Hyde / Jones / Pang Freshwater Fungi

and Fungal-like Organisms
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-3-11-033348-0
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 510 Seiten

Reihe: Marine and Freshwater Botany

The available literature on freshwater fungi is limited. Over the subsequent years a considerable volume of scientific papers have appeared scattered throughout numerous journals. There is therefore no recent synthesis of the subject and this is the objective of the proposed book. Freshwater habitats are rich in fungi with some 3,000 described species, most of papers focussing on their identification, substrata they grow on and world distribution. However, these fungi play an important role in the freshwater ecosystem, and are primarily involved in the breakdown of leaf litter contributing food for detritus feeders. Our book will bring together a wide range of acclaimed mycologists to review recent developments on the biology and ecology of freshwater fungi, particularly their molecular phylogeny, biodiversity, causative diseases of freshwater amphibians, fishes and invertebrate animals, decomposition of leaf litter, stream pollution and their potential role in bioremediation.

Zielgruppe

Researchers in mycology, freshwater ecosystem, microbiology

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hyde, Kevin D

Jones, E. B. Gareth

Pang, Ka-Lai

Fachgebiete

• Naturwissenschaften Biowissenschaften Hydrobiologie
• Naturwissenschaften Biowissenschaften Botanik Mykologie, Pilze
• Naturwissenschaften Biowissenschaften Mikrobiologie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;List of contributing authors;17
2.1;1 Introduction;23
2.1.1;1.1 Origin of freshwater fungi and fungal-like organisms;26
2.1.2;1.2 Classification of freshwater fungi;27
2.1.3;1.3 Estimated number of freshwater fungi;28
2.1.4;1.4 World distribution;30
2.1.5;1.5 Endophytic fungi;30
2.1.6;1.6 Predacious fungi;31
2.1.7;1.7 Bioactive compounds;32
2.1.8;1.8 Barcoding of freshwater fungi;34
2.1.9;1.9 One name one fungus ruling;35
2.1.10;1.10 Role of fungi in freshwater habitats;36
2.1.11;1.11 Objectives and outline of the volume;37
2.1.12;1.12 Phylogeny of true freshwater fungi;37
2.1.13;1.13 Phylogeny of fungus-like organisms;37
2.1.14;1.14 Biodiversity of freshwater fungi and fungus-like organisms;38
2.1.15;1.15 Ecology;38
2.1.16;Acknowledgments;38
2.1.17;References;39
3;Phylogeny of freshwater fungi;45
3.1;2 Phylogeny of the Dothideomycetes and other classes of freshwater fissitunicate Ascomycota;47
3.1.1;2.1 Introduction;47
3.1.2;2.2 Geographical distribution patterns;48
3.1.3;2.3 Substrate distribution patterns;48
3.1.4;2.4 Morphological adaptations;48
3.1.5;2.5 Systematics;50
3.1.5.1;2.5.1 General introduction;50
3.1.5.2;2.5.2 Current phylogenetic placement based on molecular systematics;54
3.1.5.2.1;2.5.2.1 Dothideomycetes-Pleosporomycetidae-Pleosporales;54
