Gutmann Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues in Organ Transplantation

1. Auflage 2004
ISBN: 978-3-89967-017-2
Verlag: Pabst Science Publishers
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 561 Seiten

Issues in organ replacement therapy represent a paradigm for ethics and questions of justice in mod-ern medicine. The book - based on the December 2002 Munich International Congress on Ethics of Organ Transplan-tation - delivers an overview of current worldwide achievements, analyses, controversies, and dilem-mas. It deals with the topics Equitable Allocation of Organs, Living Organ Donation around the World, Financial Incentives and Commerce in Organ Transplantation, Embryonic Stem Cell Biology / Cloning of Individuals, Genetic Engineering of Organs / Xenotransplantation, and Regenerative Medicine, which are intensely discussed among medical, ethical, and legal experts, and by the general public.The question is raised: How to define the acceptable? And is there a single universal set of ethical norms the everyone worldwide could and should accept?

Autoren/Hrsg.

Gutmann, Thomas

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Preface;14
3;I. Introduction;16
3.1;Is there a Universal System of Ethics or are Ethics Culture- Specific?;18
4;II. Equitable Allocation of Organs;32
4.1;Organ Allocation on the Basis of Medical Criteria: Current International Practices;34
4.2;The Misplaced Role of Urgency in Allocation of Persistently Scarce Life-Saving Organs;42
4.3;Allocation and Transplantation of “ Marginal” Donor Organs – Ethical and Legal Questions;50
4.4;Justice, Utility, and Organ Allocation;58
4.5;A Bonus-System for Previous or Declared Organ Donors, in Case they Need an Organ themselves;69
4.6;Organ Allocation and Justice: The Necessity of an Appropriate Ethical Analysis;80
4.7;Organ Procurement and Allocation: Ethics, Law and Practice in Different World Regions;90
4.8;Visceral Grafts – New Wine in Old Skins?;95
4.9;The High Risk Patient - A Conflict of Interest;100
4.10;”Why did I not Receive a Transplant?” - Allocation of Kidneys in the Nordic Countries;105
5;III. Living Organ Donation Around the World;118
5.1;Current Achievements in Living Donor Organ Transplantation: A Transplant Clinician’s Point of View;120
5.2;The Changing Spectrum of Risk/Benefit in Living Organ Donation: Is a Certain Rate of Expected Post Donation Donor Mortality ever Ethically Acceptable?;124
5.3;Kidney Donation by Altruistic Living Strangers;134
5.4;Transplant Clinicians as Moral Gatekeepers: Is this Role Simply one of Respecting the Autonomy of Persons?;144
5.5;Unrelated Living Organ Donation: Aspects from a Developing Country;150
5.6;The Regulatory Framework for Living Organ Donation: Legal Barriers or Legal Protection?;158
5.7;The Medical Rights of the Living Donor: Optimal Risk Information Before and Follow- up Afterwards;177
5.8;The Economic Rights of Living Donors – Optimal Insurance of Living Organ Donors – Whose Responsibility?;180
5.9;Financial Temptations for and against Live Organ Donation;183
5.10;Psychological Problems of Living Donors before and after Transplantation;191
5.11;Nondirected Kidney Donation at the University of Minnesota;196
5.12;Informed Consent for Living Anonymous Adult Donors: Truth or Dare;202
5.13;Living Anonymous Adult Donor Motives: Who Knows, who Cares, why Bother?;207
5.14;Live Organ Donation – Rights and Responsibilities;211
5.15;Ethical Dilemmas of Living Donors;215
5.16;Who Gives and Who Receives? Gender Issues in Living Organ Donation;223
5.17;A Proposal for Anonymous Living Organ Donation in Germany;232
5.18;Trend in Kidney Donation Among Relatives at a Tertiary Care Hospital – A 12 Year Experience;237
5.19;Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Adults: How Efficient is Recipient Screening and Donor Evaluation?;250
