Green Coastal and Marine Geospatial Technologies

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4020-9720-1
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 13, 451 Seiten

Reihe: Coastal Systems and Continental Margins

In 2005 the CoastGIS symposium and exhibition was once again held in Aberdeen, Scotland, in the UK, the second time that we have had the privilege host this international event in the city of Aberdeen. This was the 6th International S- posium Computer Mapping and GIS for Coastal Zone Management, a collabo- tion between the International Cartographic Association's (ICA) Commission on Marine Cartography, and the International Geographical Union's (IGU) Comm- sion on Coastal Systems. The theme for 2005 was: De ning and Building a Marine and Coastal Spatial Data Infrastructure. As a major coastal event, the CoastGIS series of conferences always attracts an international audience of coastal researchers, managers, and pr- titioners who use one or more of the geospatial technologies (e. g. GIS, GPS, digital mapping, remote sensing, databases, and the Internet) in their work. The CoastGIS series is fundamentally an international event which over the years has gained a strong following attracting delegates from around the globe. Hosted by the University of Aberdeen - at the Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Centre (AECC) - once again CoastGIS 2005 provided an opportunity to communicate the results of a wide range of innovative scienti c research into coastal and marine applications of the geospatial technologies, including remote sensing, Geograp- cal Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning Systems (GPS), databases, data models, the Internet and online mapping systems.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Green, D. R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;12
4;Part I Information Networks, SDI and Information Systems;18
4.1;1 A Metadata Service for Managing Spatial Resources of Coastal Areas;19
4.1.1;1.1 Introduction;19
4.1.2;1.2 Underlying Principles in Formulating the Metadata Service;20
4.1.2.1;1.2.1 Choice of a Metadata Standard;21
4.1.2.1.1;1.2.1.1 General Introduction to the ISO 19115 Standard;21
4.1.2.1.2;1.2.1.2 The Three Specific Descriptors of Geographical Extent in ISO 19115;22
4.1.2.2;1.2.2 Thematic and Spatial Reference Bases for the Indexing of Resources;23
4.1.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 Conceptual Model;23
4.1.2.2.2;1.2.2.2 Standards Used;25
4.1.3;1.3 Interaction Between Metadata and the Geographical Reference Bases Via A Cartographic Interface;25
4.1.3.1;1.3.1 Implementation;25
4.1.3.2;1.3.2 Entering Geographical Descriptors in Graphics Mode;26
4.1.3.3;1.3.3 Entering Toponyms in Text Mode;27
4.1.3.4;1.3.4 Execution of Spatial Requests;27
4.1.3.4.1;1.3.4.1 The Three Types of Possible Requests;27
4.1.3.4.2;1.3.4.2 Compilation and Access to the Result Details with the Cartographic Interface;28
4.1.4;1.4 Outlook;28
4.1.4.1;1.4.1 GI Inventory Tasks and Reference Concepts for the CZ;28
4.1.4.2;1.4.2 Contribution of These Tools by the Taking of Local Particularities Into account;29
4.1.4.3;1.4.3 Contribution of Standards in Terms of Free Client Tools;29
4.1.5;1.5 Conclusions;30
4.1.6;References;31