3.1.5.2.2;2.5.2.2 Pleosporales incertae sedis;58
3.1.5.3;2.5.3 Zopfiaceae, Dothideomycetes, family incertae sedis;60
3.1.5.4;2.5.4 Dothideomycetes incertae sedis;60
3.1.5.4.1;2.5.4.1 Jahnulales;60
3.1.5.4.2;2.5.4.2 Natipusillales;61
3.1.5.4.3;2.5.4.3 Minutisphaera clade;61
3.1.5.4.4;2.5.4.4 Freshwater asexual morphs with affinities to Dothideomycetes;61
3.1.6;2.6 Conclusions;62
3.1.7;Acknowledgments;62
3.1.8;References;62
3.2;3 The molecular phylogeny of freshwater Sordariomycetes and discomycetes;69
3.2.1;3.1 Introduction;69
3.2.2;3.2 Materials and methods;70
3.2.2.1;3.2.1 Taxon sampling;70
3.2.2.2;3.2.2 Phylogenetic analysis;70
3.2.3;3.3 Discussion;70
3.2.3.1;3.3.1 Sordariomycetidae;78
3.2.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Annulatascaceae;78
3.2.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 Magnaporthales;82
3.2.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 Calosphaeriales;82
3.2.3.1.4;3.3.1.4 Coniochaetales;83
3.2.3.1.5;3.3.1.5 Diaporthales;83
3.2.3.1.6;3.3.1.6 Sordariales;83
3.2.3.2;3.3.2 Sordariomycetidae incertae sedis;84
3.2.3.3;3.3.3 Hypocreomycetidae;84
3.2.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 Savoryellales;84
3.2.3.3.2;3.3.3.2 Microascales;85
3.2.3.3.3;3.3.3.3 Hypocreales;85
3.2.3.4;3.3.4 Xylariomycetidae;86
3.2.3.4.1;3.3.4.1 Xylariales;86
3.2.3.4.2;3.3.4.2 Phyllachorales;86
3.2.3.4.3;3.3.4.3 Trichosphaeriales;86
3.2.3.5;3.3.5 Discomycetes;86
3.2.3.5.1;3.3.5.1 Helotiales;86
3.2.3.5.2;3.3.5.2 Pezizales;87
3.2.3.5.3;3.3.5.3 Rhytismatales;88
3.2.4;3.4 Concluding remarks;88
3.2.5;Acknowledgments;88
3.2.6;References;89
3.3;4 Freshwater Basidiomycota £;95
3.3.1;4.1 Group 1 freshwater yeasts;104
3.3.1.1;4.1.1 Agaricomycotina;105
3.3.1.1.1;4.1.1.1 Tremellomycetes;105
3.3.1.2;4.1.2 Pucciniomycotina;107
3.3.1.2.1;4.1.2.1 Cystobasidiomycetes;107
3.3.1.2.2;4.1.2.2 Microbotryomycetes;107
3.3.1.2.3;4.1.2.3 Microbotryomycetes Incertae sedis;108
3.3.1.3;4.1.3 Ustilaginomycotina;109
3.3.1.3.1;4.1.3.1 Ustilaginomycetes;109
3.3.2;4.2 Group 2 filamentous fungi;109
3.3.2.1;4.2.1 Agaricomycotina;109
3.3.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 Agaricomycetes;109
3.3.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 Exobasidiomycetes;114
3.3.2.1.3;4.2.1.3 Tremellomycetes;114
3.3.2.2;4.2.2 Pucciniomycotina;114
3.3.2.2.1;4.2.2.1 Atractiellomycetes;114
3.3.2.2.2;4.2.2.2 Classiculomycetes;115
3.3.2.2.3;4.2.2.3 Microbotryomycetes;116
3.3.2.3;4.2.3 Ustilaginomycotina;117
3.3.2.3.1;4.2.3.1 Ustilaginomycetes;117
3.3.2.3.2;Basidiomycota—incertae sedis;117
3.3.3;4.3 Group 3 endophytes;121
3.3.4;4.4 Adaptation to freshwater habitats;121
3.3.5;Acknowledgments;122
3.3.6;References;122
3.4;5 Taxonomy of filamentous asexual fungi from freshwater habitats, links to sexual morphs and their phylogeny;131
3.4.1;5.1 Introduction;131
3.4.2;5.2 Morphological taxonomy;132
3.4.2.1;5.2.1 Hyphomycetes;132
3.4.2.2;5.2.2 Coelomycetes;134
