Forthofer / Lee / Hernandez Biostatistics

A Guide to Design, Analysis and Discovery
2. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-0-08-046772-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 528 Seiten

Biostatistics, Second Edition, is a user-friendly guide on biostatistics, which focuses on the proper use and interpretation of statistical methods. This textbook does not require extensive background in mathematics, making it user-friendly for all students in the public health sciences field. Instead of highlighting derivations of formulas, the authors provide rationales for the formulas, allowing students to grasp a better understanding of the link between biology and statistics. The material on life tables and survival analysis allows students to better understand the recent literature in the health field, particularly in the study of chronic disease treatment. This updated edition contains over 40% new material with modern real-life examples, exercises, and references, including new chapters on Logistic Regression, Analysis of Survey Data, and Study Designs. The book is recommended for students in the health sciences, public health professionals, and practitioners. - Over 40% new material with modern real-life examples, exercises and references - New chapters on Logistic Regression; Analysis of Survey Data; and Study Designs - Introduces strategies for analyzing complex sample survey data - Written in a conversational style more accessible to students with real data

Mike Hernandez has been working as a statistical analyst in the Department of Biostatistics at the MD Anderson Cancer Center for over 10 years. Working in a large medical center, he has developed an expertise in doing collaborative research spanning several disciplines from health disparities to clinical trials. He has coauthored over 40 peer-reviewed manuscripts, and is a co-author of: Biostatistics: A Guide to Design, Analysis, and Discovery 2nd ed.

Zielgruppe

Academic/professional/technical: Research and professional

Autoren/Hrsg.

Forthofer, Ronald N.