5.20;Live Japanese Liver Donors and their Quality of Life;253
5.21;Acceptability and Feasibility of Cross-Over Kidney Transplantation;256
6;IV. Compensation, Controlled Financial Incentives, and Commerce in Organ Transplantation;264
6.1;Human Organ Trafficking: Size of the Industry and Means of Regulation;266
6.2;The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales;273
6.3;Renal Transplantation in Iran: The Iranian Model;282
6.4;Buying and Selling Kidneys: Are we Failing our Patients?;289
6.5;No Payments for Organs;295
6.6;Money and Organ Procurement: Narratives from the Real World;299
6.7;Financial and other Incentives in Post- Mortem and Living Donor Organ Transplantation -- Which are Ethically Acceptable?;319
6.8;Financial Incentives to the True Donors of Deceased Organs;330
6.9;Organ Transplants: Saving Lives: Making the Case to Test Financial Incentives to Increase the Deceased Donor Supply;332
6.10;Without Legalized Living Unrelated Donor Renal Transplantation many Patients Die or Suffer – Is it Ethical?;338
6.11;The Principle of Reciprocity in Organ Allocation;343
7;V. Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Cloning of Individuals;350
7.1;Human Embryonic Stem Cells as a New Medical Therapeutic Tool;352
7.2;Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Nationalism, and Transplantation;358
7.3;Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: The Position of the Catholic Church;362
7.4;Regenerative Medicine: A Taxonomy for Addressing Ethical, Legal and Social Issues;369
7.5;The Regulation of Embryonic Stem Cell Research: A Few Observations on the International Scene;380
7.6;Research on Embryonic and Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells and Organ Donation: A Comparison of Acceptance Among Affected Groups;389
7.7;Embryonic Stem Cell Research: An Islamic Standpoint;392
7.8;Alternatives to Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research;401
8;VI. Genetic Engineering of Organs and Xenotransplantation;404
8.1;The Current State of Engineering Tissues and Organ Parts;406
8.2;Xenotransplantation – Ethical Problems;424
8.3;Ethics and Human Xenotransplantation;430
8.4;Ethical Problems Related to Further Clinical Experimentation on Xenotransplantation;439
8.5;Xenotransplantation: Psychological Aspects in Patients;447
9;VII. Attitudes Towards Organ Donation in Different Countries;456
9.1;The Islamic Basis of Certain Issues in Transplantation;458
9.2;Personal and Societal Choices about Living Donor Organ Donation;462
9.3;Limiting Factors of Cadaveric Organ Transplantation in Poland: Results of the Attitude Survey. Who is to Consent for Organ Procurement?;470
9.4;Why Organ Transplantation is Underdeveloped in Russia;480
9.5;Ethics, Law and Practice of Transplantation: Simultaneous vs. Consecutive Development;482
9.6;Awareness and Ethical Issues in Organ Transplantation;484
9.7;Ethical Issues Regarding Non-Heart-Beating- Donors ( NHBDs) for Renal Transplantation;496
9.8;The Use of Executed Prisoners’ Organs for Transplantation in China;501
10;VIII. Varia;506
10.1;Five Ethical Approaches – One Result;508
10.2;The Preoperative Evaluation of the Renal Transplant Recipient: The Social History ( A Case for the Aristotelian Paradigm?);514
10.3;Estimate of the Number of Potential Organ Donors in the City of São Paulo in Relation to the Picture of Organ Transplantation in Brazil;521
10.4;Transplantation for Patients with Down’s Syndrome;529
10.5;The Transplant Nurses Role in Ensuring Patients Receive Appropriate Information in Order to Mate Informed Consent when Receiving an NHBD Kidney;533
10.6;Genetic Research with Archived Tissue Samples of Deceased Persons: Ethical and Legal Issues;536
11;Congress Resolutions;548
12;Addresses of Corresponding Authors and Editors;551
13;Index of Authors;558