3.4.2.3;5.2.3 Asexual-sexual connections;134
3.4.3;5.3 Phylogeny;135
3.4.3.1;5.3.1 Dothideomycetes;136
3.4.3.1.1;5.3.1.1 Capnodiales;136
3.4.3.1.2;5.3.1.2 Dothideales;136
3.4.3.1.3;5.3.1.3 Hysteriales;139
3.4.3.1.4;5.3.1.4 Jahnulales;139
3.4.3.1.5;5.3.1.5 Mytilinidiales;139
3.4.3.1.6;5.3.1.6 Pleosporales;139
3.4.3.1.7;5.3.1.7 Tubeufiales;140
3.4.3.2;5.3.2 Leotiomycetes;141
3.4.3.3;5.3.3 Orbiliomycetes;142
3.4.3.3.1;5.3.3.1 Orbiliales;142
3.4.3.4;5.3.4 Sordariomycetes;142
3.4.3.4.1;5.3.4.1 Glomerellales;145
3.4.3.4.2;5.3.4.2 Hypocreales;145
3.4.3.4.3;5.3.4.3 Sordariales;145
3.4.3.4.4;5.3.4.4 Savoryellales;146
3.4.4;5.4 Discussion;147
3.4.5;Acknowledgment;148
3.4.6;References;148
3.5;6 Phylogeny and characterization of freshwater Chytridiomycota (Chytridiomycetes and Monoblepharidomycetes);155
3.5.1;6.1 Introduction;155
3.5.2;6.2 Chytridiomycetes;160
3.5.2.1;6.2.1 Order 1. Chytridiales (Chytridiaceae, Chytriomycetaceae);160
3.5.2.2;6.2.2 Order 2. Spizellomycetales (Spizellomycetaceae, Powellomycetaceae);162
3.5.2.3;6.2.3 Order 3. Rhizophlyctidiales (Rhizophlyctidaceae, Sonoraphlyctidaceae, Arizonaphlyctidaceae, Borealophlyctidaceae);163
3.5.2.4;6.2.4 Order 4. Rhizophydiales (10 families described);163
3.5.2.5;6.2.5 Order 5. Lobulomycetales (Lobulomycetaceae);166
3.5.2.6;6.2.6 Order 6. Cladochytriales (Cladochytriaceae, Nowakowskiellaceae, Septochytriaceae, Endochytriaceae);166
3.5.2.7;6.2.7 Order 7. Polychytriales (no families described);168
3.5.3;6.3 Incertae sedis;169
3.5.4;6.4 Monoblepharidomycetes (Harpochytriales, Monoblepharidales, Hyaloraphidiales);170
3.5.5;Acknowledgments;170
3.5.6;References;170
4;Phylogeny of fungus-like organisms;177
4.1;7 Microsporidia;179
4.1.1;7.1 Ecology;182
4.1.2;7.2 Classification;184
4.1.3;7.3 Evolutionary origins;187
4.1.4;7.4 Cell structure and spore significance;188
4.1.5;7.5 Metabolism;189
4.1.6;7.6 Genome structure;190
4.1.7;7.7 Discussion and conclusion;190
4.1.8;7.8 Further research avenues;192
4.1.9;References;193
4.2;8 Phylogenetic relationships of Pythiales and Peronosporales (Oomycetes, Straminipila) within the “peronosporalean galaxy”;199
4.2.1;8.1 Introduction;199
4.2.2;8.2 The monophyly of Chromalveolata and the relationships between heterotrophic straminipile lineages;200
4.2.3;8.3 Major lineages within the Oomycetes: the “galaxies”;201
4.2.4;8.4 The “peronosporalean galaxy”: a marine origin?;201
4.2.5;8.5 Ecological and economical significance;202
4.2.6;8.6 The phylogeny of Pythiales and Peronosporales;203
4.2.6.1;8.6.1 Clade 1: Albuginales;207
4.2.6.2;8.6.2 Clade 2: Pythiales;207
4.2.6.2.1;8.6.2.1 Pythiogeton;208
4.2.6.2.2;8.6.2.2 Pythium, Lagenidium and Phytopythium;208
4.2.6.3;8.6.3 Clade 3: Peronosporales;209
4.2.6.3.1;8.6.3.1 Downy mildews;210
4.2.6.3.2;8.6.3.2 Phytophthora and Peronophythora;210
4.2.6.3.3;8.6.3.3 Halophytophthora and Salisapilia;212
4.2.7;8.7 Conclusions and future perspectives;214
4.2.8;Acknowledgments;216