Lee, Eun Sul

Hernandez, Mike

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Title page;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Supporting Website;7
5;Table of Contents;8
6;Preface;16
6.1;Acknowledgments;17
7;1 Introduction;20
7.1;1.1 What Is Biostatistics?;20
7.2;1.2 Data — The Key Component of a Study;21
7.3;1.3 Design — The Road to Relevant Data;23
7.4;1.4 Replication — Part of the Scientific Method;25
7.5;1.5 Applying Statistical Methods;26
7.6;EXERCISES;26
7.7;REFERENCES;27
8;2 Data and Numbers;28
8.1;2.1 Data: Numerical Representation;28
8.2;2.2 Observations and Variables;29
8.3;2.3 Scales Used with Variables;29
8.4;2.4 Reliability and Validity;30
8.5;2.5 Randomized Response Technique;32
8.6;2.6 Common Data Problems;33
8.7;Conclusion;36
8.8;EXERCISES;37
8.9;REFERENCES;39
9;3 Descriptive Methods;40
9.1;3.1 Introduction to Descriptive Methods;40
9.2;3.2 Tabular and Graphical Presentation of Data;41
9.2.1;3.2.1 Frequency Tables;42
9.2.2;3.2.2 Line Graphs;43
9.2.3;3.2.3 Bar Charts;46
9.2.4;3.2.4 Histograms;49
9.2.5;3.2.5 Stem-and-Leaf Plots;54
9.2.6;3.2.6 Dot Plots;56
9.2.7;3.2.7 Scatter Plots;57
9.3;3.3 Measures of Central Tendency;58
9.3.1;3.3.1 Mean, Median, and Mode;59
9.3.2;3.3.2 Use of the Measures of Central Tendency;61
9.3.3;3.3.3 The Geometric Mean;61
9.4;3.4 Measures of Variability;64
9.4.1;3.4.1 Range and Percentiles;64
9.4.2;3.4.2 Box Plots;66
9.4.3;3.4.3 Variance and Standard Deviation;67
9.5;3.5 Rates and Ratios;70
9.5.1;3.5.1 Crude and Specific Rates;71
9.5.2;3.5.2 Adjusted Rates;72
9.6;3.6 Measures of Change over Time;74
9.6.1;3.6.1 Linear Growth;74
9.6.2;3.6.2 Geometric Growth;76
9.6.3;3.6.3 Exponential Growth;77
9.7;3.7 Correlation Coefficients;79
9.7.1;3.7.1 Pearson Correlation Coefficient;79
9.7.2;3.7.2 Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient;82
9.8;Conclusion;83
9.9;EXERCISES;83
9.10;REFERENCES;87
10;4 Probability and Life Tables;90
10.1;4.1 A Definition of Probability;90
10.2;4.2 Rules for Calculating Probabilities;92
10.2.1;4.2.1 Addition Rule for Probabilities;92
10.2.2;4.2.2 Conditional Probabilities;94
10.2.3;4.2.3 Independent Events;96
10.3;4.3 Definitions from Epidemiology;99
10.3.1;4.3.1 Rates and Probabilities;99
10.3.2;4.3.2 Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value Positive and Negative;100
10.3.3;4.3.3 Receiver Operating Characteristic Plot;102
10.4;4.4 Bayes' Theorem;103
10.5;4.5 Probability in Sampling;106
10.5.1;4.5.1 Sampling with Replacement;106
10.5.2;4.5.2 Sampling without Replacement;107
10.6;4.6 Estimating Probabilities by Simulation;108
10.7;4.7 Probability and the Life Table;110
10.7.1;4.7.1 The First Four Columns in the Life Table;112
10.7.2;4.7.2 Some Uses of the Life Table;114
10.7.3;4.7.3 Expected Values in the Life Table;115
10.7.4;4.7.4 Other Expected Values in the Life Table;117
10.8;Conclusion;118
10.9;EXERCISES;118
10.10;REFERENCES;121
11;5 Probability Distributions;122
11.1;5.1 The Binomial Distribution;122
11.1.1;5.1.1 Binomial Probabilities;122
11.1.2;5.1.2 Mean and Variance of the Binomial Distribution;127
11.1.3;5.1.3 Shapes of the Binomial Distribution;129
11.2;5.2 The Poisson Distribution;130
11.2.1;5.2.1 Poisson Probabilities;130
11.2.2;5.2.2 Mean and Variance of the Poisson Distribution;132
11.2.3;5.2.3 Finding Poisson Probabilities;133
