Fritschen / Gay Environmental Instrumentation

1979
ISBN: 978-1-4612-6205-3
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 216 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Springer Advanced Texts in Life Sciences

The rapid increase in environmental measurements during the past few decades is associated with (1) increasing awareness of the complex relations linking biological responses to atmospheric variables, (2) development of improved data acquisition and handling equipment, (3) the application of modeling to environmental problems, and (4) the implementation of large, cooperative studies of international scope. The consequences of man's possible alteration of the environment have increased our interest in the complex nature of biological responses to meteorological variables. This has generated activity in both measurements and in the application of modeling techniques. The virtual explosion of modeling activity is also associated with the development oflarge computers. The testing of these models has demonstrated the need for more, different, and better environmental data. In addition, technological developments, such as integrated circuits, have reduced the cost, power consumption, and complexity of data acquisition systems, thus promoting more environmental measurements. The emergence of scientific cooperation on a global scale has increased measurement activities markedly. The International Geophysical Year (1958) has been followed by the International Hydrologic Decade, the Inter national Biological Program, the Global Atmospheric Research Program, and a host of environmental studies of a regional nature that have all emphasized field data collection.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Fritschen, Leo J.

Gay, Lloyd W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Measurement Fundamentals.- 1.1 Introduction and Scope.- 1.2 Measurement Errors.- 1.3 Estimating Error.- 1.4 Measurement Systems.- 1.5 Significant Digits.- Literature Cited.- 2 Review of Physical Fundamentals.- 2.1 Thermal and Latent Energy.- 2.2 Basic dc Circuits.- 2.3 Basic Measuring Instruments.- 3 Temperature.- 3.1 Temperature Scales.- 3.2 Time Constant.- 3.3 Measuring Devices.- 3.4 Air Temperature.- 3.5 Soil Temperature Measurements.- Literature Cited.- 4 Soil Heat Flux.- 4.1 Soil Heat Flux Transducer.- 4.2 Soil Heat Flux Measurements.- 4.3 Sampling Requirements.- 4.4 Calibration of Heat Flux Transducers.- Literature Cited.- 5 Radiation.- 5.1 Radiation in Various Wave Bands.- 5.2 Methods of Radiation Measurement.- 5.3 Radiation Instruments.- 5.4 Site Requirements.- 5.5 Calibration.- 5.6 Photometry.- Literature Cited.- 6 Humidity and Moisture.- 6.1 Fundamental Concepts and Definitions.- 6.2 Methods of Measurement.- 6.3 Calibration of Humidity Sensors.- Literature Cited.- 7 Wind Speed and Direction.- 7.1 Wind Speed.- 7.2 Wind Direction.- Literature Cited.- 8 Pressure.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Mercury Barometer.- 8.3 Aneroid Barometer.- Literature Cited.- 9 Data Acquisition Concepts.- 9.1 Signal Characteristics.- 9.2 Digital Data Acquisition Systems.- 9.3 Some Sampling Considerations.- 9.4 Signals and Noise.