4.2.9;References;216
5;Biodiversity of freshwater fungi;223
5.1;9 The ecological and economic importance of zoosporic Mesomycetozoean (Dermocystida) parasites of freshwater fish;225
5.1.1;9.1 Phylogeny;225
5.1.2;9.2 Life cycles;227
5.1.3;9.3 The zoospore;228
5.1.4;9.4 Symptoms of disease;229
5.1.5;9.5 Ecological and economic significance;231
5.1.6;9.6 Discussion and conclusion;233
5.1.7;Acknowledgment;234
5.1.8;References;234
5.2;10 I nfection strategies of pathogenic oomycetes in fish;239
5.2.1;10.1 Introduction;239
5.2.2;10.2 Taxonomy of oomycetes pathogenic to fish;243
5.2.3;10.3 Physical adaptation and strategy for infection: macroscopic infection, the face of infection on hosts;245
5.2.4;10.4 Oomycete zoospores, the first line of attack;246
5.2.5;10.5 Triggers for zoospore formation, waking up the beast;247
5.2.6;10.6 Encystment and germination, one step closer to infection;247
5.2.7;10.7 Repeated zoospore emergence, the back-up plan;249
5.2.8;10.8 Chemotactic response of zoospores, the specialization;250
5.2.9;10.9 Proteins and amino acids as substrates for growth;251
5.2.10;10.10 Sexual reproduction, seeing through the bad times;253
5.2.11;10.11 Molecular adaptation and strategy in setting infection: microscopic infection;253
5.2.12;10.12 Host responses to oomycete infections;255
5.2.13;10.13 The animal trade is responsible for the spread of pathogens into novel and wild ecosystems;256
5.2.14;10.14 Future perspectives;257
5.2.15;Acknowledgments;258
5.2.16;References;258
5.3;11 Zoosporic parasites of amphibians;267
5.3.1;11.1 Chytridiomycota;267
5.3.2;11.2 Mesomycetozoea;269
5.3.3;11.3 Oomycota (oomycetes or water moulds);272
5.3.4;11.4 Perkinsozoa;273
5.3.5;11.5 The Fisher concept of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs);274
5.3.6;11.6 Host switching by parasites;274
5.3.7;11.7 Genetic variation in parasite populations;276
5.3.8;11.8 Proteases;277
5.3.9;11.9 International animal trade;277
5.3.10;11.10 Discussion and conclusion;278
5.3.11;Acknowledgments;279
5.3.12;References;279
5.4;12 Pythiosis;285
5.4.1;12.1 History;285
5.4.2;12.2 Biology;285
5.4.3;12.3 Molecular typing;287
5.4.4;12.4 Epidemiology;288
5.4.5;12.5 Pathogenesis;288
5.4.6;12.6 Clinical features;289
5.4.6.1;12.6.1 Human pythiosis;289
5.4.6.2;12.6.2 Animal pythiosis;291
5.4.7;12.7 Diagnosis;291
5.4.8;12.8 Management;293
5.4.9;12.9 Research direction;294
5.4.10;Acknowledgment;295
5.4.11;References;296
5.5;13 Zoosporic parasites of phytoplankton;301
5.5.1;13.1 The main groups of zoosporic parasites and parasitoids of phytoplankton;302
5.5.1.1;13.1.1 Aphelidea;302
5.5.1.2;13.1.2 Chytridiomycota;305
5.5.1.3;13.1.3 Blastocladiomycota;315
5.5.2;13.2 Ancient interactions;316
5.5.3;13.3 Novel food webs;317
5.5.3.1;13.3.1 Vorticella communities attached to cyanobacterial filaments;317
5.5.3.2;13.3.2 Communities involving other protists;317
5.5.4;13.4 Host parasite dynamics;318
5.5.5;13.5 Conclusion;320