11.3;5.3 The Normal Distribution;135
11.3.1;5.3.1 Normal Probabilities;135
11.3.2;5.3.2 Transforming to the Standard Normal Distribution;137
11.3.3;5.3.3 Calculation of Normal Probabilities;138
11.3.4;5.3.4 The Normal Probability Plot;141
11.4;5.4 The Central Limit Theorem;143
11.5;5.5 Approximations to the Binomial and Poisson Distributions;145
11.5.1;5.5.1 Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution;145
11.5.2;5.5.2 Normal Approximation to the Poisson Distribution;148
11.6;Conclusion;150
11.7;EXERCISES;150
11.8;REFERENCES;152
12;6 Study Designs;154
12.1;6.1 Design: Putting Chance to Work;154
12.2;6.2 Sample Surveys and Experiments;156
12.3;6.3 Sampling and Sample Designs;157
12.3.1;6.3.1 Sampling Frame;158
12.3.2;6.3.2 Importance of Probability Sampling;159
12.3.3;6.3.3 Simple Random Sampling;160
12.3.4;6.3.4 Systematic Sampling;161
12.3.5;6.3.5 Stratified Random Sampling;163
12.3.6;6.3.6 Cluster Sampling;163
12.3.7;6.3.7 Problems Due to Unintended Sampling;164
12.4;6.4 Designed Experiments;167
12.4.1;6.4.1 Comparison Groups and Randomization;168
12.4.2;6.4.2 Random Assignment;169
12.4.3;6.4.3 Sample Size;171
12.4.4;6.4.4 Single- and Double-Blind Experiments;173
12.4.5;6.4.5 Blocking and Extraneous Variables;174
12.4.6;6.4.6 Limitations of Experiments;175
12.5;6.5 Variations in Study Designs;177
12.5.1;6.5.1 The Crossover Design;177
12.5.2;6.5.2 The Case-Control Design;178
12.5.3;6.5.3 The Cohort Study Design;179
12.6;Conclusion;179
12.7;EXERCISES;180
12.8;REFERENCES;185
13;7 Interval Estimation;188
13.1;7.1 Prediction, Confidence, and Tolerance Intervals;188
13.2;7.2 Distribution-Free Intervals;189
13.2.1;7.2.1 Prediction Interval;189
13.2.2;7.2.2 Confidence Interval;190
13.2.3;7.2.3 Tolerance Interval;194
13.3;7.3 Confidence Intervals Based on the Normal Distribution;195
13.3.1;7.3.1 Confidence Interval for the Mean;196
13.3.2;7.3.2 Confidence Interval for a Proportion;201
13.3.3;7.3.3 Confidence Intervals for Crude and Adjusted Rates;204
13.4;7.4 Confidence Interval for the Difference of Two Means and Proportions;207
13.4.1;7.4.1 Difference of Two Independent Means;207
13.4.2;7.4.2 Difference of Two Dependent Means;213
13.4.3;7.4.3 Difference of Two Independent Proportions;215
13.4.4;7.4.4 Difference of Two Dependent Proportions;216
13.5;7.5 Confidence Interval and Sample Size;217
13.6;7.6 Confidence Intervals for Other Measures;219
13.6.1;7.6.1 Confidence Interval for the Variance;220
13.6.2;7.6.2 Confidence Interval for the Pearson Correlation Coefficient;222
13.7;7.7 Prediction and Tolerance Intervals Based on the Normal Distribution;224
13.7.1;7.7.1 Prediction Interval;224
13.7.2;7.7.2 Tolerance Interval;225
13.8;Conclusion;225
13.9;EXERCISES;226
13.10;REFERENCES;230
14;8 Tests of Hypotheses;232
14.1;8.1 Preliminaries in Tests of Hypotheses;232
14.1.1;8.1.1 Terms Used in Hypothesis Testing;234
14.1.2;8.1.2 Determination of the Decision Rule;235
14.1.3;8.1.3 Relationship of the Decision Rule, a and ß;237
14.1.4;8.1.4 Conducting the Test;240
14.2;8.2 Testing Hypotheses about the Mean;242
14.2.1;8.2.1 Known Variance;242
14.2.2;8.2.2 Unknown Variance;247
14.3;8.3 Testing Hypotheses about the Proportion and Rates;248
14.4;8.4 Testing Hypotheses about the Variance;250
14.5;8.5 Testing Hypotheses about the Pearson Correlation Coefficient;251
