a Neurosteroid?;55
6.2;II. Enzymes Involved in Neurosteroidogenesis: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology;56
6.3;III. Enzymes Involved in Neurosteroidogenesis: Distribution in the Brain and Developmental Regulation;70
6.4;IV. Regulation of Neurosteroidogenic Enzymes;82
6.5;V. Conclusions;86
6.6;References;87
7;Chapter 3. Neurosteroid 7-Hydroxylation Products in the Brain;100
7.1;I. Neurosteroid Metabolism in the Brain;100
7.2;II. 7a-Hydroxylation Studies in the Brain;102
7.3;III. 7ß-Hydroxylation Studies in the Brain;104
7.4;IV. 7a-Hydroxy-DHEA and 7ß-Hydroxy-DHEA as Native Anti-glucocorticoids;105
7.5;V. The Brain and Other Organs;109
7.6;VI. Sex Steroid Metabolism in the Brain;111
7.7;VII. Conclusions;113
7.8;References;113
8;Chapter 4. Neurosteroid Analysis;118
8.1;I. Introduction;119
8.2;II. Analysis of Neurosteroids by Radioimmunoassay;120
8.3;III. Analysis of Neurosteroids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry;120
8.4;IV. Analysis of Unconjugated Neurosteroids by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry;121
8.5;V. Derivatization of Neurosteroids;124
8.6;VI. Gas Chromatography Columns for Separation of Neurosteroid Derivatives;127
8.7;VII. Isotopic Dilution for Quantitative Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry;128
8.8;VIII. Data Acquisition Modes in Mass Spectrometry;128
8.9;IX. Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry;129
8.10;X. Analysis of Neurosteroid Sulfates by Mass Spectrometry;129
8.11;XI. Analysis of Sulfated Steroids by Soft Ionization Mass Spectrometry;130
8.12;XII. Analysis of Steroid Sulfates by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization/Mass Spectrometry;132
8.13;XIII. Thermospray Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry;132
8.14;XIV. Future Analysis of Neurosteroid Sulfates;132
8.15;XV. Conclusions;133
8.16;References;133
9;Chapter 5. Role of the Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor in Adrenal and Brain Steroidogenesis;138
9.1;I. Introduction;139
9.2;II. Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor;139
9.3;III. Structure of the PBR Complex;141
9.4;IV. Role of the PBR in Steroidogenesis;145
9.5;V. The PBR in Adrenal Steroid Biosynthesis;149
9.6;VI. Role of the PBR in Brain Neurosteroid Biosynthesis;152
9.7;VII. Role of the PBR in Pathology;155
9.8;VIII. Other Proteins Involved in the Acute Regulation of Steroidogenesis;156
9.9;IX. Conclusions;158
9.10;References;158
10;Chapter 6. Formation and Effects of Neuroactive Steroids in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System;166
10.1;I. Introduction;167
10.2;II. 5a-Reductase and 3a-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase System;167
10.3;III. Effect of Glial–Neuronal Interactions on the Formation of Neuroactive Steroids;174
10.4;IV. Effects of Neuroactive Steroids on Glial Cells of the Central Nervous System;176
10.5;V. Formation of Neuroactive Steroids in the Peripheral Nervous System;182
10.6;VI. Effects of Neuroactive Steroids on the Peripheral Nervous System;183
10.7;VII. Conclusions;191
10.8;References;191
11;Chapter 7. Neurosteroid Modulation of Recombinant and Synaptic GABAA Receptors;198
11.1;I. Introduction;199
11.2;II. Transmitter-Gated Ion Channels and Neurosteroid Selectivity;201
11.3;III. Influence of GABAA-Receptor Subunit Composition on Neurosteroid Action;206
11.4;IV. Mechanism of Neurosteroid Modulation of GABAA Receptors;209
11.5;V. Neurosteroid Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission;211
11.6;VI. Structure–Activity Relationships for Steroids at the GABAA Receptor;215
11.7;VII. Multiple Steroid Binding Sites on the GABAA Receptor;217
11.8;VIII. Conclusions;218
11.9;References;220
12;Chapter 8. GABAA-Receptor Plasticity during Long-Term Exposure to and Withdrawal from Progesterone;228
12.1;I. Introduction;229
12.2;II. Effects of Long-Term Exposure to PROG and GABAA-Receptor Gene Expression and Function in Vitro;230
12.3;III. Effects of PROG Withdrawal on GABAA-Receptor Gene Expression and Function in Vitro;237
12.4;IV. Effects of Long-Term Exposure to and Subsequent Withdrawal of PROG in Pseudo-pregnancy;239