4.2;2 The Development of an Australian Marine Spatial Information System (AMSIS) to Support Australian Government Ocean Policy and Multi-Use Marine Activities;33
4.2.1;2.1 Introduction;33
4.2.1.1;2.1.1 Extent of Australia's Marine Jurisdiction;34
4.2.1.2;2.1.2 Project Drivers;35
4.2.1.3;2.1.3 Marine Legislation;35
4.2.1.4;2.1.4 Project Aim;35
4.2.2;2.2 Stakeholder Requirements and Applications;36
4.2.2.1;2.2.1 Identification of Stakeholders;36
4.2.2.2;2.2.2 Stakeholder Requirements and Applications;36
4.2.3;2.3 Data Identification;38
4.2.3.1;2.3.1 Priority Data for Inclusion in AMSIS;38
4.2.3.2;2.3.2 Data Audit;39
4.2.3.3;2.3.3 Data Capture;39
4.2.3.4;2.3.4 Development of the Data Model;39
4.2.4;2.4 Application Development;40
4.2.4.1;2.4.1 Functionality Requirement for the Web Application;41
4.2.5;2.5 Other Project Linkages;42
4.2.6;2.6 Conclusion;43
4.2.7;References;43
4.3;3 Spatial Data Infrastructure in the Management of the Lagos Lagoon;44
4.3.1;3.1 Introduction;44
4.3.2;3.2 Activities Within the Lagos Lagoon and Environs;45
4.3.2.1;3.2.1 Fishing;46
4.3.2.2;3.2.2 Sand Mining;46
4.3.2.3;3.2.3 Pollution;47
4.3.2.4;3.2.4 Storm and Ocean Surges;47
4.3.3;3.3 Spatial Data Infrastructure;47
4.3.3.1;3.3.1 Data Sources;48
4.3.3.2;3.3.2 Accessibility of Geo-Information to the Public;48
4.3.3.3;3.3.3 Metadata;49
4.3.3.4;3.3.4 Creation of a Clearinghouse for SDI in Lagos Lagoon;50
4.3.3.5;3.3.5 Standards;50
4.3.3.6;3.3.6 Technology;51
4.3.4;3.4 Acquisition and Sharing of Spatial Data;51
4.3.4.1;3.4.1 Data Acquisition;51
4.3.4.2;3.4.2 Sharing of Spatial Data;52
4.3.4.3;3.4.3 Mechanism for Data Sharing Program Implementation;53
4.3.5;3.5 Recommendations and Conclusion;53
4.3.5.1;3.5.1 Recommendations;54
4.3.6;3.6 Conclusion;54
4.3.7;References;54
4.4;4 Harmonising Marine Information Exchange in Ireland;56
4.4.1;4.1 Introduction;56
4.4.2;4.2 Current Realities;57
4.4.2.1;4.2.1 Data Access;58
4.4.2.2;4.2.2 Data Quality;59
4.4.2.3;4.2.3 Web Catalogue and Web GIS Efforts;60
4.4.2.4;4.2.4 Standards;61
4.4.3;4.3 The Way Forward;62
4.4.3.1;4.3.1 Metadata Standards;62
4.4.3.2;4.3.2 Distributed Systems;63
4.4.4;4.4 Conclusions;63
4.4.5;References;64
4.5;5 Creating Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure for the UK;66
4.5.1;5.1 Introduction;66
4.5.2;5.2 ICZMap and SeaZone;67
4.5.3;5.3 Marine Data Information Partnership;69
4.5.4;5.4 Summary and Conclusions;70
4.5.5;References;70
4.6;6 Unlocking the Marine Data Treasure Chest;71
4.6.1;6.1 The Current Situation;71
4.6.1.1;6.1.1 Where Are We Now?;72
4.6.1.2;6.1.2 Impetus from UK Government;72
4.6.1.3;6.1.3 Impetus from the European Union (EU);72
4.6.1.4;6.1.4 Changing Market Expectations;73
4.6.1.5;6.1.5 The Challenges Ahead;73
4.6.2;6.2 The UK Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure;73
4.6.2.1;6.2.1 What Should It Be?;73
4.6.2.2;6.2.2 Who Should Be Involved?;74
4.6.2.3;6.2.3 What Are the Benefits?;74
4.6.2.4;6.2.4 How to Make It Happen?;74
4.6.3;6.3 Marine Data and Information Partnership;75
4.6.3.1;6.3.1 The Way Forward;75
4.6.3.2;6.3.2 Programme Objectives;75
4.6.3.3;6.3.3 Programme Outputs;75
4.6.3.4;6.3.4 The Role of Data Archiving Centres;76
4.6.3.5;6.3.5 The Benefits;76
4.6.3.6;6.3.6 The Barriers to Overcome;76
4.6.4;6.4 Conclusions;77
4.6.5;References;77
4.7;7 The European Marie Curie Project ECO-IMAGINE;79
4.7.1;7.1 Introduction;79