14.6;8.6 Testing Hypotheses about the Difference of Two Means;253
14.6.1;8.6.1 Difference of Two Independent Means;253
14.6.2;8.6.2 Difference of Two Dependent Means;256
14.7;8.7 Testing Hypotheses about the Difference of Two Proportions;257
14.7.1;8.7.1 Difference of Two Independent Proportions;257
14.7.2;8.7.2 Difference of Two Dependent Proportions;258
14.8;8.8 Tests of Hypotheses and Sample Size;259
14.9;8.9 Statistical and Practical Significance;262
14.10;Conclusion;262
14.11;EXERCISES;263
14.12;REFERENCES;267
15;9 Nonparametric Tests;268
15.1;9.1 Why Nonparametric Tests?;268
15.2;9.2 The Sign Test;268
15.3;9.3 The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test;272
15.4;9.4 The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test;276
15.5;9.5 The Kruskal-Wallis Test;280
15.6;9.6 The Friedman Test;281
15.7;Conclusion;283
15.8;EXERCISES;283
15.9;REFERENCES;287
16;10 Analysis of Categorical Data;288
16.1;10.1 The Goodness-of-Fit Test;288
16.2;10.2 The 2 by 2 Contingency Table;292
16.2.1;10.2.1 Comparing Two Independent Binomial Proportions;293
16.2.2;10.2.2 Expected Cell Counts Assuming No Association: Chi-Square Test;293
16.2.3;10.2.3 The Odds Ratio — a Measure of Association;296
16.2.4;10.2.4 Fisher’s Exact Test;298
16.2.5;10.2.5 The Analysis of Matched-Pairs Studies;299
16.3;10.3 The r by c Contingency Table;301
16.3.1;10.3.1 Testing Hypothesis of No Association;301
16.3.2;10.3.2 Testing Hypothesis of No Trend;303
16.4;10.4 Multiple 2 by 2 Contingency Tables;305
16.4.1;10.4.1 Analyzing the Tables Separately;306
16.4.2;10.4.2 The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test;307
16.4.3;10.4.3 The Mantel-Haenszel Common Odds Ratio;309
16.5;Conclusion;310
16.6;EXERCISES;310
16.7;REFERENCES;314
17;11 Analysis of Survival Data;316
17.1;11.1 Data Collection in Follow-up Studies;316
17.2;11.2 The Life-Table Method;318
17.3;11.3 The Product-Limit Method;325
17.4;11.4 Comparison of Two Survival Distributions;329
17.4.1;11.4.1 The CMH Test;329
17.4.2;11.4.2 The Normal Distribution Approach;332
17.4.3;11.4.3 The Log-Rank Test;332
17.4.4;11.4.4 Use of the CMH Approach with Small Data Sets;333
17.5;Conclusion;335
17.6;EXERCISES;335
17.7;REFERENCES;339
18;12 Analysis of Variance;342
18.1;12.1 Assumptions for Use of the ANOVA;342
18.2;12.2 One-Way ANOVA;343
18.2.1;12.2.1 Sums of Squares and Mean Squares;344
18.2.2;12.2.2 The F Statistic;345
18.2.3;12.2.3 The ANOVA Table;346
18.3;12.3 Multiple Comparisons;348
18.3.1;12.3.1 Error Rates: Individual and Family;348
18.3.2;12.3.2 The Tukey-Kramer Method;349
18.3.3;12.3.3 Fisher’s Least Significant Difference Method;349
18.3.4;12.3.4 Dunnett’s Method;350
18.4;12.4 Two-Way ANOVA for the Randomized Block Design with m Replicates;351
18.5;12.5 Two-Way ANOVA with Interaction;354
18.6;12.6 Linear Model Representation of the ANOVA;358
18.6.1;12.6.1 The Completely Randomized Design;358
18.6.2;12.6.2 The Randomized Block Design with m Replicates;360
18.6.3;12.6.3 Two- Way ANOVA with Interaction;360
18.7;12.7 ANOVA with Unequal Numbers of Observations in Subgroups;361
18.8;Conclusion;364
18.9;EXERCISES;364
18.10;REFERENCES;366
19;13 Linear Regression;368
19.1;13.1 Simple Linear Regression;368
19.1.1;13.1.1 Estimation of the Coefficients;370
19.1.2;13.1.2 The Variance of Y|X;372
19.1.3;13.1.3 The Coefficient of Determination (R2);374
