Fritz The Terrestrial Environment, A

1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8961-8
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 558 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry

Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, Volume 1: The Terrestrial Environment, A focuses on isotope hydrology and aqueous geochemistry, as well as an overview of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen isotopes in terrestrial systems. The selection first elaborates on the isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in precipitation, carbon-14 in hydrogeological studies, and environmental isotopes in groundwater hydrology. Concerns cover groundwater dating, mechanism of salinization, groundwater recharge, models of the isotope fractionation during evaporation and condensation of water in the atmosphere, and stable isotope distribution in atmospheric waters. The book then examines environmental isotopes in ice and snow, isotopic evidence on environments of geothermal systems, and sulfur and oxygen isotopes in aqueous sulfur compounds. Discussions focus on geochemistry and isotope distribution of aqueous sulfur compounds, isotopic dating of geothermal waters, origin of chemical constituents, geothermometry, isotope distribution during the reduction of a temperate snow cover, and snow and ice isotope hydrology. The manuscript explores environmental isotopes as environmental and climatological indicators, sulfur isotopes in the environment, nitrogen-15 in the natural environment, and the isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. The selection is a valuable reference for researchers interested in isotope geochemistry.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Fritz, P.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Terrestrial Environment, A;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Preface;6
6;List of Contributors;8
7;INTRODUCTION;14
7.1;Definitions;17
7.2;Standards;24
7.3;References;30
8;CHAPTER 1. THE ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN IN PRECIPITATION;34
8.1;Introduction;34
8.2;Tritium in atmospheric waters;35
8.3;Stable isotope distribution in atmospheric waters: data;42
8.4;Models of the isotope fractionation during evaporation and condensation of water in the atmosphere;46
8.5;In-storm variation of isotopic composition, cloud models and hailstone studies;50
8.6;Stable isotope distribution in atmospheric waters: the global model;53
8.7;References;57
9;CHAPTER 2. CARBON-14 IN HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDIES;62
9.1;Introduction;62
9.2;The abundance of 14C;62
9.3;The 14C age determination;65
9.4;14C dating in groundwater;66
9.5;Summary;83
9.6;References;84
10;CHAPTER 3. ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY;88
10.1;Introduction;88
10.2;Basic principles;89
10.3;Groundwater recharge;95
10.4;Relations between surface- and groundwaters;111
10.5;Mechanism and components of the run-off;115
10.6;Leakage between aquifers;121
10.7;Isotope hydrology of fractured rocks;126
10.8;Mechanism of salinization;134
10.9;Groundwater dating;138
10.10;Conclusions;145
10.11;References;147
11;CHAPTER 4. ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN ICE AND SNOW;154
11.1;Introduction;154
11.2;Isotope content of a snow cover in accretion;155
11.3;Isotope distribution during the reduction of a temperate snow cover;161
11.4;Isotope variations in the transition of snow to glacier ice;167
11.5;Snow and ice isotope hydrology;176
11.6;Historical glaciology;182
11.7;References;187
12;CHAPTER 5. ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE ON ENVIRONMENTS OF GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS;192
12.1;Introduction;192
12.2;Isotope hydrology of geothermal systems;193
12.3;Geothermometry;208
12.4;Isotopic dating of geothermal waters;220
12.5;Origin of chemical constituents;224
12.6;Solid phase studies;227
12.7;Summary;229
12.8;Appendix — Methods of collection and analysis;230
12.9;References;232
13;CHAPTER 6. SULPHUR AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN AQUEOUS SULPHUR COMPOUNDS;240
13.1;Introduction;240
13.2;Isotope fractionation;240
13.3;Geochemistry and isotope distribution of aqueous sulphur compounds;247
13.4;Field studies of groundwater systems;254
13.5;Summary;267
13.6;References;268
14;CHAPTER 7. URANIUM DISEQUILIBRIUM IN HYDROLOGIC STUDIES;272
14.1;Introduction;272
14.2;Isotopic fractionation of 234U;274
14.3;Mixing studies: continental waters;279
14.4;Mixing and uranium balances: marine waters;283
14.5;Aquifer interactions;285
14.6;Age dating;289
14.7;Summary;290
14.8;Appendix — Analytical techniques for 234U and 238U analysis;291
14.9;References;292
15;CHAPTER 8. OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ISOTOPE EFFECTS IN LOW-TEMPERATURE MINERAL-WATER INTERACTIONS;296
15.1;Introduction;296
15.2;Isotopic fractionations between minerals and water;297
15.3;Isotope effects during weathering and soil formation;307
15.4;Isotopic studies of marine sedimentation, halmyrolysis, authigenesis and early diagenesis;311
15.5;Evaporite formation;321
15.6;Later diagenetic processes;323
15.7;Serpentinization of ultramafic rocks;330
15.8;Effect of mineral-water interaction on the isotopic composition of pore water;332
15.9;References;334
16;CHAPTER 9. THE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF REDUCED ORGANIC CARBON;342
16.1;Introduction;342
16.2;Photosynthesis and the carbon isotopic composition of plants;342
16.3;The carbon isotopic composition of organic matter in sediments;357
16.4;The carbon isotopic composition of fossil fuels;373
16.5;The carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric compounds;397
16.6;References;406
17;CHAPTER 10. NITROGEN-15 IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT;420
17.1;Introduction;420
17.2;15N in nature;423
17.3;Isotope fractionations;426
17.4;15N in organic matter and soils;430
17.5;15N in nitrates;433
17.6;15N in the hydrosphere;437
17.7;References;442
18;CHAPTER 11. SULPHUR ISOTOPES IN OUR ENVIRONMENT;448
18.1;Introduction;448
18.2;Terrestrial sulphur isotope abundances and cycling of mobile sulphur compounds;448
18.3;Elucidation of sources, mixing, and dispersion of sulphur compounds;453
18.4;Sulphur isotope fractionation during transformations of atmospheric and aqueous sulphur compounds;466
18.5;Sulphur isotope fractionation in the pedosphere;474
18.6;Sulphur isotopes elucidate uptake of industrial sulphur compounds by vegetation;476
18.7;Evaluation of anthropogenic and natural sources of sulphur compounds;478
18.8;Summary;479
18.9;References;480
19;CHAPTER 12. ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES AS ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL INDICATORS;486
19.1;Introduction;486
19.2;The carbon and oxygen isotope composition of freshwater shells;487
19.3;Freshwater lakes and sediments;497
19.4;Deuterium in organic matter as paleoclimatic indicators;508
19.5;References;513
20;References Index;518
21;Subject Index;545