4.7.2;7.2 The ECO-IMAGINE Project;80
4.7.3;7.3 Key Points;80
4.7.4;7.4 Objectives;81
4.7.5;7.5 Partners;81
4.7.6;7.6 Working Groups;81
4.7.6.1;7.6.1 Building Coastal Knowledge and GI;82
4.7.6.2;7.6.2 Coastal Governance, Planning and Design and GI;82
4.7.6.3;7.6.3 The Waterfront Management and GI;82
4.7.6.4;7.6.4 Geo-Spatial Technologies;83
4.7.7;7.7 Events;83
4.7.8;7.8 Target Audience;84
4.7.9;7.9 Besides the ECO-IMAGINE Events;84
4.8;8 Coastal Ocean Information Network (ATLANTIC): From Concept to Reality: A Status Report;86
4.8.1;8.1 Introduction;86
4.8.2;8.2 A Brief History of COIN;87
4.8.3;8.3 COINAtlantic and the Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure (CGDI);87
4.8.4;8.4 Progress in the Establishment of COINAtlantic;88
4.8.5;8.5 COINAtlantic Logic Model;89
4.8.6;8.6 COINAtlantic and an ICM Community of Practice;90
4.8.7;8.7 Potential Technical Architecture for COINAtlantic;92
4.8.8;8.8 Technical Readiness for COINAtlantic;92
4.8.9;8.9 COINAtlantic: Organisational Readiness;94
4.8.10;8.10 Epilogue: COINAtlantic Progress up to January 2009;95
4.8.10.1;8.10.1 Governance to Build Regional and National Coherence;96
4.8.10.2;8.10.2 User Centred Design;97
4.8.10.3;8.10.3 Web Mapping Applications;97
4.8.10.4;8.10.4 The Future;98
4.8.11;References;98
4.9;9 A National Database on Coastal Dunes: Emilia-Romagna and Southern Veneto Littorals (Italy);99
4.9.1;9.1 Introduction;99
4.9.2;9.2 A National Geodatabase for Coastal Dunes;100
4.9.3;9.3 Using Geodatabase to Depict Dunes and Littoral State in Northern Adriatic;103
4.9.4;9.4 Conclusions;107
4.9.5;Bibliography;108
4.10;10 Establishment of Marine and Coastal Spatial Data Infrastructure in Indonesia;109
4.10.1;10.1 Introduction;109
4.10.2;10.2 Indonesian Spatial Data Infrastructure;110
4.10.3;10.3 Marine and Coastal Resources Management Project;111
4.10.4;10.4 Technical Working Groups;111
4.10.5;10.5 Evaluation;114
4.10.6;10.6 Conclusion and Recommendations;114
4.10.7;References;115
5;Part II GIS Tools;116
5.1;11 Prestige Marine Pollution: A GIS Tool;117
5.1.1;11.1 Introduction;117
5.1.2;11.2 Software;118
5.1.3;11.3 Methodology;119
5.1.3.1;11.3.1 Database Design;119
5.1.3.2;11.3.2 Data Integration;120
5.1.3.3;11.3.3 Spatial and Geostatistical Analysis;123
5.1.4;11.4 Results;124
5.1.5;11.5 Conclusions;125
5.1.6;References;126
5.2;12 Aquaculture in Sicily: Ecological and Economic Aspects;127
5.2.1;12.1 Introduction;127
5.2.1.1;12.1.1 Aquaculture in Sicily;128
5.2.2;12.2 Sea-Farming Activity Planning;128
5.2.3;12.3 Geographical Information Systems (GIS);131
5.2.4;12.4 Results;132
5.2.5;12.5 Conclusions;134
5.2.6;12.6 Appendix;135
5.2.7;Bibliography;136
5.3;13 Soft Copy Photogrammetry to Measure Shore Platform Erosion on Decadal Time Scales;138
5.3.1;13.1 Introduction;138
5.3.2;13.2 Existing Methods for Measuring Shore Platform Erosion;138
5.3.3;13.3 Site Selection, Data and Method;139
5.3.3.1;13.3.1 Data;140
5.3.3.2;13.3.2 Method;141
5.3.3.3;13.3.3 Data Control;141
5.3.4;13.4 Comparison Between 1973 and 2001;143
5.3.5;13.5 Discussion;144
5.3.6;13.6 Conclusion;145
5.3.7;References;146
5.4;14 Regionalizing Coastal Zones with Geospatial Tools for Integrated Coastal Zone Management;147
5.4.1;14.1 Introduction;147
5.4.2;14.2 Coastal Zone Boundaries;149
5.4.3;14.3 Coastal Regionalization;152
