Hammes / Porta Experimental Approaches to Diabetic Retinopathy

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-8055-9276-5
Verlag: S. Karger
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 20, 242 Seiten

Reihe: Frontiers in Diabetes

This volume sets the stage for clinical experts working with diabetic patients as well as for researchers by describing the clinical presentations of retinopathy and their anatomical and functional correlates. It reviews currently available experimental models in animals. The impact of retinal pericytes, neuroglia and, specifically, Müller cells are discussed in detail. The volume addresses a variety of current scientific discussions about mechanisms of damage such as growth factors and the VEGF/PEDF balance in the diabetic eye, the ocular renin-angiotensin system, and leukocyte interactions with the microvasculature among others. Stem and progenitor cells in the retina are discussed as potential directions for future investigation. The final chapters return to emerging clinical aspects, including current approaches to retinopathy as a predictor of cardiovascular risk and how knowledge can be translated from bench to bedside.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hammes, H.-P.

Porta, M.

Weitere Mitwirkende

Porta, M.

Matschinsky, F.M.

Fachgebiete

• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Diabetologie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Endokrinologie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Kardiologie, Angiologie, Phlebologie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Augenheilkunde, Optometrie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Contents;6
3;Preface;8
4;Clinical Presentations and Pathological Correlates of Retinopathy;10
4.1;Abstract;10
4.2;Morphological Lesions;11
4.3;Pattern of Distribution of Retinopathy Lesions;23
4.4;Visual Impairment in Diabetic Retinopathy;25
4.5;Conclusions;25
4.6;References;26
5;Retinal Vascular Permeability in Health and Disease;29
5.1;Abstract;29
5.2;Physiology of the Retinal Vascular Network;30
5.3;Physiology of the Blood-Retinal Barrier;30
5.4;Molecular Biology of the Blood-Retinal Barrier;31
5.5;Pathophysiology of the Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown;33
5.6;Macular Edema;35
5.7;Assays for Studying the Permeability of the Blood-Retinal Barrier;35
5.8;Retinal Diseases Where the Blood-Retinal Barrier Is Impaired;37
5.9;Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown and Drug Delivery;41
5.10;Medical and Surgical Treatments for Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown;41
5.11;Conclusions;44
5.12;References;44
6;In vivo Models of Diabetic Retinopathy;51
6.1;Abstract;51
6.2;Early Stage of Diabetic Retinopathy, Histopathology;52
6.3;Animal Models of Diabetic Retinopathy;54
6.4;Neovascularization;63
6.5;Conclusions;63
6.6;References;64
7;Pericyte Loss in the Diabetic Retina;70
7.1;Abstract;70
7.2;Pericyte;70
7.3;Retinal Pericyte Function;76
7.4;Pericyte Loss in Diabetic Retinopathy;77
7.5;Mechanisms of Pericyte Loss;79
7.6;Conclusions;83
7.7;References;83
8;Neuroglia in the Diabetic Retina;88
8.1;Abstract;88
8.2;Microglial Cells;91
8.3;Astrocytes;91
8.4;Müller Cells;92
8.5;Conclusions;100
8.6;Acknowledgements;101
8.7;References;101
9;Regulatory and Pathogenic Roles of Müller Glial Cells in Retinal Neovascular Processes and Their Potential for Retinal Regeneration;107
9.1;Abstract;107
9.2;Role of Müller Glia in Inflammation and Angiogenesis;108
9.3;Control of Extracellular Matrix Deposition by Müller Cells;109
9.4;Neuroprotective Role of Müller Glia;110
9.5;Müller Glial Cells as a Source of Retinal Neurons in the Adult Eye;111
9.6;Potential Barriers for Stem Cell Transplantation to Regenerate Retinal Neurons in the Diabetic Retina;114
9.7;Potential of Müller Stem Cells for the Development of Human Therapies to Restore Retinal Function Damaged by Disease;114
9.8;References;115
10;Growth Factors in the Diabetic Eye;118
10.1;Abstract;118
10.2;Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor;120
10.3;Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1;125
10.4;Platelet-Derived Growth Factor;127
10.5;Fibroblast Growth Factor;128
10.6;Hepatocyte Growth Factor;128
10.7;Angiopoietins;129
10.8;Connective Tissue Factor;129
10.9;Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1;130
10.10;Concluding Remarks and Future ClinicalApplications;130
10.11;References;131
11;Balance between Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Diabetic Retinopathy;133
11.1;Abstract;133
11.2;VEGF and PEDF in the Eye;134
11.3;PEDF/VEGF in the Diabetic Retinopathy;135
11.4;VEGF/PEDF in Experimental Studies of Diabetic Retinopathy;138
11.5;Plasma PEDF Levels – Diabetes and Nephropathy;142
11.6;Anti-VEGF Therapy for Diabetic Retinopathy;146
11.7;References;147
12;The Renin-Angiotensin System in the Eye;151
12.1;Abstract;151
12.2;History of the Renin-Angiotensin System;151
12.3;The Circulating Renin-Angiotensin System;152
12.4;Tissue Renin-Angiotensin Systems;153
12.5;The Renin-Angiotensin System in the Eye;153
12.6;The Ocular Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetes;154
12.7;Molecular Mechanisms of Tissue Damage in Diabetes;157
12.8;The Retinal Renin-Angiotensin System and Diabetic Tissue Damage;158
12.9;Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetic Retinopathy;159
12.10;Conclusions;162
12.11;References;162
13;Interactions of Leukocytes with the Endothelium;167
13.1;Abstract;167
13.2;Multistep Process of Leukocyte Recruitment;167
13.3;Regulation of Leukocyte Integrin-Mediated Adhesion;169
13.4;Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration;171
13.5;Leukocyte-Endothelial Interactions in the Diabetic Retina;172
13.6;References;176
14;Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Retina;183
14.1;Abstract;183
14.2;Niches;183
14.3;Characteristics of a Stem Cell;184
14.4;Types of Stem and Precursor Cells;186
14.5;Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Participate in Normal Maintenance and Repair of the Endothelium;187
14.6;Methods for Studying Stem/Progenitor Cell Behavior;188
14.7;Factors Regulating Stem and Progenitor Cell Involvement in Angiogenesis;188
14.8;CD34+ and CD14+ Cells in Diabetes;191
14.9;Conclusion;195
14.10;References;196
15;Role of Pericytes in Vascular Biology;203
15.1;Abstract;203
15.2;Pericytes Are Cells with a Unique Position in the Microvascular Wall;203
15.3;Identification of Pericytes;204
15.4;Functions of Pericytes;205
15.5;Acknowledgements;209
15.6;References;210
16;Current Approaches to Retinopathy as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Risk;212
16.1;Abstract;212
16.2;Diabetic Retinopathy and Mortality;212
16.3;Diabetic Retinopathy and Cerebrovascular Disease;213
16.4;Diabetic Retinopathy and Heart Disease;215
16.5;Retinal Venules and Cardiovascular Disease;216
16.6;Pathogenic Links between Retinopathy and Cardiovascular Disease;217
16.7;Genetic Links between Retinopathy and Cardiovascular Disease;218
16.8;Implications;220
16.9;Conclusion;222
16.10;References;223
17;From Bedside to Bench and Back: Open Problems in Clinical and Basic Research;229
17.1;Abstract;229
17.2;References;235
18;Author Index;237
19;Subject Index;238
20;Back cover;242