5.5.6;Acknowlegments;321
5.5.7;References;322
5.6;14 Zoosporic parasites of freshwater invertebrates;327
5.6.1;14.1 Parasites in the Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota;328
5.6.2;14.2 Parasites in the Oomycota;329
5.6.3;14.3 Parasites in the Mesomycetozoea;333
5.6.4;14.4 Parasites of crayfish;334
5.6.4.1;14.4.1 Crayfish plague;334
5.6.4.2;14.4.2 Psorospermium haekeli;335
5.6.5;14.5 Parasites of mosquitoes, blackflies and midges;335
5.6.5.1;14.5.1 Coelomomyces;336
5.6.5.2;14.5.2 Lagenidium giganteum;337
5.6.5.3;14.5.3 Pythium;338
5.6.5.4;14.5.4 Leptolegnia;338
5.6.5.5;14.5.5 Crypticola;338
5.6.5.6;14.5.6 Amoebidium and Paramoebidium;339
5.6.6;14.6 Parasites of Daphnia;339
5.6.7;14.7 Parasites of rotifers and nematodes;340
5.6.7.1;14.7.1 Sommerstorffia spinosa;342
5.6.7.2;14.7.2 Aquastella;343
5.6.8;14.8 Parasites of protozoans;343
5.6.9;14.9 Discussion;343
5.7;Acknowledgments;346
5.8;References;346
6;Ecology;353
6.1;15 Freshwater lichens;355
6.1.1;15.1 Ecology;358
6.1.1.1;15.1.1 Habitats and diversity of freshwater lichens;358
6.1.1.2;15.1.2 Collecting and identifying freshwater lichens;360
6.1.2;15.2 Physiological challenges for freshwater lichens;361
6.1.2.1;15.2.1 Water saturation and diffusion resistance;361
6.1.3;15.3 Freshwater lichens as a food source for other organisms;365
6.1.4;15.4 Biogeography of freshwater lichens;366
6.1.5;15.5 Zonation;367
6.1.6;15.6 Lichen trimlines;370
6.1.7;15.7 Freshwater lichen communities;371
6.1.8;15.8 Freshwater lichens as bioindicators;372
6.1.9;15.9 Water quality;373
6.1.10;15.10 Conservation;374
6.1.11;Acknowledgments;375
6.1.12;References;375
6.2;16 Aquatic Trichomycetes;381
6.2.1;16.1 Trichomycetes, an ecological group;381
6.2.2;16.2 Phylogenetic considerations;381
6.2.3;16.3 Distribution and success of Trichomycetes;386
6.2.4;16.4 Variations in symbiotic associations;387
6.2.5;16.5 Medical implications;389
6.2.6;Acknowledgments;390
6.2.7;References;390
6.3;17 Tropical peat swamp fungi with special reference to palms;393
6.3.1;17.1 Material and methods;395
6.3.1.1;17.1.1 Sample collection;395
6.3.2;17.2 Results;395
6.3.2.1;17.2.1 Abundance of fungi on four palms (Eleiodoxa conferta, Licuala longicalycata, Metroxylon sagu and Nenga pumila);395
6.3.2.1.1;17.2.1.1 Eleiodoxa conferta;401
6.3.2.1.2;17.2.1.2 Licuala longicalycata;402
6.3.2.1.3;17.2.1.3 Metroxylon sagu;402
6.3.2.1.4;17.2.1.4 Nenga pumila;402
6.3.2.2;17.2.2 Fungal diversity;403
6.3.2.3;17.2.3 Percentages overlap in fungal diversity between the four palms;404
6.3.3;17.3 Conclusion;405
6.3.4;Acknowledgments;407
6.3.5;References;408
6.4;18 Stream pollution and fungi;411
6.4.1;18.1 The importance of aquatic hyphomycetes in woodland streams;411
6.4.2;18.2 Effects of nutrient enrichment on stream fungi;413
6.4.3;18.3 Effects of heavy metals and acidification on stream fungi;416
6.4.4;18.4 Ecological and toxicological effects of engineered nanoparticles on stream fungi;417