5.4.4;14.4 Results;154
5.4.5;14.5 Conclusions;156
5.4.6;References;158
5.5;15 Applying Geospatial Technologies to Weedmat Monitoring and Mapping: The Ythan Estuary, NE Scotland;160
5.5.1;15.1 Introduction;160
5.5.2;15.2 Background;161
5.5.3;15.3 Study Area;162
5.5.4;15.4 Objectives;162
5.5.5;15.5 Interpretation;164
5.5.5.1;15.5.1 Methods;166
5.5.5.2;15.5.2 Interpretation Key;166
5.5.5.3;15.5.3 Spectral Profiles;168
5.5.6;15.6 Comparisons and Problems;168
5.5.7;15.7 Practical Constraints;168
5.5.8;15.8 Discussion;169
5.5.9;15.9 Recommendations;171
5.5.10;15.10 Future Studies;172
5.5.11;15.11 Summary and Conclusions;173
5.5.12;References;175
5.6;16 ``Ythanview'' -- Visualizing an Estuary and Virtual Fieldwork at the Ythan Estuary, Scotland, UK;177
5.6.1;16.1 Introduction;177
5.6.2;16.2 The Role of Geospatial Technologies in Marine and Coastal Management;179
5.6.3;16.3 Data Collection;179
5.6.4;16.4 Storage, Access and Processing;179
5.6.5;16.5 Display;180
5.6.6;16.6 Integration;180
5.6.7;16.7 Spatial Data Infrastructures (Data Quality, Standards, Metadata), and Data Models;180
5.6.8;16.8 The Role of Visualisation;181
5.6.9;16.9 Internet;182
5.6.10;16.10 Ythan Estuary Context and Study Area;183
5.6.11;16.11 Background;184
5.6.12;16.12 Ythanview;185
5.6.13;16.13 Visualisation;186
5.6.14;16.14 Discussion;187
5.6.15;16.15 Summary and Conclusions;190
5.6.16;References;191
5.7;17 Analysis of Long-Term Changes of a Sandy Shoreline Utilising High-Resolution Aerial Photography;193
5.7.1;17.1 Introduction;194
5.7.2;17.2 Study Area;194
5.7.3;17.3 Materials and Methods;195
5.7.4;17.4 Results;197
5.7.4.1;17.4.1 Comparison of West Shore and North Shore;198
5.7.5;17.5 Discussion;198
5.7.5.1;17.5.1 Further Development of Northern Sylt;201
5.7.6;References;201
5.8;18 GIS in the Trilateral Monitoring and Assessment Program (TMAP);203
5.8.1;18.1 Introduction;203
5.8.2;18.2 The TMAP;204
5.8.3;18.3 TMAP Monitoring Parameters;205
5.8.4;18.4 TMAP and GIS Data;205
5.8.5;18.5 GIS Used for Salt Marsh Monitoring;206
5.8.6;18.6 GIS Used for Monitoring of Intertidal Blue Mussel Beds;207
5.8.7;18.7 GIS and TMAP Data Handling System;209
5.8.8;18.8 Conclusions;210
5.8.9;References;211
5.9;19 Integrating GIS with Hydrodynamic Model for Wastewater Disposal and Management: Pearl River Estuary;212
5.9.1;19.1 Introduction;212
5.9.2;19.2 Study Area;213
5.9.3;19.3 GIS Project;214
5.9.4;19.4 Retrieval and Display of Field Data;215
5.9.4.1;19.4.1 Data Display;216
5.9.4.2;19.4.2 Data Interpolation;217
5.9.4.3;19.4.3 Dynamic Display;217
5.9.5;19.5 Integration with Hydrodynamic Model;218
5.9.5.1;19.5.1 Pre-processing and Mesh Grid Configuration;219
5.9.5.2;19.5.2 Post-processing;219
5.9.6;19.6 Application for EIA;220
5.9.7;19.7 Conclusions;221
5.9.8;References;221
5.10;20 Geographic Information Systems and Sustainable Water Resources Management in Nigeria;223
5.10.1;20.1 Introduction;223
5.10.2;20.2 Study Area (Nigeria);224
5.10.2.1;20.2.1 Population Projections (Pp);224
5.10.2.2;20.2.2 Climate Change (Cc);225
5.10.3;20.3 Methodology;225
5.10.3.1;20.3.1 Geographic Information System and Water Assessment;227
5.10.3.2;20.3.2 Sustainable Development;227
5.10.3.3;20.3.3 The Planning Challenge;228
5.10.4;20.4 Recommendations;229
5.10.5;20.5 Conclusion;229
5.10.6;References;230