12.5;V. Effects of Long-Term Exposure to and Subsequent Withdrawal of PROG in Pregnancy;241
12.6;VI. Oral Contraceptives and GABAA-Receptor Plasticity;252
12.7;VII. Mechanism of the Effect of Long-Term PROG Exposure on GABAA-Receptor Plasticity;255
12.8;VIII. Conclusions;256
12.9;References;256
13;Chapter 9. Stress and Neuroactive Steroids;264
13.1;I. Stress and GABAA Receptors;265
13.2;II. Effect of Stress on Brain Concentrations of Neuroactive Steroids;267
13.3;III. Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Stress-Induced Changes in Brain Neurosteroid Concentrations;282
13.4;IV. Conclusions;284
13.5;References;285
14;Chapter 10. Neurosteroids in Learning and Memory Processes;294
14.1;I. Introduction;295
14.2;II. Learning and Memory Processes and Animal Models;296
14.3;III. Pharmacological Effects of Neurosteroids;301
14.4;IV. Mechanisms of Action;313
14.5;V. Physiological Significance;322
14.6;VI. Conclusions and Future Perspectives;330
14.7;References;333
15;Chapter 11. Neurosteroids and Behavior;342
15.1;I. Introduction;342
15.2;II. Anxiety and Stress;343
15.3;III. Cognition;349
15.4;IV. Aggression;354
15.5;V. Sleep, Feeding, and Reinforcement;356
15.6;VI. Discriminative Stimulus Effects;358
15.7;References;363
16;Chapter 12. Ethanol and Neurosteroid Interactions in the Brain;370
16.1;I. Introduction;370
16.2;II. Role of 3a,5a-TH PROG in Ethanol Action;372
16.3;III. Role of Neurosteroids in Alcohol Reinforcement;380
16.4;IV. Role of Neurosteroids in Ethanol Tolerance;382
16.5;V. Role of Neurosteroids in Ethanol Dependence;385
16.6;VI. Conclusions and Future Directions;390
16.7;References;390
17;Chapter 13. Preclinical Development of Neurosteroids as Neuroprotective Agents for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases;400
17.1;I. Neurosteroids and the Brain;401
17.2;II. Synthesis of Central Nervous System Neurosteroids;401
17.3;III. Receptor Signaling Pathways;402
17.4;IV. Neurosteroids and Central Nervous System Plasticity;405
17.5;V. Neurosteroids and Neuroprotection;405
17.6;VI. Conclusions;412
17.7;References;412
18;Chapter 14. Clinical Implications of Circulating Neurosteroids;420
18.1;I. Introduction;420
18.2;II. Changes and Possible Role of Neurosteroids in Humans;423
18.3;References;435
19;Chapter 15. Neuroactive Steroids and Central Nervous System Disorders;442
19.1;I. Neuroactive Steroids and the Central Nervous System;443
19.2;II. Concentrations of Neuroactive Steroids in the Brain;446
19.3;III. Sensory–Motor and Cognitive Function;449
19.4;IV. Estrogen and Alzheimer’s Disease;450
19.5;V. Neuroactive Steroids and Menstrual-Cycle-Linked Mood Changes;451
19.6;VI. Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives;456
19.7;VII. Neuroactive Steroids and Menopause;457
19.8;VIII. Side Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy;460
19.9;IX. Neuroactive Steroids and Epilepsy;462
19.10;References;469
20;Chapter 16. Neuroactive Steroids in Neuropsychopharmacology;482
20.1;I. Introduction;483
20.2;II. Sources and Biosynthesis of Neuroactive Steroids;484
20.3;III. Steroid Modulation of GABAA Receptors;486
20.4;IV. Steroid Modulation of Other Neurotransmitter Receptors;487
20.5;V. A Putative Specific Steroid-Binding Site on Ligand-Gated Ion Channels;489
20.6;VI. Genomic Effects of Neuroactive Steroids;490
20.7;VII. Neuropsychopharmacological Properties of Neuroactive Steroids;491
20.8;VIII. Modulation of Endogenous Neuroactive Steroids as a Pharmacological Principle;492
20.9;IX. Outlook;493
20.10;References;495
21;Chapter 17. Current Perspectives on the Role of Neurosteroids in PMS and Depression;500
21.1;I. Introduction;500
21.2;II. Premenstrual Syndrome or Premenstrual (Late Luteal) Dysphoric Disorder;501
21.3;III. Allopregnanolone and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder;502
21.4;IV. Biosynthesis of Allopregnanolone;504
21.5;V. SSRIs in the Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Modulation of Neurosteroid Levels;506
21.6;VI. SSRIs, Neurosteroids, and Depression;508
21.7;VII. Conclusions;510
21.8;References;510
22;Index;514