6.4.5;18.5 Effects of organic xenobiotics on stream fungi;419
6.4.6;18.6 Effects of thermal pollution on stream fungi;420
6.4.7;18.7 Effects of the interaction among factors on stream fungi;425
6.4.8;18.8 Conclusions;426
6.4.9;Acknowledgments;426
6.4.10;References;427
6.5;19 Association of animals and fungi in leaf decomposition £;435
6.5.1;19.1 History;435
6.5.2;19.2 Effects of the leaf-fungus complex on invertebrate consumers;438
6.5.2.1;19.2.1 Nutritional value of mycelium vs. leaf substrate;438
6.5.2.2;19.2.2 Modifications of leaf substrate;439
6.5.2.3;19.2.3 Do invertebrates differ in their feeding strategies?;442
6.5.2.4;19.2.4 What factors ultimately determine food choice and feeding selectivity?;443
6.5.2.5;19.2.5 Stoichiometric considerations;445
6.5.2.6;19.2.6 Stimulation of fungi by invertebrate feeding;446
6.5.2.7;19.2.7 Anthropogenic changes;446
6.5.2.8;19.2.8 Research outside temperate regions;448
6.5.3;19.3 Effects of invertebrate consumers on the leaf-fungus complex;450
6.5.3.1;19.3.1 Invertebrate ingestion of conidia;451
6.5.3.2;19.3.2 Invertebrate ingestion of the leaf-fungus complex;451
6.5.4;19.4 Conclusions;453
6.5.5;Acknowledgments;454
6.5.6;References;454
6.6;20 Yeasts from extreme aquatic environments: hyperacidic freshwaters;465
6.6.1;20.1 Introduction;465
6.6.2;20.2 The River Agrio-Lake Caviahue acidic aquatic system;466
6.6.2.1;20.2.1 Yeast occurrence;467
6.6.2.2;20.2.2 Yeast diversity;468
6.6.3;20.3 Comparative yeast diversity study between RAC and the acidic environments of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB);473
6.6.4;20.4 Acidic rock drainage (ARD) yeasts ecoclade;476
6.6.5;20.5 Physiological aspects of acidophilic yeasts;478
6.6.6;20.6 Possible ecological roles of yeasts in acidic aquatic environments;479
6.6.7;20.7 Final remarks;480
6.6.8;Acknowledgments;481
6.6.9;References;482
6.7;21 Decomposition of wood in tropical habitats;487
6.7.1;21.1 Review of fungal diversity on wood in freshwater streams;488
6.7.2;21.2 Colonization of 15 timbers exposed at two locations in Thailand;489
6.7.2.1;21.2.1 Materials and methods;489
6.7.2.2;21.2.2 Results;490
6.7.2.3;21.2.3 Rate of decay of selected timbers at two contrasting freshwater ecosystems in Thailand;494
6.7.2.4;21.2.4 Discussion;495
6.7.2.4.1;21.2.4.1 Fungal community;495
6.7.2.4.2;21.2.4.2 Decay of wood in freshwater habitats;496
6.7.3;Acknowledgments;498
6.7.4;References;499
6.8;22 Epliogue;503
6.8.1;22.1 Introduction;503
6.8.2;22.2 Freshwater fungi;503
6.8.3;22.3 Freshwater fungus-like organisms;504
6.8.4;22.4 Knowledge gaps and future work in freshwater mycology;504
6.8.5;22.5 Conclusions;508
6.9;References;508
7;Index;511

Über Autor(innen)

Kevin D Hyde, Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand; E. B. Gareth Jones, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Ka-Lai Pang, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan (R.O.C.)