5.11;21 Spatial Analysis of Traffic and Risks in the Coastal Zone;231
5.11.1;21.1 Introduction;231
5.11.2;21.2 Traffic Modelling;233
5.11.2.1;21.2.1 Integration of Disparate Data Sets;234
5.11.2.2;21.2.2 Contiguous Track Generation with Land-Avoidance;235
5.11.2.3;21.2.3 Absence of Waypoints;235
5.11.2.4;21.2.4 Estimated Traffic;236
5.11.2.5;21.2.5 Dedensifying Traffic Data;236
5.11.3;21.3 Traffic Analysis and Visualization;236
5.11.4;21.4 Value of Spatial-Based Analysis;238
5.11.4.1;21.4.1 Incident Analysis;239
5.11.5;21.5 Conclusion;239
5.11.6;References;241
6;Part III Spatial Planning;243
6.1;22 Predictive Models to Inform Spatial Planning for Scottish Marine Fish Farms;244
6.1.1;22.1 Introduction;244
6.1.2;22.2 Methods;244
6.1.3;22.3 Discussion;246
6.1.4;References;246
6.2;23 Towards A GIS-Based Methodology for Marine Protected Area Zoning;247
6.2.1;23.1 Introduction;247
6.2.2;23.2 Methods;249
6.2.3;23.3 Results;251
6.2.4;23.4 Discussion;253
6.2.5;23.5 Conclusion;255
6.2.6;References;256
6.3;24 Functional Connected Areas in Regional Planning: Sea and Land Uses Interaction;257
6.3.1;24.1 Introduction;257
6.3.2;24.2 Sea and Land Uses;258
6.3.2.1;24.2.1 Legal Regime Term;259
6.3.2.2;24.2.2 Water Right and Legal Acts As an Integrative Tool -- Reality Check Problem;260
6.3.3;24.3 Functional Connected Areas Land and Sea Interaction;260
6.3.4;24.4 Conclusions;264
6.3.5;Bibliography;265
6.4;25 The Development of Coastal Information Systems: The Role of Networks in Bringing Spatial Analysis into Planning and Management;266
6.4.1;25.1 Coastal Information and Data;266
6.4.2;25.2 Getting GI to the User;267
6.4.3;25.3 Solutions from Information Science;267
6.4.4;25.4 Technical Solutions: Metadata;268
6.4.5;25.5 GIS Fora: Co-operation on the Basis of a Coastal Region;270
6.4.6;25.6 The Role of Coastal Partnerships;270
6.4.7;References;272
7;Part IV Coastal Geomorphology;274
7.1;26 GIS Tool for Coastal Morphodynamics Analysis;275
7.1.1;26.1 Study Area General Description;275
7.1.2;26.2 Morphodynamic Classification;277
7.1.3;26.3 Database Development;278
7.1.3.1;26.3.1 Introduction;278
7.1.3.2;26.3.2 Data Acquisition and Integration;279
7.1.3.3;26.3.3 Analysis and Results;279
7.1.4;26.4 Discussion;282
7.1.5;References;283
7.2;27 Paros Island (Cyclades, Aegean Sea) Coastal Zone: Natural Processes and Dynamics;284
7.2.1;27.1 Introduction;284
7.2.2;27.2 Physical Setting;285
7.2.2.1;27.2.1 Geography;285
7.2.2.2;27.2.2 Geology;285
7.2.2.3;27.2.3 Geomorphology;287
7.2.2.4;27.2.4 Climate;288
7.2.2.5;27.2.5 Coastal Oceanography;288
7.2.3;27.3 Methodology;289
7.2.4;27.4 Results and Discussion;290
7.2.4.1;27.4.1 Coastal Morphology;290
7.2.4.2;27.4.2 Coastal Oceanographic Conditions;291
7.2.4.3;27.4.3 Palaeogeographic Evolution of the Coastal Zone;293
7.2.4.4;27.4.4 Coastal Zone Vulnerability to Future Sea-Level Changes;293
7.2.5;27.5 Conclusions;294
7.2.6;References;294
7.3;28 Palaeogeographic Evolution of the Cyclades Islands (Greece) During the Holocene;296
7.3.1;28.1 Introduction;296
7.3.2;28.2 Methodology;297
7.3.3;28.3 Geotectonic Setting;298
7.3.4;28.4 Terrestrial and Submarine Geomorphology of the Cyclades;299
7.3.5;28.5 Geoarchaeology of the Cyclades During the Holocene; Does the Underwater Morphology Provide Clues for the Lost Antlantis?;301
7.3.6;References;302