19.2;13.2 Inference about the Coefficients;376
19.2.1;13.2.1 Assumptions for Inference in Linear Regression;376
19.2.2;13.2.2 Regression Diagnostics;377
19.2.3;13.2.3 The Slope Coefficient;380
19.2.4;13.2.4 The Y-intercept;381
19.2.5;13.2.5 An ANOVA Table Summary;382
19.3;13.3 Interval Estimation for µY|X and Y|X;383
19.3.1;13.3.1 Confidence Interval for µY|X;383
19.3.2;13.3.2 Prediction Interval for Y|X;385
19.4;13.4 Multiple Linear Regression;387
19.4.1;13.4.1 The Multiple Linear Regression Model;387
19.4.2;13.4.2 Specification of a Multiple Regression Model;388
19.4.3;13.4.3 Parameter Estimates, ANOVA, and Diagnostics;393
19.4.4;13.4.4 Multicollinearity Problems;395
19.4.5;13.4.5 Extending the Regression Model: Dummy Variables;397
19.5;Conclusion;399
19.6;EXERCISES;399
19.7;REFERENCES;404
20;14 Logistic and Proportional Hazards Regression;406
20.1;14.1 Simple Logistic Regression;406
20.1.1;14.1.1 Proportion, Odds, and Logit;408
20.1.2;14.1.2 Estimation of Parameters;409
20.1.3;14.1.3 Computer Output;410
20.1.4;14.1.4 Statistical Inference;411
20.2;14.2 Multiple Logistic Regression;413
20.2.1;14.2.1 Model and Assumptions;413
20.2.2;14.2.2 Residuals;417
20.2.3;14.2.3 Goodness-of-Fit Statistics;418
20.2.4;14.2.4 The ROC Curve;420
20.3;14.3 Ordered Logistic Regression;422
20.4;14.4 Conditional Logistic Regression;426
20.5;14.5 Introduction to Proportional Hazard Regression;428
20.6;Conclusion;434
20.7;EXERCISES;435
20.8;REFERENCES;438
21;15 Analysis of Survey Data;440
21.1;15.1 Introduction to Design-Based Inference;440
21.2;15.2 Components of Design-Based Analysis;441
21.2.1;15.2.1 Sample Weights;441
21.2.2;15.2.2 Poststratification;442
21.2.3;15.2.3 The Design Effect;443
21.3;15.3 Strategies for Variance Estimation;445
21.3.1;15.3.1 Replicated Sampling: A General Method;445
21.3.2;15.3.2 Balanced Repeated Replication;446
21.3.3;15.3.3 Jackknife Repeated Replication;447
21.3.4;15.3.4 Linearization Method;449
21.4;15.4 Strategies for Analysis;450
21.4.1;15.4.1 Preliminary Analysis;451
21.4.2;15.4.2 Subpopulation Analysis;452
21.5;15.5 Some Analytic Examples;453
21.5.1;15.5.1 Descriptive Analysis;453
21.5.2;15.5.2 Contingency Table Analysis;454
21.5.3;15.5.3 Linear and Logistic Regression Analysis;456
21.6;Conclusion;459
21.7;EXERCISES;459
21.8;REFERENCES;461
22;Appendix A: Review of Basic Mathematical Concepts;464
22.1;CHAPTER 3;464
22.1.1;3.1 The Logic of Logarithms;464
22.1.2;3.2 Properties of Logarithms;464
22.1.3;3.3 Natural Logarithms;465
22.1.4;3.4 Conversion between Bases;465
22.1.5;3.5 Exponential Function;465
22.2;CHAPTER 4;467
22.2.1;4.1 Factorials;467
22.2.2;4.2 Permutations;467
22.2.3;4.3 Combinations;467
22.3;CHAPTER 15;467
22.3.1;15.1 Taylor Series Expansion;467
22.4;REFERENCE;469
23;Appendix B: Statistical Tables;470
24;Appendix C: Selected Governmental Sources of Biostatistical Data;500
24.1;I. Population Census Data;500
24.2;II. Vital Statistics;501
24.3;III. Sample Surveys;502
24.4;IV. Life Tables;503
24.5;REFERENCES;504
25;Appendix D: Solutions to Selected Exercises;506
25.1;Chapter 1;506
25.2;Chapter 2;506
25.3;Chapter 3;506
25.4;Chapter 4;507
25.5;Chapter 5;507
25.6;Chapter 6;507
25.7;Chapter 7;508
25.8;Chapter 8;509
25.9;Chapter 9;509
25.10;Chapter 10;509
25.11;Chapter 11;510
25.12;Chapter 12;510
25.13;Chapter 13;510
25.14;Chapter 14;511
25.15;Chapter 15;511
26;Index;512