7.4;29 Structural Control of Geomorphological Evolution of Meganissi Island (Ionian Sea) Coastal Zone and Natural Hazard Risk Detection Based on Fuzzy Sets;304
7.4.1;29.1 Introduction;304
7.4.2;29.2 Methodology;306
7.4.3;29.3 Geomorphology and Coastal Hazard Risk of Meganissi Island;307
7.4.4;29.4 Conclusions;312
7.4.5;References;313
7.5;30 A Simple and Efficient Methodology to Assess Long Term Shoreline Evolution Case Study;314
7.5.1;30.1 Introduction;314
7.5.1.1;30.1.1 Study Area;314
7.5.2;30.2 Methodology and Results;316
7.5.2.1;30.2.1 Offshore Wave Regime;316
7.5.2.2;30.2.2 Nearshore Wave Climate Changes;318
7.5.2.2.1;30.2.2.1 Before the Construction of the Marina;318
7.5.2.2.2;30.2.2.2 After the Construction of the Marina;318
7.5.2.3;30.2.3 Beach Planform Evolution;319
7.5.3;30.3 Discussion;320
7.5.4;30.4 Conclusions;323
7.5.5;References;323
7.6;31 Study of Human Induced Recent Geomorphological and Land Use Changes of the Acheloos Delta Area in Western Greece Using GIS;324
7.6.1;31.1 Introduction;324
7.6.2;31.2 Methodology;326
7.6.3;31.3 Geomorphological and Land Use Changes in the Delta Area;327
7.6.4;31.4 Conclusions;330
7.6.5;References;331
8;Part V The Coastal Environment;332
8.1;32 Multi-Functional Assessment of Coastal Landscapes with Climate Change;333
8.1.1;32.1 Introduction;333
8.1.2;32.2 Study Area;334
8.1.3;32.3 Key Datasets;335
8.1.3.1;32.3.1 Elevation;335
8.1.3.2;32.3.2 Land Use / Land Cover (LULC);336
8.1.3.3;32.3.3 Buildings;336
8.1.3.4;32.3.4 Tidal and Flood Levels;336
8.1.4;32.4 Mapping Land Inundation from Sea-Level Rise;336
8.1.5;32.5 Multi-Criteria Assessment of Policy Options;338
8.1.6;32.6 Conclusions;341
8.1.7;References;343
8.2;33 A GIS for Managing Past Knowledge in Coastal Defence Planning;345
8.2.1;33.1 Introduction;345
8.2.2;33.2 A GIS for Coastal Defence Management and Planning;347
8.2.3;33.3 Coastal Management;349
8.2.4;33.4 Conclusions;353
8.2.5;References;354
9;Part VI Coastal Hazards and Vulnerability;355
9.1;34 Environmental Indicators GIS of the Catalan Coast;356
9.1.1;34.1 Introduction;356
9.1.2;34.2 The Coastal Zone Environment Indicator System;358
9.1.3;34.3 Implementation Examples;361
9.1.3.1;34.3.1 Coastal Zone Environmental Regionalisation;362
9.1.3.2;34.3.2 Evaluation of Human Pressure on Ichthyofauna;362
9.1.4;References;365
9.2;35 Geohazards and Geographic Information in the Coast of Tarragona (Spain);368
9.2.1;35.1 Introduction;368
9.2.1.1;35.1.1 Geographical and Social-Environmental Setting;369
9.2.1.2;35.1.2 Geological and Geomorphological Setting;369
9.2.1.3;35.1.3 Littoral Dynamics;371
9.2.2;35.2 Potential Geohazards;371
9.2.2.1;35.2.1 Coastal Erosion;371
9.2.2.2;35.2.2 Rock Falls;371
9.2.2.3;35.2.3 Floods;372
9.2.3;35.3 Geographic Information Management;372
9.2.4;35.4 Conclusions;373
9.2.5;References;374
9.3;36 Assessing the Vulnerability of Asian Megadeltas to Climate Change Using GIS;375
9.3.1;36.1 Introduction;375
9.3.2;36.2 Physical Characteristics;376
9.3.2.1;36.2.1 Holocene Delta Evolution;376
9.3.2.2;36.2.2 Dominant Processes;377
9.3.2.3;36.2.3 Delta Plain Morphology;378
9.3.3;36.3 Variability of Socio-Economic Factors Across Deltas;381
9.3.3.1;36.3.1 Delta Populations;381
9.3.3.2;36.3.2 Flooding and Flood Management;383
9.3.4;36.4 Discussion;384
9.3.5;36.5 Conclusion;385
9.3.6;References;385
10;Color Plates;6
11;Index;429